Health T3 Review Questions - KEY PDF

HEALTH - TEST #3 REVIEW QUESTIONS - KEY Use the following questions to help you create your own study guide as you prepare for the third Unit Test. This test will cover Alcohol, Drugs, Tobacco and Mental Health. Alcohol 1. What is alcohol? In your definition, include both what sort of chemical co...

HEALTH - TEST #3 REVIEW QUESTIONS - KEY Use the following questions to help you create your own study guide as you prepare for the third Unit Test. This test will cover Alcohol, Drugs, Tobacco and Mental Health. Alcohol 1. What is alcohol? In your definition, include both what sort of chemical compound it is as well as how it impacts your central nervous system. The alcohol that is drinkable is made of ethanol, a powerful, addictive depressant that slows down the central nervous system. 2. List the immediate effects of alcohol. Immediately upon ingestion, alcohol gives a good feeling (“rush” or sense of euphoria) and slows down the central nervous system, resulting in slowed reaction times for motor skills, impaired vision and diminished thinking and judgment. Other short-term effects of alcohol also include hangover, mood swings, vomiting and nausea, slurred speech, dulled perception, reduced body temperature and raised blood pressure, among other things. 3. List the long-term effects of alcohol. Long-term, alcohol affects numerous body systems and organs, including the heart, lungs, liver, ovaries and testes, red blood cells, brain, stomach, pancreas, intestines, muscles and skin. The most significant long-term effect of alcohol is most readily seen in the liver, causing fibrosis, alcoholic hepatitis and/or fatty liver. These damages are life threatening if not addressed. 4. What are the three main ways alcohol can damage the liver? Thinking back to our unit on body systems, why is liver damage so harmful to the body? Alcohol can cause fibrosis, alcoholic hepatitis and fatty liver. Fibrosis and alcoholic hepatitis are when the liver cells themselves are damaged and die; fatty liver is when the liver cells die, but fat build-up also causes damage to liver cells. Liver damage is dangerous because the liver is one of your body’s main filtration organs. Everything from sugar to medicines to alcohol and other toxins is processed through the liver. If the liver no longer works properly, a person is at significant risk of dying due to build-up of toxins and other harmful waste products that the liver would normally filter out. 5. What is alcohol poisoning? Along with defining what it is, include the major symptoms of alcohol poisoning and why it happens. Alcohol poisoning is a severe and potentially fatal physical reaction to an alcohol overdose. Symptoms include: passing out, vomiting, hypothermia and seizures. This all happens if a person ingests more alcohol than their body is able to metabolize properly, resulting in a buildup of ethanol in the blood, which the body perceives as a toxin. Overdosing on alcohol causes alcohol poisoning. 6. Why do people drink alcohol? People drink alcohol for a variety of reasons. Many drink alcohol because of family or culture norms surrounding alcohol use. Others drink to relieve stress or cope with depression. While others drink because of peer pressure or desiring to conform to societal norms. Media also has an influence on how people interact with alcohol, often-times making alcohol a regular part of commercials, advertisements, or even TV shows and movies. Alcohol is frequently portrayed as harmless, and even if people are portrayed as having a hangover or vomiting due to drinking too much, it is all played down and/or laughed off as something light-hearted. 7. Define: BAC, DUI and DWI BAC: blood alcohol content – how much ethanol (alcohol) by percentage is in someone’s blood DUI: driving under the influence DWI: driving while intoxicated 8. Define alcohol misuse and alcoholism. Alcohol misuse is any use of alcohol which leads to negative consequences to the user. These negative consequences could be physical, social, mental, emotional or spiritual. Alcoholism (also known as alcohol use disorder) is a disease in which a person has a physical and/or psychological dependence on drinks that contain alcohol. The individual usually requires higher amounts of alcohol to achieve the desired effects and may experience withdrawal symptoms if they abruptly stop drinking. 9. What are the three stages to alcoholism? 1. Abuse 2. Dependence 3. Addiction  10. Define intoxication The state in which the body is negatively affected (poisoned) by alcohol or another substance, resulting in a significant reduction of physical and mental control. 11. Explain why the following statements are myths about alcohol: a. Alcoholic beverages are all the same – it doesn’t matter if I drink 10 oz of beer or 10 oz of whiskey (liquor) – it all has the same amount of alcohol. Alcoholic beverages are NOT all the same. Beer has a much lower percentage of alcohol per ounce, as compared to whiskey. Beer on average is about 5% alcohol, whereas whiskey can be 40-50% alcohol by volume. That means that 10 ounces of beer contains 0.5 ounces of alcohol. But 10 ounces of whiskey contains 4-5 ounces of alcohol. You are putting ~10-times MORE alcohol in your body if you drink 10 ounces of whiskey than if you drink 10 ounces of beer. b. Alcohol has the same effects on everyone who drinks. Alcohol affects everyone differently. Someone’s body size and gender has a big part to play in how quickly they feel the effects of alcohol. Also whether someone has eaten or not has an impact on how quickly they feel the effects of alcohol, as does the amount of alcohol ingested and the rate of intake. c. Drinking alcohol occasionally is not harmful. Each time someone ingests alcohol, they are putting themselves at risk (even if a small risk) of making poor choices, losing some control of their motor skills, and even causing damage to their organs (especially the heart, brain and liver). 12. How much alcohol is in one standard drink? 14 grams of pure ethanol is the measure of one standard drink. 13. What is fetal alcohol syndrome? Explain what it is, what causes it, and the negative consequences Fetal alcohol syndrome is alcohol-related birth defects due to a mother drinking alcohol during her pregnancy. These birth defects include both physical and mental problems, including: a small head due to a physically smaller brain, deformities of the face, hands or feet, defects to the heart, liver and kidneys, and vision / hearing problems. 14. Make a cause-and-effect table for the following: a. Alcohol consumption b. Binge drinking c. Drinking during pregnancy d. Driving after having a few drinks Cause Effect Alcohol Consumption Feeling of “euphoria”; depressed central nervous system; impaired judgment; impaired motor skills Binge Drinking Intoxication; risk of liver damage; risk of alcohol poisoning Drinking during pregnancy Damage to the developing fetus – fetal alcohol syndrome Driving after having a few High risk of endangering lives – those of the driver as well as drinks anyone along the way 15. What are the four steps to treat alcoholism? 1. Admission 2. Detoxification 3. Counseling 4. Recovery 16. What does the Bible have to say about alcohol? Select 3 verses to support your answer. Student answers may vary. Be thoughtful as you select verses to support your answer. Drugs 1. Define drugs and medicine. Explain how they are similar and how they are different. Drugs are any chemical substance other than food that change the structure or function of the body or mind. Medicine is specific drugs that are used to treat or prevent diseases or other conditions. They are similar in that they are both chemicals that are used to achieve some alteration in the body’s function or in the mental  state of being. But the big difference between drugs and medicine is that medicine is used for a specific purpose to bring the body or mind back to a state of good health; whereas drugs are used recreationally to most often bring about a change in mental state of being. 2. Define the 4 major types of medicines and what they do 1. Medicines that help prevent diseases 2. Medicines that fight pathogens or infectious agents 3. Medicines that relieve pain 4. Medicines that help maintain or restore health 3. What are the 3 main ways medicine can interact with other medicines and/or substances in your body? 1. Additive interaction: when two medicines / drugs work together in a positive way (e.g. pain killers + muscle relaxer) 2. Synergistic effect: when two or more medicines / drugs interact with each other and one increases the strength of the other. 3. Antagonistic Interaction: when one medicine / drug is cancelled out or reduced when taken with another medicine or food. 4. Define the 6 major types of drugs and give an example of each. 1. Stimulant: drug that speeds up the central nervous system. Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine 2. Depressant: drug that slows down the central nervous system. Alcohol, sleeping pills, marijuana, GHB 3. Narcotic: drug that slows down the central nervous system, specifically derived from opium plants. Morphine, oxycodone, codeine, fentanyl, heroin. 4. Hallucinogen: drug that alters mood, thoughts and sense perception. LSD, PCP, ectasy, ketamine. 5. Inhalant: fumes are inhaled and sniffed to achieve a mind-altering effect. Spray paints, gasoline, varnishes, nitrous oxide. 6. Anabolic steroid: drug similar to testosterone that helps to build muscle. Many different types can come in form of pills, injections, creams, skin patches. 5. Which types of drugs are most commonly abused / have the greatest risk of addiction? Drugs derived from opium or amphetamine 6. What are the three regions of the brain that are affected by drug use? Brain stem (critical life functions – heart, lungs), limbic system (reward center, emotions) and cerebral cortex (reasoning, sense perception) 7. Why do people do drugs? As with alcohol, there are varied reasons why people do drugs. Many do it to feel good, escaping the pain of the world or escaping to a “high” or euphoric state of mind. Some do drugs to self-medicate, while others start drugs because they are curious and want to experiment what it feels like. Some take drugs because they are prescribed by a doctor to treat a physical injury or mental imbalance. And others will do drugs because of peer pressure and wanting to fit in and be accepted by their peers. 8. What does the Bible have to say about drugs? Select 2 verses to support your answer. Student answers may vary. Be thoughtful as you select verses to support your answer. Tobacco 1. What is tobacco? Where does it come from? What is the name of the addictive substance? How does it impact the body (especially the CNS)? Tobacco is a plant, and the tobacco that is smoked comes from the leaves of the tobacco plants. The addictive substance in tobacco leaves is nicotine and it acts as a stimulant on the central nervous system, resulting in an increase in blood pressure and heart rate. 2. What are the different ways to consume tobacco? Smoking (cigarettes, pipes, cigars), vaping, chewing tobacco, hookah, snuff (wet and dry) 3. List some of the toxic chemicals found in cigarettes Tar, ammonia, formaldehyde, arsenic, lead, cadmium, polonium, cyanide, carbon monoxide. 4. What are the four major health consequences to smoking tobacco? 1. Lung cancer 2. Throat / mouth cancer (sometimes resulting in laryngectomy – removal of the larynx) 3. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), consisting of chronic bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchial tubes) and emphysema (death of alveolar cells in lungs) 4. Atherosclerosis (plaque build-up in arteries resulting in narrowing of arteries and potentially blockage in the heart) 5. How much money could someone save just by not buying and smoking cigarettes for 5 years? (average cost = €6/pack)  €6 x 365 days x 5 years = €10,950, not including costs of medical treatment that might be needed in that time. 6. What is second-hand smoke also known as? Second-hand smoke is a mixture of two types of smoke. What are they? Second hand smoke is also known as environmental tobacco smoke. It is a mixture of mainstream smoke (the smoke exhaled by the smoker) and sidestream smoke (smoke from the lit end of a cigarette, pipe or cigar). 7. Why do people smoke? Often times people will start out smoking due to cultural norms, social pressure or stress release. They will often not be able to stop smoking due to addiction. And they may be influenced by media – whether commercials presenting smoking as something cool to do, or they see it on TV shows and in movies and the people smoking look sophisticated or cool, so they want to try to smoke, too. 8. List 4 withdrawal symptoms Withdrawal symptoms of quitting nicotine include: headaches, nausea, constipation or diarrhea, fatigue, irritability, difficulty concentrating, anxiety, depression, increased hunger, tobacco cravings. 9. What are the 4 ways to quit smoking? 1. “Cold turkey” – with no outside help. 2. Nicotine substitute – get smaller amount of nicotine in form of gum, patches or nasal spray 3. Medication 4. Counseling – professional help to stay accountable 10. What are the differences and similarities between cigarettes, vaping and hookah? Include the health risks of each. Hookah and vaping are both a more concentrated form of liquid nicotine that is then warmed up to a vapor and that vaporized liquid nicotine is inhaled. Cigarettes are dry tobacco that has been lit, and then the smoke from the lit tobacco is what is inhaled. All three forms of smoking are incredibly harmful to a person. Toxins in hookah can cause lung, bladder and oral cancers. Water vapor and toxins in vaping have been known to cause sudden lung failure. And toxins in cigarettes can cause cancer, heart disease, stroke and lung disease. 11. What does the Bible have to say about smoking? Select 2 verses to support your answer. Student answers may vary. Be thoughtful as you select verses to support your answer. Mental Health 1. Define mental health Good mental health is the ability to accept yourself and others, adapt to and manage your emotions, and deal with the demands and challenges you meet in life. 2. What are the five key characteristics of good mental health? The five key characteristics of good mental health are: positive self-esteem, sense of belonging, sense of purpose, positive outlook and autonomy. 3. Who was Abraham Maslow? Explain his theory of the Hierarchy of Needs and how it relates to the understanding of mental health. Abraham Maslow was a man who researched human behavior and development and his findings contributed to much of modern psychology. He is known as the founder of human psychology. And his hierarchy of needs is a way to explain what motivates human behavior. This hierarchy relates to the understanding of mental health because it can help to explain how, if someone does not have their physical / physiological needs or even safety met, they are not able to focus on their mental or emotional needs. 4. What is stress? Stress is a state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very demanding circumstances 5. List and define the five main types of stressors 1. Biological: illness, disability or injury 2. Environmental: poverty, pollution, crowding, noise, natural disasters 3. Cognitive: the way one perceives a situation 4. Personal Behavior: poor behaviors such as smoking, drinking and lack of physical activity 5. Life situations: death of a family member, divorce of parents, trouble in relationships with peers 6. What two hormones are released when your body senses stress? How do these hormones impact your body? Adrenaline and cortisol are released by the adrenal glands in response to stress. Adrenaline increases your heart rate and blood pressure, while cortisol increases blood glucose and puts other “non-essential” body functions on hold. 7. In what ways can stress be both harmful and beneficial to mental health? Stress can be harmful to health if it is chronic (prolonged over time), resulting in a weakened immune system, high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes. Stress can be beneficial to mental health if it is acute, alerting the body and mind to imminent danger, preparation for an upcoming presentation, or focus to get the task done on time. 8. Compare and contrast acute stress with chronic stress. Give definitions for each and explain how they are  similar to each other and how they are different from each other. Acute stress is short-term stress that results in the body’s response that prepares one to “fight” or “flee” from a perceived attack, harm or threat to survival. Symptoms of acute stress include dilated pupils, slowed digestion, increased heart rate and blood pressure, and blood flow directed to major muscle groups. Chronic stress is long-term stress that results in strain to some of the body’s major organs / organ systems. Symptoms of chronic stress include headaches, stomach aches, weakened immune system, asthma, high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes. 9. Compare and contrast stress with anxiety. Give definitions for each and explain how they are similar to each other and how they are different from each other. Stress and anxiety are both emotional responses to situations and can have nearly identical symptoms. Stress is usually caused by an external trigger and can be short-term or long-term, but usually goes away when the stressor goes away. Anxiety is persistent, excessive worries that don’t go away, even in the absence of a stressor. 10. What are defense mechanisms? Define and give a few examples of some common defense mechanisms Defense mechanisms are mental processes that are used to avoid stressful and emotional situations. Repression: involuntary pushing of unpleasant feelings out of conscious thought (neither noticing nor dealing with negative thoughts) Suppression: conscious, intentional pushing of unpleasantness from one’s mind (noticing but then NOT dealing with negative thoughts) Rationalization: making excuses to explain a situation or behavior rather than directly taking responsibility for it, or identifying the responsible party. Compensation: making up weaknesses and mistakes through gift-giving, hard work, or extreme efforts. Projection: attributing your own feelings or faults to another person or group. 11. What is the role of defense mechanisms in managing stress and emotional pain? Defense mechanisms keep one from feeling too much emotional or mental pain. Rather than managing stress, defense mechanisms seek to avoid the stress and dealing with the stress altogether. 12. What are healthy ways to manage stress? Plan ahead Get good sleep Eat regular meals Limit caffeine Be physically active Find a hobby Spend time praying and reading the Bible Learn to say no Practice deep breathing Change your posture