Head and Neck Supplementary Information PDF

**[Introduction to Head & Neck Anatomy Support Material]** These diagrams and annotations, in combination with the introductory E-lecture on Head and Neck anatomy and the HARC (Human Anatomy Resource Centre) practical session, provide you with the core anatomical knowledge on these structures. *I...

**[Introduction to Head & Neck Anatomy Support Material]** These diagrams and annotations, in combination with the introductory E-lecture on Head and Neck anatomy and the HARC (Human Anatomy Resource Centre) practical session, provide you with the core anatomical knowledge on these structures. *I have indicated any labels or diagrams that are provided for context only and do not need to be learnt for the assessment of this module.* Learning Outcome - Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of human anatomy and relevant major organ systems. For this module you will need an overview of anatomy & anatomical structures. Pay particular attention to the structures highlighted in the text as these will be of most relevance to clinical Orthoptics. If you have any queries/ questions please email me () **[Bones of the Head & Neck]** **Skull - Lateral View** http://www.wpclipart.com/medical/bones/skull/Human\_skull\_side\_simplified\_bones.png *You need to learn these labels* **Skull - Frontal View**  http://40.media.tumblr.com/tumblr\_lppryqRaAV1qj3idho1\_1280.jpg The skull and spine house and protect the delicate tissue of the brain and spinal cord. You will need to know all of the names of the skull bones and the numbered cervical vertebrae (labelled C on the diagram). **Air Sinuses**  There are a number of air sinuses within the bones of the skull. Sinuses perfom the following functions: - Sinus cavities allow for voice resonance - They help filter and add moisture to any air that is inhaled through the nasal passages. On top of filtering and adding moisture to the air we inhale, they also help in the removal of unwanted particles from the sinus cavities. - Sinus Cavities provide a means to lighten the overall weight of the skull. Air sinuses are distinct from venous sinuses which receive [blood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood) from internal and external [veins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein) of the brain, receive [cerebrospinal fluid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid) (CSF) from the [subarachnoid space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarachnoid_space), and ultimately empty into the [internal jugular vein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_jugular_vein). **[\ Lobes of the Brain]** Brain -- Lateral View The lobes of the brain mirror the bones of the skull. Each lobe performs a different series of functions. The demarcation of the lobes are defined by **sulci** (groves in the surface of the brain). The raised folds are called **gyri**.  The brainstem sits deep within the centre of the brain (as shown). The brainstem houses all of the 12 **cranial nerve nuclei** for both sensory input and motor output for the entire body. You can see where the cranial nerves leave the various areas of the brainstem on the diagram. The cranial nerves are numbered in descending order with cranial nerve 1 (optic nerve) being situated at the top of the brainstem and cranial nerve 12 at the bottom. The brainstem receives communication from the **cerebrum** (rest of the brain) and **cerebellum** (little brain) via the cut edges shown on the diagram (peduncles) *You should be able to label the diagrams above.* Brain -- Ventral View https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Lobes\_of\_the\_brain.jpg In this underside view of the brain you can see the close association of the **optic nerve** and the pituitary gland, in year 2 you will learn about the clinical significance of this and how tumours of the pituitary gland can affect vision. **[Ventricles & Venous Sinuses]**  The Ventricles of the brain produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which is a clear, colourless body fluid that surrounds the brain and spine. It acts as a buffer providing mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull. CSF occupies the subarachnoid space between the meninges of the surface of the brain and the ventricular system around the brain and spinal cord. As you can see from the diagram the ventricles sit deep in the centre of the brain and run through the brain stem to the spinal cord. CSF drains into the brains venous system. https://pbs.twimg.com/media/BE4gLGGCQAE5q2m.jpg The **dural venous sinuses** (also known as dural sinuses, cerebral sinuses or cranial sinuses) are venous channels found between the layers of the dura mater (the thickest layer of the meninges surrounding the brain). They receive blood from internal and external veins of the brain, CSF fluid from the subarachnoid space (a space between layers of the meninges surrounding the brain) and ultimately empty into the internal jugular vein. The **cavernous sinus** is a large venous sinus that contains a number of important structures related to ocular functions, you will study the contents of this sinus in more detail later in the course. **[Muscles of the Head & Neck]**  Here you can see the muscular organisation of the face. It is particularly important to note the circular orbicularis oculi muscle and also the frontalis muscle of the forehead that may be used to elevate the eyebrows and can also alter lid position -- try moving this muscle yourself and see what happens to your lids. *You do not need to learn all the facial muscles -- just to be able to identify the orbicularis and frontalis.* **[Head & Neck blood supply]** http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/\~uzwiak/AnatPhys/Blood\_Vessels\_files/image024.jpg Here you can see the organisation of the blood supply of the head and neck. Of particular importance is the Internal carotid artery which, during its course has a very close association with a number of nerves and structures relevant to eye movement/ eye function. Whilst the external carotid artery goes on to supply the surface structure of the face and skull, the internal carotid artery goes on to supply the various structures important structures in the brain. The temporal artery you can see at the side of the skull is also associated with some important eye motor structures. *You do not need to learn all these labels, on the structures within the boxes.*  https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/336/flashcards/19336/png/brain1353639300393.png This diagram illustrates how the internal carotid artery goes on to supply the areas of the brain. You do not need to memorise all of the names of the arteries at this stage but this will be covered again in year 2 when you will be required to know the organisation of the blood vessels in more detail. **[\ ]** **[Nerves of the Head & Neck]**  http://www.aireurbano.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Nerves-of-the-head-and-neck.jpg These 2 diagrams illustrate the complex organisation of the sensory nerve supply (and motor muscles for chewing) to the face from the V (trigeminal nerve). The nerve supplying the muscles for facial expression is the VII (facial nerve). *You do not need to learn the complete nervous supply of the face/head/neck for this module, only the 12 cranial nerves listed in the nervous system SDL workbook.*