Head and Neck Anatomy Test 1 PDF

Chapter 26: Bones of the Skull Neurocranium Bones: ○ Protects the brain. ○ Frontal, Parietal (paired), Occipital, Temporal (paired), Sphenoid, and Ethmoid. Viscerocranium Bones: ○ Form the face. ○ Includes Maxilla, Mandible, Zygomatic, Nasa...

Chapter 26: Bones of the Skull Neurocranium Bones: ○ Protects the brain. ○ Frontal, Parietal (paired), Occipital, Temporal (paired), Sphenoid, and Ethmoid. Viscerocranium Bones: ○ Form the face. ○ Includes Maxilla, Mandible, Zygomatic, Nasal, Lacrimal, Vomer, Palatine, Inferior Nasal Conchae.  Maxilla: ○ Forms the upper jaw, houses upper teeth, part of the orbit and nasal cavity. Mandible: ○ Forms the lower jaw, holds lower teeth, moves during mastication. Chapter 27: Nasal Structures Paranasal Sinuses: ○ Air-filled spaces in the skull, including frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary sinuses. Maxillary Sinus Infections: ○ Sinusitis can occur due to proximity to the nasal cavity and tooth roots. Nasal Cavities: ○ Paired chambers inside the nose; separated by the nasal septum (vomer and ethmoid bones). Nasal Conchae:  ○ Thin, curved bones in the nasal cavity; increases airflow turbulence for warming/filtering air. Nasolacrimal Duct: ○ Drains tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity. Chapter 28: Muscles of Mastication Muscles: ○ Masseter: Elevates mandible (closes jaw). ○ Temporalis: Elevates and retracts mandible. ○ Medial Pterygoid: Elevates mandible. ○ Lateral Pterygoid: Protracts mandible, moves jaw side-to-side. Hyoid Muscles: ○ Suprahyoid: Elevates the hyoid bone (aids in swallowing). ○ Infrahyoid: Depresses the hyoid bone. https://www.purposegames.com/game/zz5ZTow9dGT Deep masseter muscle: Elevates the mandible, playing a key role in closing the jaw. TMJ capsule: This is not a muscle, but the fibrous tissue surrounding the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), providing support and stability. Digastric posterior belly muscle: Depresses the mandible (opens the mouth) and elevates the hyoid bone during swallowing and speech. Splenius capitis muscle: Extends the head and neck and rotates the head to the same side. Levator scapulae muscle: Elevates the scapula and helps in tilting the neck to the same side. Anterior, middle, and posterior scalene muscles: These muscles elevate the first and second ribs during inspiration and aid in lateral flexion of the neck. Trapezius muscle: Elevates, retracts, and rotates the scapula; assists in extending the neck. Anterior temporalis muscle: Elevates and retracts the mandible, assisting with jaw closure. Superficial masseter muscle: Also aids in elevating the mandible and closing the jaw. Digastric anterior belly muscle: Works with the posterior belly to depress the mandible and elevate the hyoid bone during swallowing. Hyoid bone: Although not a muscle, it serves as an attachment point for muscles involved in swallowing and speech. Omohyoid superior belly muscle: Depresses the hyoid bone after it has been elevated during swallowing. Sternohyoid muscle: Depresses the hyoid bone after swallowing. Sternocleidomastoid muscle: Rotates the head to the opposite side and flexes the neck. Omohyoid inferior belly muscle: Also helps depress the hyoid bone after it has been elevated. Chapter 29: TMJ (Temporomandibular Joint) TMJ Movements: ○ Depression (opening mouth), elevation (closing mouth), protrusion (moving jaw forward), retrusion (moving jaw backward), lateral deviation (side-to-side movement). Articular Disc: ○ Fibrocartilaginous disc between the condyle of the mandible and the temporal bone. Has anterior, intermediate, and posterior bands for movement and cushioning. Condyles of TMJ: ○ Bony projections at the mandible’s end that articulate with the temporal bone. TMJ Problems: ○ Can include dislocation, arthritis, and disc displacement, causing pain or difficulty in jaw movement.