Macromolecules PDF

Macromolecules The Molecules of Life Macromolecules Monomer: simple, single building block Polymer: large, complex molecule made up of many monomers (aka: macromolecules) 4 main macromolecules found in organisms: – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Nucleic Acids – Proteins 1. Carbohydra...

Macromolecules The Molecules of Life Macromolecules Monomer: simple, single building block Polymer: large, complex molecule made up of many monomers (aka: macromolecules) 4 main macromolecules found in organisms: – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Nucleic Acids – Proteins 1. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Used for short term energy storage Includes starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin and sugars like glucose Used for: – Quick energy – Energy storage – Structure Monomer: simple sugar 3 Types of Carbohydrate Structure 1. Monosaccharide (one sugar) Simple sugar 2. Disaccharide (two sugars) Simple sugar Simple sugar ga le 3. Polysaccharide (many sugars) su mp r Si Simple Simple Simple Simple Simple sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar Carbohydrates Monomer: simple sugar Consist of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) in a 1:2:1 ratio – Ex. Glucose ( C6H12O6) Names for sugars usually end in –ose – Glucose – Fructose – Cellulose Monosaccharides one simple sugar Simplest carbohydrates are all isomers: same chemical formula but atoms are in different arrangements – Glucose (C6H12O6) – Galactose (C6H12O6) – Fructose (C6H12O6) Disaccharides 2 monosaccharides bonded together – Sucrose – Lactose – Maltose  Polysaccharides Long chains of many sugar molecules – Glycogen: energy storage in animals In liver and muscles – Starch: energy storage in plants Potatoes, corn – Cellulose: structure in plants Cell walls, pencils, paper, wood – Chitin: structure in arthropods and fungi Cell walls (fungi), exoskeletons Polysaccharides 2. Lipids Lipids Used by cells as long term energy storage Long branches of carbon & hydrogen Other uses: – Cell membranes – Cushions organs – Insulates bodies (think whale blubber) Examples: fats, oils, waxes, grease, steroids  Monomer: glycerol and fatty acids Structure of Lipid Monomers Fatty Acids Fats and Oils Two types of fats – Saturated fats Found in animal products Solid at room temperature – Unsaturated Fats (oil) Found in plant products Liquid at room temperature Better to eat! Waxes Act as water repellant Keeps leaves from drying out “waterproofs” the feathers of ducks Phospholipids Forms membranes of cells – Creates a barrier between inside of cell and outside of cell – Helps control movement in and out of cell Phospholipids Glycerol Saturated fatty acid Unsaturated fatty acid Steroids Made from Cholesterol Lipids without fatty acids Made up of 4 carbon rings Hormones – Estrogen – Testosterone 3. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Monomer: nucleotide Contains Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O) Large molecules with instructions to make proteins Contain genetic information 2 types of polymers: – Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): stores genetic info – Ribonucleic Acid (RNA): carries genetic info Nucleotide Structure Phosphate group Sugar: DNA (deoxyribose), RNA (ribose) Nitrogen Base: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Uracil (U) Nucleic Acid Polymers 4. Proteins Proteins Monomer: amino acids Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N) Many functions and purposes: – Movement: muscles – Structure: hair, fingernails, skin, claws – Enzymes Proteins Structure: – Chains of amino acids linked together Made from combinations of 20 different amino acids Different combinations of amino acids make different proteins Amino acids are connected together by peptide bonds into long polypeptide chains (proteins) Proteins Denatured Proteins Interactions between amino acids cause and create folds in proteins – Different shapes = different jobs – Unfolding a protein destroys its shape Wrong shape: can’t do its job – Temperature – pH Enzymes Enzymes are a form of a protein that help control chemical reactions Act as organic catalyst – Catalyst: lowers activation energy and speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction – Activation Energy: energy needed to start a chemical reaction Chemical Reaction Enzymes Work on substrates – Substrate: a specific substance that an enzyme acts on – Each substrate has an enzyme that works with it (highly specific) Enzymes Enzyme names typically end in –ase – Ex. Lactase (lactose), peptidase (peptides), lipase (lipids) Can be used repeatedly and does not get used up Speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy Each enzyme has an active site where the substrate binds How Do They Work? 1. Enzyme attaches to substrate 2. Chemical bonds of substrate are formed or broken 3. Products of substrate are released 4. Enzymes go back, get more substrate, and continue the process until all the substrate it broken down 5. Chemical Bonding Atomic Structure Review Chemical Bonding A chemical bond is a force of attraction between atoms or ions. Bonds form when atoms share or transfer valence electrons – Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom. Macromolecular Bonding Monomers are linked together through different chemical bonds – These bonds also hold the elements that form the monomers – The most common elements in macromolecule monomers are Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus and Sulfur – The types of bonds that link them are covalent, ionic, and hydrogen – A bond between atoms is formed through the sharing of electrons or opposing polar forces Covalent Bonds Strong bond two or more atoms share their outermost electrons Hydrogen Bonds Weak bond No electrons are transferred or shared A positively charged part of one atom is attracted the the negatively charged part of another 𝛿- 𝛿- 𝛿+ 𝛿+ 𝛿- 𝛿+ 𝛿+ 𝛿+ 𝛿+ Ionic Bonds An atom loses one or more electrons to another atom or atoms The atom that loses electrons becomes positively charged The atom that gains electrons becomes negatively charged The opposing charges of the atoms are attracted to each other bonding them together Dehydration Synthesis Monomers combine with each other via covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers In doing so, monomers release water molecules as byproducts. This type of reaction is known as dehydration synthesis, which means “to put together while losing water. ” Hydrolysis Polymers whose covalent bonds are broken, reduce the polymer into monomers Water molecules are required to break covalent bonds between monomers. This type of reaction is known as hydrolysis, which means “to break apart using water” Maltose Glucose Glucose