Hands-on Biochemistry: Carbohydrates PDF

Hands-on Biochemistry: Carbohydrates Table of Contents Description Page # in PDF file Table of Contents 1 Teacher Instruc...

Hands-on Biochemistry: Carbohydrates Table of Contents Description Page # in PDF file Table of Contents 1 Teacher Instructions and Implementation Ideas 2-4 Student Activity 5-8 Student Activity Answers 9-12 © Copyright 2016 Bethany Lau at Science with Mrs. Lau  Hands-on Biochemistry: Carbohydrates Teacher Instructions and Implementation Ideas: Teacher’s Instructions **Before performing this activity, students should have a basic background in chemistry. Single bonds, simple molecular structure recognition, and an understanding of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions are necessary to complete the activity. ** This activity is best performed by small groups of students (2-3). Before class, you will need to collect and prepare the following materials for each student group, bagged in a larger Ziploc bag for easy pass out and cleanup: white beads (approximately 80) orange beads (approximately 10) yellow beads (approximately 10) 3 small paper plates, one labeled “Fructose”, one labeled “Glucose”, and one labeled “Galactose”. 3 white, 6 red, and 3 green pipe cleaners, cut in half 2 pipe cleaners (any color will do) cut in quarters. See the pictures on the next two pages to see the setup and and what the end result should look like! Depending on the ability of your group, you can be as teacher-led or as student-led as you want with this activity. With my honors classes, I can usually hand these out and just monitor the room. With my lower level classes, I might need to lead them through each step. The answer key is included! The last page of additional questions could be used as a homework assignment to take home. If you enjoy this product and would like to leave me some feedback, please do by going to my product page (you might need to login). When you leave feedback, you earn credit towards future purchases on TeachersPayTeachers.com and I learn how I can improve or continue to please my customers! Image credits: All images were made by me, Bethany Lau, and are copyrighted 2016. All Rights Reserved. Fonts used under license from Kimberly Geswein Fonts © Copyright 2016 Bethany Lau at Science with Mrs. Lau  Name:____________________________________________________________ Class: ___________ Date: _______________ Hands-on Biochemistry: Carbohydrates Instructions: Read the directions carefully below. Answer the numbered questions as you go along. Part 1: Monosaccharides * Examine your bag of beads. Your beads represent monosaccharides, simple sugar molecules. * Place your small plates labeled “Glucose”, “Galactose”, and “Fructose” in front of you. * Place all white beads into the “Glucose” plate, all orange beads into the “Galactose” plate, and all yellow beads into the “Fructose” plate. Q1. What is the difference between the three groups? ____________________________________________ Q2. How are the beads similar? ________________________________________________________________________ * Each monosaccharide has a unique structure. Examine each structure below and fill in the blanks. Name Glucose (White Bead) Galactose (Orange Bead) Fructose (Yellow Bead) Molecular Structure Number of 6 Q5. Q9. Carbon atoms Number of 6 Q6. Q10. Oxygen atoms Number of 12 Q7. Q11. Hydrogens Molecular C6H12O6 Q8. Q12. Formula Q13. Because of their similarities, these structures are called structural isomers. What do they have in common? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Q14. Bonds between carbon atoms and other carbon atoms store a lot of energy. When broken, they release a lot of energy. How many carbon-carbon bonds are in each monosaccharide? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ © Bethany Lau 2016  Name:____________________________________________________________ Class: ___________ Date: _______________ Part 2: Disaccharides Two monosaccharides can react to form a disaccharide. Q15. What is the reaction that takes place when two small biological molecules lose a water molecule and form a larger molecule? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Q16. Complete the reaction below: Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide à ___________________________ + ______________________________________ * Connect two beads by placing 2 on the small pipe cleaner. Create the following combinations: White + White White + Orange White + Yellow These pipe cleaners with two beads each represent disaccharides. Using the structures on your monosaccharide page, decide which monosaccharides are used to produce the following disaccharides. The first one is done for you. Monomer 1 Monomer 2 Disaccharide formed sucrose Glucose is on the left Fructose is on the right Q17. Q18. lactose Q19. Q20. maltose H OH Q21. Which bead disaccharides correspond to the name of the disaccharide shown in the chart? a. White + White = _________ b. White + Orange = ________ c. White + Yellow = ________ © Bethany Lau 2016  Name:____________________________________________________________ Class: ___________ Date: _______________ Part 3: Polysaccharides When many monosaccharides form a long chain called a polymer, that polymer is called a polysaccharide. Cells connect many monosaccharides together to store them and to save them for later energy usage. Some cells also string together monosaccharides to form building materials for their cell walls. Different polysaccharides are formed when monosaccharides are combined in different combinations or structures. Below, you will read about three different types of polysaccharides. A. Cellulose: Strong molecules used in plant cells. Take a long green pipe cleaner and fill it with white beads (white beads represent glucose). The green pipe cleaner in between the white beads represents the bonds between monosaccharides in cellulose polymers. These bonds are very strong and cause this polysaccharide to be indigestible for most animals, including humans. Q22. Using the internet, your notes, or your textbook, look up and list what types of organisms can digest cellulose. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Starch: Sugar storage molecules used in plant cells. Fill a long white pipe cleaner with white beads (which represent glucose). The white pipe cleaner in between the white beads represents the bonds between monosaccharides in starch polymers. These bonds are relatively weak and can be broken down easily. Animals can break down (or digest) starch molecules into small monosaccharides that animal cells can use for energy. Q23. Using the internet, your notes, or your textbook, look up and list 5 different foods that have a lot of starch in them. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ C. Glycogen: Sugar storage molecule used in animal cells. Fill a long red pipe cleaner with white beads (which represent glucose). Also, fill another red pipe cleaner with white beads and connect the end of one pipe cleaner to the middle of the other, creating a branched structure. Animal cells store glycogen in specialized cells. They store this long branched chain of glucose molecules so they can quickly break it down when they need extra energy. Q24. Using the internet, your notes, or your textbook, look up and list two different places animals store glycogen in their bodies. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ © Bethany Lau 2016  Name:____________________________________________________________ Class: ___________ Date: _______________ Hands-on Biochemistry: Carbohydrates Questions Answer each question below. 25. A rabbit eats a carrot. A carrot is part of a root of a carrot and plants store ___________________ a lot of their extra monosaccharides in their roots inside a polymer. What polysaccharide is the rabbit eating? 26. The rabbit has chemicals in its stomach that break down the ___________________ polysaccharide. What reaction is used to break down a polysaccharide into monosaccharides? 27. Write the reaction needed to remove a glucose molecule from a polysaccharide, 100 glucose molecules long. ___________________ + ___________________ à ___________________ + ___________________ After breaking down all of the plant polysaccharide into glucose molecules and using some to run away from the neighborhood Chihuahua, the rabbit stores the rest of its extra sugar molecules in its own polysaccharide 28. What polysaccharide do the rabbit’s cells build? ___________________ 29. Where does the rabbit store this polysaccharide? ___________________ 30. Why is it important that the rabbit stores that polysaccharide and why does the location of that storage matter? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 31. Write the reaction needed to build the rabbit’s polysaccharide from 50 glucose molecules. ___________________ + ___________________ à ___________________ + ___________________ © Bethany Lau 2016  Name:__ANWER KEY_______________ Class: ___________ Date: _______________ Hands-on Biochemistry: Carbohydrates Instructions: Read the directions carefully below. Answer the numbered questions as you go along. Part 1: Monosaccharides * Examine your bag of beads. Your beads represent monosaccharides, simple sugar molecules. * Place your small plates labeled “Glucose”, “Galactose”, and “Fructose” in front of you. * Place all white beads into the “Glucose” plate, all orange beads into the “Galactose” plate, and all yellow beads into the “Fructose” plate. Q1. What is the difference between the three groups? __color__________________________________________ Q2. How are the beads similar? Similar shape, same size * Each monosaccharide has a unique structure. Examine each structure below and fill in the blanks. Name Glucose (White Bead) Galactose (Orange Bead) Fructose (Yellow Bead) Molecular Structure Number of 6 Q5. 6 Q9. 6 Carbon atoms Number of 6 Q6. 6 Q10. 6 Oxygen atoms Number of 12 Q7. 12 Q11. 12 Hydrogens Molecular C6H12O6 Q8. C6H12O6 Q12. C6H12O6 Formula Q13. Because of their similarities, these structures are called structural isomers. What do they have in common? They have the same number of molecules and same types, just a different structure. Q14. Bonds between carbon atoms and other carbon atoms store a lot of energy. When broken, they release a lot of energy. How many carbon-carbon bonds are in each monosaccharide? There are 5 carbon-carbon bonds in each monosaccharide. © Bethany Lau 2016  Name: ANSWER KEY Class: ___________ Date: _______________ Part 2: Disaccharides Two monosaccharides can react to form a disaccharide. Q15. What is the reaction that takes place when two small biological molecules lose a water molecule and form a larger molecule? Dehydration synthesis Q16. Complete the reaction below: Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide à disaccharide + water * Connect two beads by placing 2 on the small pipe cleaner. Create the following combinations: White + White White + Orange White + Yellow These pipe cleaners with two beads each represent disaccharides. Using the structures on your monosaccharide page, decide which monosaccharides are used to produce the following disaccharides. The first one is done for you. Monomer 1 Monomer 2 Disaccharide formed sucrose Glucose is on the left Fructose is on the right Q17. Galactose Q18. Glucose lactose Q19. Glucose Q20. Glucose maltose H OH Q21. Which bead disaccharides correspond to the name of the disaccharide shown in the chart? a. White + White = maltose b. White + Orange = lactose c. White + Yellow = sucrose © Bethany Lau 2016  Name: ANSWER KEY Class: ___________ Date: _______________ Part 3: Polysaccharides When many monosaccharides form a long chain called a polymer, that polymer is called a polysaccharide. Cells connect many monosaccharides together to store them and to save them for later energy usage. Some cells also string together monosaccharides to form building materials for their cell walls. Different polysaccharides are formed when monosaccharides are combined in different combinations or structures. Below, you will read about three different types of polysaccharides. A. Cellulose: Strong molecules used in plant cells. Take a long green pipe cleaner and fill it with white beads (white beads represent glucose). The green pipe cleaner in between the white beads represents the bonds between monosaccharides in cellulose polymers. These bonds are very strong and cause this polysaccharide to be indigestible for most animals, including humans. Q22. Using the internet, your notes, or your textbook, look up and list what types of organisms can digest cellulose. Microorganisms, like Trichonympha, live inside some ruminant animals (like cows) and termites to help them digest cellulose. B. Starch: Sugar storage molecules used in plant cells. Fill a long white pipe cleaner with white beads (which represent glucose). The white pipe cleaner in between the white beads represents the bonds between monosaccharides in starch polymers. These bonds are relatively weak and can be broken down easily. Animals can break down (or digest) starch molecules into small monosaccharides that animal cells can use for energy. Q23. Using the internet, your notes, or your textbook, look up and list 5 different foods that have a lot of starch in them. Peas, corn, potatoes, beans, rice C. Glycogen: Sugar storage molecule used in animal cells. Fill a long red pipe cleaner with white beads (which represent glucose). Also, fill another red pipe cleaner with white beads and connect the end of one pipe cleaner to the middle of the other, creating a branched structure. Animal cells store glycogen in specialized cells. They store this long branched chain of glucose molecules so they can quickly break it down when they need extra energy. Q24. Using the internet, your notes, or your textbook, look up and list two different places animals store glycogen in their bodies. Liver and muscle cells © Bethany Lau 2016  Name: ANSWER KEY Class: ___________ Date: _______________ Hands-on Biochemistry: Carbohydrates Questions Answer each question below. Q25. A rabbit eats a carrot. A carrot is part of a root of a carrot and plants starch store a lot of their extra monosaccharides in their roots inside a polymer. What polysaccharide is the rabbit eating? Q26. The rabbit has chemicals in its stomach that break down the hydrolysis polysaccharide. What reaction is used to break down a polysaccharide into monosaccharides? Q27. Write the reaction needed to remove a glucose molecule from a polysaccharide, 100 glucose molecules long. Polysaccharide + water à monosaccharide + polysaccharide (99 long) After breaking down all of the plant polysaccharide into glucose molecules and using some to run away from the neighborhood Chihuahua, the rabbit stores the rest of its extra sugar molecules in its own polysaccharide Q28. What polysaccharide do the rabbit’s cells build? glycogen Q29. Where does the rabbit store this polysaccharide? Liver and muscle Q30. Why is it important that the rabbit stores that polysaccharide and why does the location of that storage matter? The rabbit stores the polysaccharide to keep sugar molecules on hand when it needs a quick burst of energy again. The liver and muscle cells are ideal for glycogen storage because the muscles especially might need to break down glycogen very quickly. Q31. Write the reaction needed to build the rabbit’s polysaccharide from 50 glucose molecules. 50 glucose molecules à glycogen + 49 water molecules © Bethany Lau 2016