HANDOUTS-IN-TIMELINE.pptx

LECTURE NOTES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY GRADE 8 STE PRE QUARTER 1 WEEK 1 - Historical Events in the Development of Biotechnology 180 0...

LECTURE NOTES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY GRADE 8 STE PRE QUARTER 1 WEEK 1 - Historical Events in the Development of Biotechnology 180 0 6000 BC Yeast was utilized to prepare beer (Sumerians and Babylonians). 4000 BC In Egypt, a process was discovered to prepare leavened bread by means of yeast. 420 BC Greek philosopher Socrates (470–399 BC) hypothesized on the similar characteristics between parents and their offspring. 320 BC Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC) theorized that all inheritance originates from the father. ANCIENT BIOTECHNOLOGY 1000 AD Hindus recognized that some illnesses may 'run in the family'. The theory of abiogenesis or spontaneous generation was developed. 1630 A theory based on the William idea that Harvey organisms explained that arise plantsfrom andnon- animals are similar in living matter.their reproduction ,reproduce sexually. 1660–1675 Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694) investigated blood circulation in capillaries using a microscope and found that the brain is connected to the spinal cord by bundles of fibers which form the nervous system. 1673 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) was the first researcher to explain microorganisms such as protozoa and bacteria, play an active role in fermentation. Father of Microbiology 1701 Giacomo Pylarini practiced the first small-pox “inoculation” in children - could prevent its occurrence later in life. Later, this procedure was termed 'vaccination' and a process that uses cowpox instead of smallpox was established as the most reliable treatment used. MRS. ANGEL ROSE C. ORBE  LECTURE NOTES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY GRADE 8 STE QUARTER 1 WEEK 1 (180 0- 1950 Historical Events in the Development of Biotechnology ) 1809 Nicolas Appert invented a technique using heat to sterilize food. Father of Food Science. 1856 Carl Ludwig discovered a procedure for keeping animal organs alive under in vitro conditions Pasteur (1822–1895) suggested that microbes are responsible for fermentation. 1859 Charles Darwin (1809–1882) speculated that animal TRADITIONAL OR CLASSICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY populations adapt their forms to eventually best utilize the surroundings, a process he described as 'natural selection’. 1863 Pasteur discovered the method of pasteurization. In this method he heated wine enough to inactivate microbes. Heinrich Anton de Bary established that a fungus was responsible for potato blight. 1865 Mendel (1822–1884) suggested the laws of heredity to the National Scientific Society (Brunn, Austria). Mendel anticipated that imperceptible core units of information were responsible for noticeable characteristics. He called these 'factors', which were later named as genes. 1868 Casimir Joseph Davaine cured plants suffering from bacterial infection by a novel heat treatment. Johannes Friedrich Miescher separated nuclein (a compound made of nucleic acid) from pus cells. 1970 Walther Flemming discovered mitosis. 1871 DNA research began. Koch investigated anthrax and explored certain techniques to identify, culture and stain microorganisms. MRS. ANGEL ROSE C. ORBE  LECTURE NOTES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY GRADE 8 STE QUARTER 1 WEEK 1 (180 0- 1950 Historical Events in the Development of Biotechnology ) 1881 Thomas D Brock considered agar technique a breakthrough in the development of microbiology 1900–1953 (Genetics: Converging on DNA) Mendel's work finally took on importance 1902 Human genetics is born Sutton found that chromosomes (paired) contain certain elements which are transferred from one generation to another. TRADITIONAL OR CLASSICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1905 X and Y chromosomes are related to gender 1909 Wilhelm Johannsen used the term “gene”, genotype and phenotype 1910 Morgan called Asor genes are present in chromosomes creating the basis for modern genetics 1912 Crystalline Era William Lawrence Bragg discovered the application of x-rays in the determination of the molecular structure of crystalline substances. 1928 Antibiotics Era or Penicillin Age Alexander Flemming 1938 “Molecular Biology” was coined. 1944 Selman Abraham Waksman (a Ukrainian American researcher) explored streptomycin, an active antibiotic against TB. 1945-1950 Birth of field of animal tissue culture 1953-1976 DNA Research, Science Explodes Discovery of Structure of DNA MRS. ANGEL ROSE C. ORBE  LECTURE NOTES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY GRADE 8 STE (180 QUARTER 1 WEEK 1 0- 1950 Historical Events in the Development of Biotechnology ) 1953 TRADITIONAL OR CLASSICAL Polio Vaccine was develop from immortal human cells. 1957 BIOTECHNOLOGY Crick and Gamov studied Central Dogma of Life- how DNA makes protein. 1972 First recombinant DNA molecule. 1974 The first vaccine for chicken pox was developed in Japan. (1977- PRESEN T) MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY 1977- Present “The dawn of Biotechnology) 1978 Herbert W Boyer at UCSF synthesized synthetic human insulin. 1985 Genetic fingerprinting stepped into the court room. BIOTECHNOLOGY Cal Bio produced a gene by a cloning method that encodes MODERN human lung surfactant protein, an important step toward reducing premature birth complications. For the first time, genetically modified plants that resistant to insects, viruses and bacteria 1986 were examined. Approval for the production of the first recombinant vaccine for hepatitis. A genetically modified crop (the tobacco plant) was allowed MRS. ANGEL ROSE C. ORBE  LECTURE NOTES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY GRADE 8 STE QUARTER 1 WEEK 1 (1977- PRESEN T) Historical Events in the Development of Biotechnology 1988 Harvard molecular geneticists Philip Leder and Timothy A Stewart were granted the first patent based on a genetically modified animal (a mouse that is highly susceptible to breast cancer) 1990 The first gene-based treatment was performed on a four-year-old girl suffering from an immunological disorder known as adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA) deficiency. 1992 The US Army started taking blood and tissue samples from all new employees as part of a “genetic dog-tag.” 1996 Keith Campbell, Ian Wilmut and colleuges, from the Roslin Institute in Scotland, had cloned a sheep called Dolly from the cell of an adult ewe. Dolly was the first MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY mammal cloned by a technique called nuclear transfer technology. 2000 The Human Genome Project was successfully completed, a rough draft of the human genome. 2002 Science and Nature Journal reported the human genome sequence, feasible for researchers all over the world to start investigating innovative treatments for diseases that have genetic origins, e.g. heart disease, cancer,2003 Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Celera and the NIH successfully finished the sequencing of the human genome. 2004 The FDA sanctioned a recombinant vaccine against human papillomavirus, which causes genital warts and cervical cancer. Researchers established the three dimensional (3D) structure of HIV, which causes AIDS. MRS. ANGEL ROSE C. ORBE