English Verbals & Tenses PDF

**[VERBALS]** **[Verbal]** - is a verb that acts like a different part of speech. **[Infinitive]** - is a verbal consisting of to + a verb, and it acts like a subject, direct object, subject complement, adjective, or adverb in a sentence. Subject- a person or thing that is being discussed, desc...

**[VERBALS]** **[Verbal]** - is a verb that acts like a different part of speech. **[Infinitive]** - is a verbal consisting of to + a verb, and it acts like a subject, direct object, subject complement, adjective, or adverb in a sentence. Subject- a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with in a sentence. Example: Teachers are creative. (Teachers is the subject) Subject Complement- a word or phrase that appears after a linking verb and modifies the subject in a sentence. Example: Teachers are creative. (creative is the subject complement) Direct Object- a word or phrase that receives the action of the verb. Example: The children eat cake. (Verb is eat and cake is the direct object) **[Gerund]** - is a type of verbal that ends in -ing and is used like a noun. Subject, subject complement and direct object. Object of a Preposition- is a noun or pronoun that comes after a preposition in a sentence. Example: They are afraid of losing the match. (loosing is the object of a preposition of) **[Participle]** - is a verbal that is used as an adjective to modify nouns or pronouns. Present Participle- a word derived from a verb that can be used as an adjective and to form the continuous verb tenses. Present participles of both regular and irregular verbs end in --ing. Examples: traveling, walking, jumping Past Participle- refers to an action that was started and completed entirely in the past. Most past participles end with --ed, -d, -t, -en or --n. Examples: broken, seen, told, felt)l **[VERB TENSES]** **[Verb tenses]** - are changes or additions to verbs to show when the action took place: in the past, present, or future. HOW MANY TENSES ARE THERE IN ENGLISH? \- past tenses Ex. She is sleeping \- present tenses Ex. She was sleeping \- Future tenses Ex. She will be sleeping **[Past, present, future]** - The past, present, and future are the central divisions of time in English. The present represents actions happening now, while the past represents actions that happened earlier, and the future describes actions that will happen later. **[Simple tense]** - is a grammatical aspect that refers to the normal forms of the past, present, and future tenses **[Perfect tenses]** - use a conjugation of the auxiliary **verb** have with the past participle of the main verb **[Continuous tenses]** - (also known as the **progressive** **tenses**) for ongoing actions or actions that happen a while before completion. **[Perfect continuous tenses]** - When you combine the perfect and continuous tenses, you get the perfect continuous tense **[Simple present]** - simple present is the most basic of the English tenses. It's used for individual actions or habitual actions in the present. **[Present perfect \[have/has\] + \[past participle\]]** - present perfect is used to describe a few different types of actions or situations including an ongoing action started in the past and continues in the present. **[Present continuous \[am/is/are\] + \[present participle\]]** - present continuous tense indicates that an action or condition is occurring at the present moment, happens regularly, and may continue in the future. **[Present perfect continuous \[have/has\] + \[been\] + \[present participle\]]** -The present perfect continuous shows an ongoing action in the present that was started in the past. It is often used to emphasize the length of time. [**Simple past** \[**subject\]+\[verb\]+\[object\]**] - to show actions completed in the past, with no extra emphasis. For regular verbs, you form the simple past tense by adding the suffix --ed to the end of the verb (or just --d if the past tense verb already ends in an e). Be careful of irregular past tense verbs, however. These don't follow the normal rules and use their own unique forms for the past tense. For example, the past tense of the irregular verb go is went. **[Past perfect \[had\] + \[past participle\]]** - also known as the **pluperfect**, shows that one past action happened earlier than another one. **[Past continuous \[was/were\] + \[present participle\]]** - is used to describe an action that was ongoing at a specific moment in the past. **[Past perfect continuous tense \[had\] + \[been\] + \[present participle\]]** - is used just like the past perfect tense, except it describes ongoing actions that happened in the past instead of a one-time occurrence.(When, until and before) **[Simple future \[will/shall\] + \[verb\]]** - for actions that have not happened yet but will happen later. (Use will before the verb) **[Future perfect \[will have\] + \[past participle\]]** - shows an action that will be completed in the future by a specified time. (By, before, when, and at) **[Future continuous tense\[will\] + \[be\] + \[present participle\]]** - for future actions happening over a period of time, especially when a specific time is mentioned. **[Future perfect continuous \[will\] + \[have\] + \[been\] + \[present participle\]]** - depicts future ongoing actions that continue up until a certain point. **[TYPES OF SENTENCE ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS ]** **[Functions]** - Sentences based on function are all about what the sentence is doing or what its purpose is. **[Declarative sentence]** - It's the type of sentence that simply tells something, like giving information or making a statement. **[Interrogative sentence]** - It's the type of sentence that simply tells something, like giving information or making a statement. **[Imperative sentence]** - This one is all about giving directions, requests, or commands. You're telling someone what to do **[Exclamatory sentence]** - When you're super excited or surprised, you use an exclamatory sentence to show strong emotion **[Structure]** - sentence structure this is all about how a sentence is built. **[Simple sentence]** - This is the most basic sentence structure. It has just one independent clause basically, one complete thought. **[Compound sentence]** - If you've got two complete thoughts or independent clauses, you can combine them with a coordinating conjunction (like and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so) or a semicolon. **[Complex sentence]** - This type combines one independent clause with one or more dependent clauses, which can't stand alone as a sentence. These are often introduced by words like "because, although, or "when". **[Compound-complex sentence]** - a combination of a compound sentence and a complex sentence so you have at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause. **[PERSUASIVE WRITING ENGLISH]** **[Sentence]** - is a word or group of words that expresses a complete thought or idea. Pattern: No1. S-LV-C 2\. S-IV 3\. S-TV-DO 4\. S-TV-IO-DO 5\. S-TV-DO-OC **[Subject]** - in the sentence is the person, place, thing or idea that is doing something or being something. **[Verb]** - it is a kind of word that tells about an action or a state. **[Linking Verb]** - It connects the subject with a word generally found near the end of the sentence. **[Intransitive Verb]** - They express a complete action without needing to act upon something else and do not require an object. **[Transitive Verb]** - it directs action toward someone or something named in the sentence. It always needs an object to complete the action. **[Object]** - receives the action of the verb/ is affected by the verb. **[Direct Object]** - a noun, pronoun, or group of words acting as a noun that receives the action of a transitive verb. It answers the question of what or who. **[Subject Complement]** - a noun, pronoun, or adjective that appears with a linking verb and tells something about the subject of the sentence. **[Indirect Object]** - a noun or pronoun that appears with a direct object and names the person or thing something is given to or done. **[Objective Complement]** - is an adjective or noun that appears with a direct object and describes or renames it.