Verbal and Nonverbal Communication PDF

VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION ================================== Verbal Communication -------------------- Nonverbal communication ----------------------- - **Kinesics**: the study of body language as a form of non-verbal communication. It includes the following: - Eye Contact-...

VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION ================================== Verbal Communication -------------------- Nonverbal communication ----------------------- - **Kinesics**: the study of body language as a form of non-verbal communication. It includes the following: - Eye Contact- It signifies that you pay attention to the conversation. - Facial Expression- You can always choose which expression you can show or hide. - Gesture- It refers to any purposive movement of fingers, arms, hands, head, or shoulders to emphasize or suggest something. - Posture- It conveys a message to your listener. - **Paralanguage**: It refers to the non-verbal sounds accompanying oral language. These elements can help shape the meaning of the message or completely change it. For example, your vocal characteristics can easily emphasize or contradict the literal meanings of words. - Tone (vocal quality)- It is the distinct sound of one\'s voice. - Speed- It refers to the rate of speech or how fast you are talking. - Pitch- It includes the highness and lowness of voice. Raising or lowering the pitch may signify the speaker\'s emotions. - Volume-This refers to the loudness or softness of voice - **Haptics:** It is the study of how touch is used to deliver a message. People differ in the way they perceive and use touch. - Functional/Professional Touch - Social/Polite Touch - Friendly/Warm Touch - Love/Intimate Touch - Sexual Touch - **Proxemics:** This refers to the way people use space to convey meaning. - Permanent Structures- refers to immovable places in which we live or work in. - Movable Objects- The type of objects and their arrangement in a room depend on the intended messages. - Informal Space- It is a person\'s invisible comfort zone, an intimate space around him/her at any given time. Coming close to a person\'s informal space may indicate closeness and comfort, while detachment on the contrary. - **Personal Appearance:** Appearance depends on his/her age , gender, race, educational attainment, and profession. - Clothes- The type of occasion or context often sugggests what a person should wear, but even when the dress code is retsricted, a person\'s personality is still evident. - Hairstyles- It gives off a message. - Accessories- Such as piercings, jewelry, and the like tell something about status. - Tattoos- Some cultures use tattoos as a way of distinguishing ranks and showcasing their cultural heritage. THE NATURE AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION ======================================= Nature of Communication ----------------------- 1. Communication is a process. 2. Communication is systematic. 3. Communication is symbolic. 4. Communication involves meaning. 5. Communication is dynamic. The Process of Communication ---------------------------- 1. Sender- The initiator of the communication process. The sender delivers or transmits ideas to the receiver. This means that the sender first develops an idea to be transmitted to another party. 2. Message- The idea encoded by the sender. The message entails both the content (or the ideas) that the speaker wishes to transmit and the formulation or structure of the ideas. 3. Medium- The verbal way through which the message is delivered. The medium may be oral, written, or non-verbal. Medium is also called channel. 4. Receiver- The one who decodes or interprets the message transmitted by the sender. 5. Feedback- It is the response to the message. The feedback confirms if the message has been correctly interpreted. By extension, feedback validates if the communication process has been effective because by the use of feedback, the sender can check whether the message he/she delivered has been correctly interpreted by the receiver. 6. Encoding- It is the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understands. 7. Decoding- Decoding is the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver. 8. Context- It is the environment where communication takes place. It is also called as setting. 9. Barrier- It is the factor that affects the flow of communication. Noise can be physical or psychological such as loud sounds, distracting sights, or unusual behavior like when the speaker keeps on picking her nose or staring at the ceiling. MODELS OF COMMUNICATION ======================= [Aristotle's Speaker-Centered Model] ------------------------------------------------  [Schramm's Communication Model] ------------------------------------------- [Linear Model] -------------------------- [The Interactive Communication Model] -------------------------------------------------  [Transactional Communication Model] ----------------------------------------------- [Source-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) Model] ---------------------------------------------------------- BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION ========================= - Opportunities - Miscommunication - Conflicts TYPES OF BARRIERS IN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION ============================================ 1. ***Language Barrier-*** When you use words or a language that are alien or unknown to the receiver, it will certainly stop your message from being conveyed. - Buzzwords and other jargon are a turn-off to the other person. A buzzword is a word or phrase that has little meaning but becomes popular during a specific - Philippines has between 120 and 175 languages, with 2 national and 12 auxiliary languages. 2. ***Physical Barrier-*** Physical environmental barriers refer to any physical limitation that can interfere with the communication process. Examples include noise, poor lighting, distance between speakers, and physical obstructions between 3. ***Emotional Barrier-*** An emotional barrier in communication is a psychological barrier that prevents people from fully expressing their emotions or feelings to one another. This can be due to a lack of trust, fear of vulnerability, or difficulty in understanding the other person\'s point of view. This can occur if one is consumed with emotion. A heated argument may cause an inability to understand another person. 4. ***Perceptual Barrier-*** Different word views can create misunderstanding. Without 5. ***Cultural Barrier-*** Ethnic, religious and social differences can often create misunderstandings. These differences can also affect perceptual factors. 6. ***Gender Barrier-*** Males and females have diff. styles of communication. While women generally, emphasize politeness, empathy, and rapport building, male communication is often more direct. 7CS IN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION ============================== COMPLETENESS ============ CONCISENESS =========== CONSIDERATION ============= CONCRETENESS ============ COURTESY ======== CLEARNESS ========= CORRECTNESS =========== 1. **Regulation/Control**- Communication functions to control one's behavior. Examples: ========= - *doctor's prescription: "Take this three times a day."* - *a parent's instruction: "Wash the dishes now, or else I won't allow you to go to the party later."* - *Making an announcement that the community will start segregating their garbage.* Social Interaction- Communication functions to allow individuals to interact with each other. ============================================================================================= - *marriage proposals, "Will you marry me?"* - *an invitation, "Would you like to have coffee with me?"* - *A janitor talking about the kinds of students he/she encounters.* Motivation- Communication functions to motivate or encourage people to act and to live better. ============================================================================================== - *"You can do it!"* - *"We will altogether surpass this problem ahead of us. We just have to be strong."* - *Saying "God bless you!"* 4. **Emotional Expression**- Communication facilitates people's expression of their feelings and emotions. Examples: ========= - *"I'm glad that you came into my life."* - *Expressing prayer: "We pray for those people who are facing many problems in life."* - *"I love you."* 5. **Information Dissemination**- Communication functions to convey information. Examples: ========= - *A person sharing what he has read from a book: "Did you know that there's a secret apartment at the top of the Eiffel Tower?"* - *An announcement on an adjusted class schedule.* INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION =========================== THE DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY ==================================================== Stage 1: Denial --------------- Stage 2: Defense ---------------- Stage 3: Minimization --------------------- Stage 4: Acceptance ------------------- Stage 5: Adaptation ------------------- Stage 6: Integration -------------------- CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPETENT INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATORS ======================================================== 1. flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of uncertainty 2. reflectiveness or mindfulness 3. open-mindedness 4. sensitivity 5. adaptability 6. ability to engage in divergent thinking (or thinking creatively) and systems-level thinking (or thinking how each one in a system or organization influences each other) 7. politeness 1. Avoid stereotypes, i.e., generalizations about a certain group. 2. Challenge gender norms; avoid using "he" and "man" to refer to a general group of people. To remedy this, you may use plural pronouns or rewrite a sentence to avoid using pronouns. The use of his/her is also acceptable. 3. Do not talk down on younger people and the elderly. 4. Be sensitive to the religious practices of others. 5. Be polite at all times; do not belittle people you perceive to be on a lower social class than you.