Blood Donation Lecture Notes PDF

Blood Donation Dr. Muna Al-Maskari. MSc. Ph.D. Sultan Qaboos University College of Medicine and Health Sciences Department of Biomedical Science HAEM4201 1  B...

Blood Donation Dr. Muna Al-Maskari. MSc. Ph.D. Sultan Qaboos University College of Medicine and Health Sciences Department of Biomedical Science HAEM4201 1  By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: 1. Outline the procedure for donor registration and medical history. 2. Explain the blood donor form, criteria for donor selection and donor consent. 3. Explain the purpose of pre-donation screening and give reasons for rejecting a donor. 4. Describe the blood collection process and types of donation. 5. Discuss the volume and frequency of donation. 6. Discuss potential hazards during and after blood collection. 7. Describe the selection of bags, anticoagulants, preservatives and additives such as CPD, CP2D and CPDA-1 for blood collection. 8. Describe the routine laboratory tests that have to be performed on blood donor bag before release. 9. Describe labeling requirements for blood donor bags. 10. Describe the benefits and challenges associated with apheresis procedures for platelet donation, blood exchange and collection of stem cells for transplantation. 11. Outline the potential health benefits of blood and bone marrow donation registry. 2  Introduction whatlinks to Blood bank preTransfusia YET mist followthem you HAEM4201 3  SQUH Blood Bank At Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH) o Central Blood Bank (Dept. Haematology) Donation Area SQUH Blood Bank o Blood donation o Blood testing & blood component preparation o Storage & Shipment o Pre-transfusion testing & transfusion outcomes Emergency cases (if needed) Seekforhelp me o The Royal Hospital Blood Bank o The Armed Forced Hospital Blood Bank HAEM4201 4  procedure we follow in bloodbank 1 Donor Registration Unpaid & voluntary Each donor MUST be clearly & uniquely identified o A unique identifier totrace product oranytransfusionreactionmayhapp we Donor traceability o Traced through the entire process o Recalled if needed Registration & demographic information Confidential o If thereis Full name why o Permanent address & phone number abnormalities o Gender any o Date of birth & age donations every3mn o Date of last donation to make period between o finallysinga consent Written consent o Occupation OWN HAEM4201 5  Called it questionnaire 1. Donor Medical History ▪ Purpose: ✓ To determine whether the donor is fit for donation ▪ Medical questionnaire ▪ Question types and categories Then Reject or accept it canbetemporarily or permenantly HAEM4201 6  if you are fit in Questionnaire thendo Examination 2. Physical Evaluation ▪ Physical evaluation o Donors who meet the pre-donor screening (medical history) ▪ Performed at the time of donation Examples ✓General appearance…Good health ✓No signs of infections ✓No signs of alcoholism ✓No signs of drug intoxication or usage HAEM4201 7  Example Physical Evaluation Signs Physical sign Description Weight No less than 50 kg Acute loss of 15% or more = hypovolemia lossofBlood Body temperature O Not exceed 37.5 C Pulse 50-100 beats/ minutes Blood pressure Systolic no higher than 180 mmHg Depends onCountry Diastolic no higher than 100 mmHg Haemoglobin level Varies between BB Depends Ethics populations & gender Venipuncture site Inotattoo Skin lesions HAEM4201 8  if fit enough 3. Blood Donor Consent ▪ If the donor has successfully passed 1. Pre-donation screening (history & questionnaire) 2. Physical evaluation ❖ Written consent to donate ▪ If the donor has not successfully passed 1. Permanent deferral (indefinite) infection ej.im 2. Temporary deferral HB BP weight Rferal cannotdonation HAEM4201 9  blood Donation Types ▪ Allogeneic blood donation to anybody post operative intraoperative types preoperativecollection acutenovolichaemodilation collee ▪ Autologous blood donation Donatebloodto yourself must be labelled when youhavespecific rare bloodgroup ▪ Directed blood donation ▪ Donation by apheresis iiiEi to Removeanyimpact or Complication Donation for specific bloodProduct HAEM4201 10  if Bag Open Expirydatechange 5 11304É.tosinghblo Blood Bag Collection ▪ Selection of bags Bags o Flexible plastic & close system Sterile o Used once Bag collection set o Primary bag & satellite bags ing me remainingbags o Linked by tubing line ▪ Icollecting Primary with Satellitebags Anticoagulants/Preservatives Licensed anticoagulant-preservative solutions ✓ Citrate f ✓ Dextrose importantpreservative ✓ Adenine HAEM4201 11  Blood Bag Collection ▪ Additive solutions Shelf life 42 days Increase shelf life of red blood cells Aim Designed as AS-1, AS-3, AS-5 1,3 Contain: o Dextrose, adenine, sodium chloride & either ✓ Mannitol (AS-1 & AS-5) ✓ Monobasic sodium phosphate (AS-3) HAEM4201 12  Examples of Additive to increase shelflife Blood Bag Collection Anticoagulants/Preservatives Abbreviation Expiration & Additives (Days) Acid-citrate-dextrose ACD 21 Citrate phosphate dextrose CPD 21 Citrate phosphate double dextrose CP2D 21 Citrate phosphate dextrose adenine CPDA-1 35 CPD plus additive solution (Fenwal) AS-1 42 CPD plus additive solution (Cutter) AS-3 42 CPD plus additive solution (Terumo) AS-5 42 HAEM4201 13  it varies Frequency of Donation ▪ Frequency of donation 56 days between whole blood donations (North America) 3 days between plateletpheresis donations (North America) 3 months between whole blood donations (SUQH) 3 months in MOH HAEM4201 14  You must How much Blood you need for donation ith Blood Volume leg ▪ Bag volume/anticoagulant & preservative solution 450 ± 45 mL whole blood / 63 mL anticoagulant & preservative solution 500 ± 50 mL whole blood / 70 mL anticoagulant & preservative solution Ratio anticoagulant & preservative solution/ whole blood = 14 mL / 100 mL of blood Blood will have14 mL for every looml of you Anticoagulant HAEM4201 15  Equationswe used Low Blood Volume Donation ▪ (Donor weigh in kg  50 kg) x 450 mL = mL of whole blood to be withdrawn ▪ Amount mL of whole blood to be withdrawn x (14 mL/100 ml) = Amount of coagulant needed to provide adequate storage condition of blood ❖ 63 mL- volume anticoagulant needed HAEM4201 16  now Donov is ready Whole Blood Collection The donor is now ready to give blood Collection procedure by a trained phlebotomist ✓ Confirm the donor identity ✓ Inspect the blood bag for any defects ✓ Select the appropriate vein ✓ Perform blood collection Blood bag must be well mixed during collection to avoid clotting After the blood is collectedexam Take appropriate labeled tubes for further testing Donor is given a cup of tea & biscuits to compensatebloodsugar Hemoglobin: normal within 3 to 4 weeks Donations: no complications Rare cases: adverse reactions needtostop Tou HAEM4201 17  Adverse Reactions ▪ The reactions may result from neurophysiological or psychological influences mm in ▪ Grouped into 3 categories Mild reactions vomiting nausea loss of Consciousness tw Moderate reactions fainting Severe reactions Some Convultion happen ❖In all cases (stop the donation & remove needle) tryFet soft HAEM4201 18  Donor Processing ❑ Blood must be fully tested before it is labeled & deemed safe for use Appropriate storage conditions Every single blood product must be tested Only under extraordinary circumstances ✓ Blood may be used before all required testing is completed o Results of testing: recorded immediately o If unexpected results: confirmation by a definitive test o Medically important donor test results ✓ Communicated & documented ✓ Notified Health Department HAEM4201 19  Laboratory Testing ❑ Blood testing: A legal requirement to protect the potential recipient 1. Blood system grouping 2. Infection agents Allmustbe negative to saidthat it's safe ✓ The blood units must be negative for all infection diseases to be released HAEM4201 20  Labeling Requirements Labeling requirements are mandatory for transfusion of all blood products Before being placed into the inventory put in fridge according to preservativeexpirydate youuse HAEM4201 21  Labeling Requirements Labeling information 1. Unique identifier: numeric or alphanumeric 2. Product type I 3. 4. 5. Collecting facility forTransformation betweenfacilities SQUH Royal Expiration date Approximate volume 6. Name & volume of anticoagulant/preservative/additive 7. Storage temperature 41 in Fridge 8. ABO and RH (D) blood grouping HAEM4201 22  Labeling Requirements It is imperative that labeling procedures undergoes a checking and double checking procedure to eliminate clerical errors toavoidrikofanscriptinalerors HAEM4201 23  one ofbloodcollectingmethod Apheresis ▪ Definition already Autom'ate T noeffecton donor Removal or withdrawal (to separate or to take away) ✓ A blood component HAEM4201 24  Apheresis Automated Procedure Automatically adjusted for each component mm Centrifuge speed Length of time Total volume Anticoagulants itwithinaftp.t.product Products Returntopatientneoplasma Platelets (Plateletpheresis) WBC (Leukopheresis) RemoveAB Plasma (plasmapheresis) RBC (Red cell pheresis) ADAMI TB Stem cells (Stem cell pheresis) r Therapeutic purposes (therapeutic apheresis) withdrawl causeof disease 21 P.roducts AutgAntibodyTBB HAEM4201 5inis 25  Adverse Effect of Apheresis Citrate toxicity Hypovalemia damount of Particular Componentremoved Allergic reactions Hemolysis Depletion of clotting factors Depletion of proteins and immunoglobulin Circulatory and respiratory distress Removehugeamountsof Lymphocyte loss Component HAEM4201 26  Regular Blood Donation Potential health benefits of donating blood on a regular basis Improve the overall cardiovascular health Enhance the production of new cells Improve fitness shouldbe fit to donate you Save lives Bring joy to others HAEM4201 27  Thank you for clarification Imean me your Questions HAEM4201 28