Module 2: Intellectual Revolution PDF

Module 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION LEARNING OUTCOME: Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology. TOPIC OUTLINE Paradigm Shift Scientific Revolution ⚬ Copernican Revolution ⚬ Darwinian Revolution ⚬ Freudian Revolution ⚬ Baconian Revolution Al...

Module 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION LEARNING OUTCOME: Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology. TOPIC OUTLINE Paradigm Shift Scientific Revolution ⚬ Copernican Revolution ⚬ Darwinian Revolution ⚬ Freudian Revolution ⚬ Baconian Revolution All significant breakthroughs are break -“withs” old ways of thinking. Thomas Kuhn PARADIGM SHIFT  important change  happens when a new and different way replaces the usual way of thinking about or doing something  Major changes due to extraordinary researches EVOLUTION OF SCIENTIFIC Scientific REVOLUTION Revolution Anomalies: minor changes according to research  most a series of significant a fundamental events that period of transformation marked the discovery and in scientific emergence growth of the ideas sciences in the of modern whole of science history INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION developments in mathematics, changed took place in physics, Europe astronomy, how society biology towards the viewed the (including end of the human natural Renaissance anatomy), and world period chemistry INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION ⚬ Copernican Revolution ⚬ Darwinian Revolution ⚬ Freudian Revolution ⚬ Baconian Revolution  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION The first paradigm shift in intellectual revolution was on the field of astronomy particularly cosmology.  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION  Astronomy - scientific study of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere  Cosmology - study of the universe and its components, how it formed, how it has evolved, and what is its future COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Aristotle (384-322 BC) - Geocentrism  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Aristotle (384-322 BC)  Greek Philosopher  Proposed Geocentrism - earth-centered belief  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Claudius Ptolemy (100-160 AD) Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 BC) - epicycles - Heliocentrism  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Claudius Ptolemy (100-160 AD)  Greco-Roman mathematician, philosopher and astronomer  improved Aristotle’s observation by using measurements using epicycles- planetary orbits. Geocentric model - one of the greatest discoveries of that time  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 BC)  Greek astronomer and mathematician  Postulated Heliocentrism - sun-centered belief  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION  supported the heliocentric model written in his book “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres” Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543)  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION  Copernican Revolution - took off with the acquisition of more precise data on the movement and position of planets around the sun Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543)  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Galileo Galilei Johannes Kepler - The Starry Messenger - Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Astronomers who supported heliocentrism: Johannes Kepler Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion Tychonic system, the most precise equipment available before the telescope by Tycho Brahe He proved that planets moved in elliptical orbits around the sun.  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Astronomers who supported heliocentrism: Galileo Galilei His telescopic observation of the four moons of Jupiter proved that celestial bodies did not revolve around the sun on his book “The Starry Messenger”  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Isaac Newton He brought the triumph of heliocentrism by using gravity to explain the movement of the planets around the sun. Heliocentrism by Copernicus then became the paradigm shift to the paradigm of geocentrism. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION ⚬ Copernican Revolution ⚬ Darwinian Revolution ⚬ Freudian Revolution ⚬ Baconian Revolution  DARWINIAN REVOLUTION Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) English naturalist obsessed in nature “The origin of species” in 1859 Organismal adaptation and evolution was through the process of natural selection.  DARWINIAN REVOLUTION Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) “Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection”  the genetic make up of a population changed (evolution) depending on the conditions dictated by the environment (natural selection)  s DARWINIAN REVOLUTION Darwin’s Evolution by natural selection therefore became the paradigm shift to the paradigm of creation. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION ⚬ Copernican Revolution ⚬ Darwinian Revolution ⚬ Freudian Revolution ⚬ Baconian Revolution FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) well known in the field of Psychology he was able to change people’s perception of psychology Contributions: A. Psychoanalysis - Three forces of psychical apparatus - Instincts are two causes of behaviour FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) Contributions: B. Psychosexual theory C. Role of Dreams D. Understanding of Self FREUDIAN REVOLUTION A. Psychoanalysis study that explains human behavior three forces of psychichal apparatus: 1. id - operates in pursuit of pleasure (pleasure seeking) 2. ego - governed by the reality principle 3. superego - to pursue idealistic goals and perfection FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Instincts are two causes of behaviour: a. Eros (love) - love preserves unity. b. Death - promotes destructions o Libido – driving force of instinct  FREUDIAN REVOLUTION B. Psychosexual Theory the behavior and development of an individual are influenced by the interaction:  conscious  unconscious  FREUDIAN REVOLUTION B. Psychosexual Theory - Stages  FREUDIAN REVOLUTION SYMBOL/S IT SIGNIFIES C. Role of Dreams Person Parents House Kings or queens Birth Any reference to water represents a wish Death Male genital Taking a journey; nakedness Dreaming of number 3, objects fulfillment which can penetrate (knives imaginary fulfillment of a and swords), faucets, fountains, telescopes wish or impulse in early Female genital Pits, caves, bottles, boxes, childhood, before such trunks, jars, suitcases, pockets, ships, mouth, churches, and wishes have been shoes repressed Breast Apples, peach Beloved person jewel  FREUDIAN REVOLUTION C. Understanding of Self sexuality is the root of personality early sexual experiences were the most formative in human psychological development  FREUDIAN REVOLUTION C. Understanding of Self Freud continued to work on refining his theory and tried to: - explain how psychoanalysis can be used as clinical method on treating mental disorders SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION ⚬ Copernican Revolution ⚬ Darwinian Revolution ⚬ Freudian Revolution ⚬ Baconian Revolution  BACONIAN REVOLUTION Philosophers believed that all knowledge could be obtained through pure reasoning, and that there was no need to actually go out and measure anything. Aristotle Father of science gave importance to: - use of measurement and observation as a tool for gaining knowledge as it should be supported by real world findings  BACONIAN REVOLUTION Ibn al-Haytham An Islamic scholar best known for his works on light and vision.  BACONIAN REVOLUTION Ibn al-Haytham Scientific Method: 1. State an explicit problem, based upon observation and experimentation. 2. Test or criticize a hypothesis through experimentation. 3. Interpret the data and come to a conclusion, ideally using mathematics. 4. Publish the findings.  BACONIAN REVOLUTION Roger Bacon (1214-1294) one of the earliest European scholars to refine the scientific methods  BACONIAN REVOLUTION Roger Bacon (1214-1294) he developed the idea of: (1) making observations (2) hypothesizing (3) experimenting to test the hypothesis.  BACONIAN REVOLUTION Francis Bacon (1561-1626) developed the scientific method he argued that scientific knowledge is obtained after: - making observations and then - utilizing inductive reasoning to interpret the observations  BACONIAN REVOLUTION Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Bacon also argued that controlled scientific experimentation is essential for understanding nature.  SCIENTIFIC METHOD Scientific method - systematic approach used to establish scientific knowledge or modify existing knowledge CONCLUSIONS The Scientific Revolution led to the creation of:  new knowledge systems  social hierarchies  networks of thinkers  also affected production and distribution CONCLUSIONS With a dramatically changing media environment, challenging economic and social climates, shifting relationships between citizens and policy makers and an evolving understanding of democracy, new paradigms stand as ready tools to help combat modern difficulties.