Social Welfare and Social Protection - Group 3 - PDF

SOCIAL WELFARE AND SOCIAL PROTECTION Group  3 Ibanje, Anly  Claire Tabuga, Chin Jae Marri SWPPS 102 SOCIAL WELFARE SOCIAL WELFARE organized provision of resources and services for the society to deal with social proble...

SOCIAL WELFARE AND SOCIAL PROTECTION Group  3 Ibanje, Anly  Claire Tabuga, Chin Jae Marri SWPPS 102 SOCIAL WELFARE SOCIAL WELFARE organized provision of resources and services for the society to deal with social problems Social Welfare is a system of laws, Programs, benefits and services which strengthen or assure provision for meeting social needs recognized as basic for the welfare of the population and for functioning of the social order. -Elizabeth Wickenden SOCIAL WELFARE Encyclopedia of Social Work defines, social welfare as an organized effort to ensure a basic standard of decency in relation to the physical and mental well being of the citizen. National Association of Social Work (NASW), social welfare is a nation’s system of programmes, benefits and services that help people to meet those social, economic, educational and health needs  Social Welfare is centered on two basic concepts 1. Social Problem - is any condition or behavior that has negative consequences for large numbers of people and that is generally recognized as a condition or behavior that needs to be addressed. 2. Ways in which the Society responds to its problem (Related to policy, legislation, procedure etc.). Social welfare payments and services are typically provided at the expense of taxpayers generally, funded by benefactors, or by compulsory enrollment of the poor themselves. Welfare payments can take the form of in-kind transfers (e.g., health care services) or cash (e.g., earned income tax credit).  Examples of social welfare services include the following: Compulsory superannuation savings programs. Compulsory social insurance programs Pensions or other financial aid Free or low cost nursing, doctor medical and hospital care Services may be provided in the community or a medical facility. Free or low cost public education for all children, and financial aid The state may also fund or operate social work and community based organizations that provide services that benefit disadvantaged people in the community. Welfare money paid to persons, from a government, who are in need of financial assistance. The encyclopedia of social work adds that social welfare is for the purpose of ensuring basic standard of physical and mental well-being and providing universal access to the main stream of society. Two additional areas should be included in the definition of social welfare. 1. Social welfare now includes such new areas as for- profit services, including some nursing homes, day care centers, social service in business organization, like substance abuse, counseling, day care for employees, children etc. 2. Welfare model of deviance, which Peter Day, says present welfare as social problems for which some remedial, correctional, or therapeutic intervention is required to alter, modify, or control deviant and his behavior as a public responsibility. Social welfare has two kinds of functions: 1. Social treatment: the provision of goods and services for the enhancement of human life. Examples: Healthcare Access Education Programs Social Pension Housing Assistance Childcare Services Rehabilitation Services Disaster Relief 2. Social control: generally, the provision of services to ensure conformity from deviants. Examples: Law Enforcement Judicial System Correctional Facilities Probation and Parole Services Community Service Sentences Juvenile Delinquency Programs SOCIAL PROTECTION Social Protection Social Protection (SP) constitutes policies and programs that seek to reduce poverty and vulnerability and to enhance the social status and rights of the marginalized. These goals can be achieved through promoting and protecting livelihood and employment, protecting against hazards and sudden loss of income, and improving people’s capacity to manage or handle risks (Social Development Committee Resolution No. 1, s2007). Social Protection SP programs aim to lift people out of poverty. SP programs also seek to prevent people from becoming vulnerable because of individual and life- cycle risks, economic risks, environmental risks, and social and governance risks. Why Social Protection? Core message 1: Many poor are being left behind. Growth is yet to make a significant dent on Philippine poverty, and modest growth in recent years continues to bypass the poor; and Many Filipino families cannot get out of poverty because they have limited capabilities and because they lack opportunities to earn a decent living; and Why Social Protection? Core message 2: Filipino families, whether poor or non-poor, face various economic, environmental and man-made risks. Managing such risks is important for families to prevent them from falling into, falling deeper, and trapped into, poverty. The poor need to be protected from the negative impacts of natural and man-made risks, and support their efforts to manage these risks;  Four objectives of Philippine Social Protection Programs 1.To protect and prevent people from falling from their current income/consumption levels due to various risks. 2.To build people’s capacity and adaptability so that that better quality of life is maintained and sustained.  Four objectives of Philippine Social Protection Programs 3. To expand income opportunities and improve human capital investments in the long term. 4. To sustain one’s standard of living in spite of people’s exposure to various natural and man- made risks.  TYPES OF RISKS The presence of risks makes people vulnerable to poverty. Risk can be defined as an uncertain event that may damage someone’s well-being, leading to poverty. Risks are pervasive and are of different types. Each type requires a different type of response.  TYPES OF RISKS A. Individual and life cycle risks Vulnerabilities? Hunger, illness or injury, disability, old age, death Who responds? Individual households or through informal means  TYPES OF RISKS B. Economic Risks Vulnerabilities? Unemployment, low/irregular income, price instability, economic crisis Who responds? Government, business, civil society, citizens  TYPES OF RISKS C. Environmental and natural risks Vulnerabilities? Drought, floods, landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruption Who responds? Government, business, civil society, citizens  TYPES OF RISKS D. Social and Governance risks Vulnerabilities? Crime, corruption, political instability, armed conflict Who responds? Government, business, civil society, citizens  Principles of Risk Mitigation 1. Protective. We should ensure that basic needs of the locality and its populace are met (e.g. price controls of basic necessities, subsidies, scholarships). 2. Preventive. These measures should be done before a risk occurs (e.g. vaccination, basic education, health insurance, disaster preparedness). Other forms of preventive interventions may also depend on the impact of the event:  Principles of Risk Mitigation Mitigating mechanisms helping individuals reduce the impact of future risky event (e.g. crop insurance should a drought come; health insurance prior to one getting sick; savings and food storage should a major disaster come); Coping mechanisms alleviate impact of risk once it occurred (e.g. relief and rehabilitation, especially after a typhoon); and Adapting mechanisms prepare individuals and households for the next shock and risk (e.g. disaster preparedness)  Principles of Risk Mitigation 3. Promotive. This allows people to save and invest, giving them enough financial cushion to meet future problems brought about by occurrence of various risks. There should also be programs that build, diversify and enhance the use of people’s assets and resources. (e.g. cash transfers, access to credit, land reform programs.)  Principles of Risk Mitigation 4. Transformative. This helps people and communities build deeper adaptive capacities. This will be done through policy and program reforms that help promote minority rights, remove discrimination and provide social funds to those who need it most (e.g. ordinance for women and children protection, funds for disaster relief and rehabilitation, programs for agriculture after a drought).  Core Social Protection Programs and Responses 1. Labor Market Interventions These are measures aimed at enhancing employment opportunities and protecting the rights and welfare of workers. Examples include employment facilitation schemes, livelihood programs, active labor market programs (ALMPs), emergency and guaranteed employment.  Core Social Protection Programs and Responses 2. Social Insurance These programs seek to mitigate income risks by pooling resources and spreading one’s handling of risks across time and classes. These types of programs are premium-based schemes protecting households from life-cycle and health-related risks. Examples include health insurance, crop insurance, pension, etc.  Core Social Protection Programs and Responses 3. Social Welfare These are preventive and developmental programs that seek to support the minimum basic requirements of the poor and of various sectors. They provide basic protection to those who are poor, excluded, discriminated and marginalized. Examples: crisis interventions for abused women and children, programs for indigenous peoples, transient homes for trafficking victims, etc.  Core Social Protection Programs and Responses 4. Social Safety Nets These are stop-gap mechanisms or urgent responses that address effects of risks on specific vulnerable groups. These are mostly short-term measures. Responses after typhoons are an example.  Philippine Government Response on Social Protection These social protection programs to respond to various natural and manmade risks were determined by various agencies and stakeholders. Given their identification, the next step is to encourage implementing social protection programs at regional and local levels.  Philippine Government Response on Social protection Creating a Subcommittee on Social Protection (SCSP) The Cabinet’s SDC, through Resolution no. 2 (series of 2009), mandated the creation of the SCSP. The SCSP subsequently spearheaded the development of a Social Protection Operational Framework. This framework has been officially adopted by the Social Development Committee through SDC Resolution No. 3 2012. The framework consists of the following aspects:  Philippine Government Response on Social Protection 1. Objectives - The government’s primary objective in social protection is to reduce poverty and vulnerability by ensuring that individuals and families, especially those in marginalized sectors,. have access to basic services and resources that allow them to cope with life’s risks. Example: The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) aims to improve the health, education, and nutrition of poor households by providing conditional cash transfers to ensure that families invest in their children’s future.  Philippine Government Response on Social Protection 2. Risk and Vulnerabilities to Address - The government focuses on mitigating risks related to poverty, economic instability, health crises, natural disasters, unemployment, and aging.. Example: In addressing income insecurity, the Social Security System (SSS) provides benefits for employees in case of illness, maternity, disability, retirement, and death.  Philippine Government Response on Social Protection 3. Core Response Programs - The government’s social protection responses revolve around key programs that provide financial support, health services, and social safety nets for vulnerable. populations. Example: PhilHealth is a key health insurance program that helps mitigate health-related financial risks by providing Filipinos access to affordable healthcare services.  Philippine Government Response on Social Protection 4. Key Response Elements - refer to the foundational aspects that ensure programs effectively support vulnerable populations in reducing poverty, managing risks, and enhancing resilience. Example: The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) it. provides comprehensive coverage to millions of poor households across the country, sustaining their access to education, healthcare, and nutrition. It is designed to be flexible, adapting conditions like cash transfers to address emergent needs such as school closures during the pandemic. By targeting the most impoverished sectors, it ensures that support goes directly to those who need it most, contributing to long-term poverty alleviation.  Philippine Government Response on Social Protection 5. Implementing Participatory Strategies - the government employs participatory strategies to involve communities in the design, implementation, and evaluation of social protection programs. This participatory approach ensures that the programs meet the needs of the people and. empower them to contribute to their own well-being. Example: The Kalahi-CIDSS (Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services) program promotes community-driven development where communities identify their needs and participate in implementing projects that address local problems.  KEY RESPONSE ELEMENTS Given the various risks people face, our responses to mitigate the impact of these risks should be clear and focused. Doing so will avoid duplication of efforts and resources. In this. context, SP responses (i.e. policies and programs) also need to identify the beneficiaries to be assisted.  KEY RESPONSE ELEMENTS Target beneficiaries The SDC Subcommittee on Social Protection (SCSP) had said the following should benefit from social protection programs. and services:  KEY RESPONSE ELEMENTS The Poor.. They are individuals and families whose incomes fall below the poverty threshold (as defined by the government), and/or those who cannot afford to provide their basic needs of food, health, education, housing and other amenities of life on a sustained basis (RA 8425 or the Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act, 11 December 1997).  KEY RESPONSE ELEMENTS The Vulnerable.. They are households confronted by exante risk that, if they are currently non-poor, will fall below the poverty line; if they are currently poor, they will remain in poverty. Vulnerable is also defined in terms of exposure to adverse conditions related to welfare, not just in terms of their exposure to poverty (NEDA).  KEY RESPONSE ELEMENTS The Marginalized. They those in society who, for reasons of poverty,. geographical inaccessibility, culture, language, religion, age, gender, migrant status or other disadvantage, have not benefited from health, education, employment and other opportunities. They are also relegated to the sidelines of political persuasion, social negotiation, and economic bargaining (International Planned Parenthood Federation). Examples include indigenous people, elderly, among others.  Identifying Benefeciaries The Philippine government identifies the poor, the vulnerable, and the marginalized with the help of a survey called the National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction (NHTS-PR), handled by the Department of Social Welfare and. Development (DSWD). Using a proxy means test, the NHTS-PR unified the criteria for the selection of the poorest population in a locality, and had created a database of poor households. The database then serves as a reference to identifying beneficiaries of social protection programs.  Identifying Benefeciaries Based also on the different kinds of risks, potential SP beneficiaries may also include the non-poor. Those families with homes washed away by a strong typhoon and flooding are examples.. Hence, targeting these specific beneficiaries of social protection programs may be relaxed so as to help fulfill the aim of universally providing basic social services. People’s universal coverage of social services entails the nationwide provision of the full requirements of citizens’ basic rights in terms of education, health and nutrition, shelter, water, and sanitation.  Identifying Benefeciaries If there are no problems with resources there should be no distinction if social protection beneficiaries are poor or non-poor. However, as more resources are required, social protection programs will need to target individuals,. households and areas who and which are poor and highly vulnerable to risks. Hoping that government increases resources, major social protection programs, especially those related to health and education may reach universal coverage and be integrated into the delivery of basic social services.  Target Areas Using various indicators, government must also target priority areas for social protection programs, especially to areas that have concentrations of poverty, and areas that are vulnerable to conflicts and disasters. The Human. Development and Poverty Reduction Cluster (HDPRC) of the Cabinet has identified 1,233 municipalities in this regard. Social protection programs should also be prioritized to reach areas potentially at risk from climate change. Geo- hazard mapping technology can be used here.  Target Sectors are identified by the extent of their marginalization and social exclusion. DSWD has long been involved with these marginalized sectors —women, children, youth, elderly, indigenous. peoples (IPs), people with disabilities (PWDs), among others— in the agency’s social welfare programs. It should be noted that the target sectors and areas are not mutually exclusive as they can cut across sectors or areas, or gender. Are all social protection programs for the poor?. Social insurance and labor market interventions, for instance, are components that. can benefit both the poor and non-poor.. Is social protection the same as poverty alleviation? According to an Asian Development Bank (ADB) study on poverty in 2009, the reduction of poverty has four pillars: increasing incomes, asset and. capacity build up, voice and empowerment, and risk protection. Risk protection is seen as the pillar where social protection belongs.. How is social protection different from basic social services? Social protection is different from basic social services such as access to education, health, nutrition, water and sanitation. It is basically a response to. protect and manage the households’ vulnerability from slipping toward poverty because of various natural and man-made risks.  IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY FOR SOCIAL PROTECTION: CONVERGENCE Why Convergence? Convergence ‘sound like’ = Cooperation/ Collaboration/Complementation In a situation where both vulnerability and poverty incidence are high, a common. response is the most effective strategy. This common response requires a multi- dimensional and multi-stakeholder approach. Thus, coordination and collaboration are required. Convergence will be the main strategy to implement SP programs. This Social P ro tec t io n H an d b o ok d ef ines convergence for SP as directing complementary and or synergetic. programs or interventions through multisector, inter-agency, inter-governmental and private sector cooperation to specified targets —poor households, families, individuals and or communities and areas.  Convergence Approaches for Social Protection Programs By Target Areas The Metro Naga Development Council (MNDC) is. an alliance of 16 local government units in the Province of Camarines Sur that seeks to bring about growth and development by maximizing the resources of its member-areas under an integrated area development framework.  Convergence Approaches for Social Protection Programs By Target Areas Through local economic development (LED). activities, MNDC is seeking to strengthen the links between urban Naga City and its neighboring rural municipalities to widen the economic benefits derived from its phenomenal growth (www. lgsp- led.ph)  Convergence Approaches for Social Protection Programs Work with the private sector in delivering SP prog Work with the private sector in delivering SP programs. This means government agencies collaborate with other stakeholders..  Convergence Approaches for Social Protection Programs Package of interventions for target areas (e.g. municipalities) The DSWD’s delivery of three programs focused in a. particular target area is called Tatsulo. This is a convergence of a package of interventions coming from the Kalahi-CIDSS (community development) Program, the National Community Driven Development Program, and the Pantawid Program. The convergence of these three programs in a locality ensures that each aspect of development is addressed..  Convergence Approaches for Social Protection Programs Coordinating mechanisms/feedback systems from the top to the ground and vice-versa This type of convergence requires the coordination of. various programs implemented by one department or agency, or the coordination in a delivery of program between a national agency (with its regional units) and local governments (province, municipality and barangay)..  Convergence Approaches for Social Protection Programs Convergence of resources available for implementers —from national to the local levels, more importantly in budgeting.. An example of this is sector-based coordination. This type of convergence necessitates the cooperation of agencies, local government units, and NGOs (or other stakeholders) in the delivery of programs for a target sector..  Operationalizing Convergence and its Types DSWD has institutionalized a form of vertical and horizontal convergence. Vertical means from top to bottom (example: national-. regional-local). Horizontal, meanwhile, means convergence among offices or groups of the same footing (example: Five offices of the local government involved in basic social services)..  Operationalizing Convergence and its Types The DSWD internally harmonized the implementation of KALAHICIDSS, Pantawid and Sustainable Livelihood Program in 40 municipalities. Activities in those 40 municipalities included (in World Bank and DSWD, 2012):. Following the NHTS-PR as the unified targeting system in identifying beneficiaries; Synchronizing the implementation of social preparation and mobilization activities; Involving the 40 local government units in implementing the Tatsulo program; Operationalizing Convergence and its Types Coordinating capability building activities; Harmonizing monitoring and reporting of. accomplishments and program activities; Integrating Social Case Management; and Enhancing partnership with NGOs in the localities.  The 3 Core Social Protection. Program of the DSWD The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), launched in 2008 and institutionalized in 2019 by Republic Act No. 11310 or the 4Ps Act, is the national poverty reduction strategy and human. capital investment program that provides conditional cash transfer to poor households for a maximum period of seven (7) years, to improve health, nutrition and education. Program conditions: Children 3-18 years old must enroll in school; Daycare or preschool, elementary and high school children must have 85% class attendance rate in a school year; Elementary and high school children must be dewormed twice a year; Children 0-5 years old must be fully. immunized and monthly weighed (for 0-23 months old) or bimonthly weighed (for 24-72 months old); Pregnant women must avail of pre-and post- natal health check-up; Child delivery should be attended by a professional healthcare provider; and, Parent beneficiaries must attend the Family Development Sessions. Kalahi-CIDSS, otherwise known as the Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan- Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services, is one of the poverty alleviation programs of the Philippine Government being implemented by the Department of Social Welfare and. Development (DSWD). It employs a community-driven development (CDD) approach to empower marginalized communities by enabling them to identify, prioritize, and implement their development projects. SLP is a capacity-building program for the identified poor, vulnerable, and marginalized households and communities aimed at providing viable interventions and support to improve the program participants’ socio-economic conditions by accessing. and acquiring necessary assets to engage in and maintain thriving livelihoods. It employs a community-driven development (CDD) approach to empower marginalized communities by enabling them to identify, prioritize, and implement their development projects. SLP aims to: 1. enhance human assets through technical- vocational and life skills training; 2. extend social assets through membership and participation in SLP associations and community groups;. 3. expand financial assets through seed capital and access to credit and savings facilities; 4. enrich natural assets that protect and contribute to community livelihoods; and, 5. establish or acquire physical assets for more efficient livelihoods. Modalities of the SLP include: Seed Capital Fund, a start-up capital for the purchase of tools, raw materials, common service facilities and other assets needed in starting or expanding a microenterprise; Cash-for-Building-Livelihood Assets (CBLA) Fund,. a grant for labor-intensive projects to build, rebuild and/or protect natural and physical assets necessary for micro enterprises; Skills Training Fund, a capacity-building assistance for the acquisition of technical and vocational knowledge and skills; and, Employment Assistance Fund, a grant to acquire employment requirements. Modalities of the SLP include: Seed Capital Fund, a start-up capital for the purchase of tools, raw materials, common service facilities and other assets needed in starting or expanding a microenterprise; Cash-for-Building-Livelihood Assets (CBLA) Fund,. a grant for labor-intensive projects to build, rebuild and/or protect natural and physical assets necessary for micro enterprises; Skills Training Fund, a capacity-building assistance for the acquisition of technical and vocational knowledge and skills; and, Employment Assistance Fund, a grant to acquire employment requirements.  OTHER Social Protection Program of the DSWD Supplementary Feeding Program (SFP) SFP provides food to children currently enrolled in Child Development Centers (CDCs) and Supervised Neighborhood Play (SNP). The SNP is an alternative strategy for local government units to respond to the early learning needs of children and utilizes play as an approach in developmentally-appropriate activities. Institutionalized through Republic Act No. 11037 or the Masustansyang Pagkain para sa Batang Pilipino Act, the SFP aims to: Provide augmentation to feeding programs for children in CDCs and SNP managed by local government units, using indigenous or locally-produced food; improve knowledge, attitude and practices of children, parents and caregivers through intensified nutrition and health education; and, improve and sustain the nutritional status of children beneficiaries. The program caters to children aged 2-4 years in SNP and children aged 3-5 years in CDCs. The program covers all CDCs and SNP nationwide and is implemented for 120 days within the school year. Bangsamoro Umpungan sa Nutrisyon Project Bang-Un is a convergence of services addressing the high incidence of hunger and malnutrition among children in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). Specifically, it aims to: contribute to saving the lives of children who are vulnerable to dying or getting sick because of malnutrition; improve the nutritional status of children identified as underweight and severely underweight; empower parents or guardians to achieve food security and good health for their families; and, build resilient communities by facilitating access to nutrition- support programs. Bangsamoro Umpungan sa Nutrisyon Project As components, the BangUn includes Nutrition Direct Services (i.e., weight and height measurement, health check-up, deworming and micronutrient supplementation), Nutrition Education and Advocacy (i.e., nutrition literacy classes, responsible parenthood sessions, and nutrition and health-related events) and Building Resilient Communities (i.e., livelihood skills training, livelihood capital, food-for-work, cash-for-work, access to potable drinking water, production of indigenous food for children, psychosocial interventions, etc.). Beneficiaries of the project are the following: children 0-4 years old in communities; children 4-6 years old in Madaris (Muslim schools); children 6-12 years old in Madaris or public elementary schools not covered by feeding programs of the Department of Education; pregnant women, including teen mothers; and, lactating mothers. Social Pension Program For Indigent Senior Citizens Republic Act No. 9994 or the Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010, the Social Pension for Indigent Senior Citizens (SPISC) is an additional government assistance aimed at: improving the living condition; augmenting capacity to meet daily subsistence and medical requirements; reducing incidence of hunger; and, preventing neglect, abuse or deprivation of indigent senior citizens consists of a monthly stipend amounting to ₱500.00. Beneficiaries of the project are the following: SPISC covers senior citizens (aged 60 years or older) who are frail, sickly or have disability; who do not have permanent source of income; who do not have regular support from family or relatives; and, who are not receiving pension from the Social Security System, Government Service Insurance System, Philippine Veterans Affairs Office, Armed Forces and Police Mutual Benefit Association, Inc. or any other insurance company. Recovery And Reintegration Program Of Trafficked Persons The Recovery and Reintegration Program for Trafficked Persons (RRPTP) comprises a comprehensive package of services that ensures adequate recovery and reintegration of victims of trafficking, in coordination with the Department of Justice and other government agencies. Services under the RRPTP include the following: Case Management, which covers analyzing problems and needs, implementing interventions, and monitoring and evaluating the progress of trafficked persons; Direct Service Assistance, which includes provision of basic hygiene kit and food assistance, financial assistance while awaiting employment or undergoing training, capital assistance, educational assistance, medical assistance and referral to potential employers or business partners;  Training, which involves a basic computer literacy course for interested trafficked persons that enhances their knowledge and skills to facilitate employment; Support for Victims and Witnesses of Trafficking, which includes auxiliary services for victims and witnesses in ongoing cases (i.e., board and lodging, documentation and other incidental expenses); and, Shelter for Victims of Trafficking, which is provided through existing centers for victims in search of temporary shelter to cope with traumatic experiences and for those with ongoing court cases. Recovery And Reintegration Program Of Trafficked Persons The cases of trafficking in persons include: forced labor sexual exploitation prostitution slavery adoption pornography removal/sale of organs illegal recruitment child trafficking repatriation involuntary servitude drug trafficking intercepted and others Minors Travelling Abroad Minors below 18 years old who are traveling abroad alone or without their parents must secure a travel clearance from the DSWD; Measure aims to prevent abuse, exploitation and trafficking of children. Issuance of travel clearance for minors by the DSWD adheres Republic Act No. 7610 (or the Special Protection of Children against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act), Republic Act No. 9208 (or the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act) and Republic Act No. 8239 (or the Philippine Passport Act of 1996). Domestic Adoption Adoption a socio-legal process of providing a permanent family to a child whose parents have voluntarily or involuntarily relinquished parental authority over the child. The framework adopted for the implementation of the domestic adoption is in consonance with the provisions of: RA 8552, “Domestic Adoption Act of 1998” and its Implementing Rules and Regulations. The law encourages domestic adoption so as to preserve the child’s identity and culture. Reference: Social Protection Operational Framework of the Philippines | DSWD Knowledge Management (KM) Portal. (n.d.). https://kmportal.dswd.gov.ph/knowledge-products/advocacy- material/social-protection-operational-framework-philippines THANK YOU