Milkfish Aquaculture in the Philippines - Group 3 Presentation PDF

What was the first species being used in aquaculture in the Philippines? PRESENTED BY: Jophel Mae B. Valbarez Laiza B. Noveno Aileen Grace A. Gallardo Ebhon B. Auza  LEARNING OUTLINE: At the end of this presentation the student will able to learn the following; What is aquacul...

What was the first species being used in aquaculture in the Philippines? PRESENTED BY: Jophel Mae B. Valbarez Laiza B. Noveno Aileen Grace A. Gallardo Ebhon B. Auza  LEARNING OUTLINE: At the end of this presentation the student will able to learn the following; What is aquaculture in the Philippines; What was the first species being used in aquaculture in the Philippines; and The importance of aquaculture.  What is aquaculture in the Philippines? Aquaculture in the Philippines has a long history and involves many species and farming practices in diverse ecosystems. Most of the production comes from the farming of seaweed, milkfish, tilapia, shrimp, carp, oyster and mussel. Aquaculture contributes significantly to the country's food security, employment and foreign exchange earnings. What is the first species being used in aquaculture in the Philippines? It is generally accepted however that the earliest fishponds were brackish water fishponds and the earliest species to be grown was bangus or milkfish, Chanos chanos Förskal, using naturally occurring fry that came in with tidal waters. Chanos chanos (Forskål) [Chanidae] Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forskal) is one of the most important food fish species in the world. In Indonesia, Taiwan and the Philippines, more than a quarter of a million tonnes of milkfish are harvested annually in brackish ponds, contributing Family name: Chanidae roughly 60% of the total fish Scientific name: Chanos production from aquaculture in chanos Southeast Asia. English name: Milkfish Local name: Bangus Biological features of milkfish; Body fusiform, elongated, moderately compressed, smooth and streamlined. Body colour silvery on belly and sides grading to olive-green or blue on back. Dorsal, anal and caudal fins pale or yellowish with dark margins. Single dorsal fin with 2 spines and 13-17 soft rays. Short anal fin with 2 spines and 8-10 soft rays, close to caudal fin. Caudal fin large and deeply forked with large scale flaps at base in adults. Biological features of milkfish; Pelvic fins abdominal with axillary scales and 11 or 12 rays. Scales cycloid, small and smooth, 75-91 on lateral line. No scutes (modified pointed scales) along belly. Transparent 'adipose' tissue covers eye. Mouth small and terminal without teeth. Lower jaw with small tubercle at tip, fitting into notch in upper jaw. No bony gular plate between arms of lower jaw. Four branchiostegal rays supporting underside of gill covers. Gill rakers fine and numerous. Attains typical length of 1 m but may reach maximum length of 1.8 m (male).  Images gallery: Adult milkfish Milkfish sell at the market Floating net cages Milkfish pen in an Broodstock milkfish tank Brackish water estuary (Courtesy GRIM) grow-out pond  Historical background Milkfish farming in Indonesia, Taiwan Province of China and the Philippines started about 4-6 centuries ago. Culture methods in a variety of enclosures are constantly being improved upon. Since the 1970s, large investments have been made in the Philippines (as well as in Taiwan Province of China, Indonesia and Hawaii) in terms of infrastructure, research, credit and training in support to the milkfish industry. The Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) Aquaculture Department (AQD) was established in Iloilo, Philippines in 1973 with a special remit to find solutions for milkfish aquaculture problems. Government agencies and fisheries institutions were also involved in a national effort to intensify milkfish farming from the mid 1970s until now.  Habitat and Reproduction Milkfish are euryhaline, stenothermic fish. They occur and can be cultured in freshwater, brackishwater, and marine waters but only in the tropical and subtropical Indian and Pacific oceans (rare in eastern Pacific from southern California to Peru) where temperature is >20°C. Adult milkfish (3–15 years, 50–150 cm TL, 4–14 kg) are found in the open sea and spawn near coral reefs and small islands, but metamorphose from ribbonlike larvae in brackishwater. First sexual maturity occurs at 3–4 years. Newly hatched larvae are about 3.5 mm TL and have a large yolk sac, unpigmented eyes and no mouth. The yolk is completely absorbed on day 5. Two to three week old fry (10–13 mm TL) reach inshore waters via active migration or through passive advection. Milkfish larger than 20 mm have the characteristic shape and morphology of the adult and are considered juveniles.  The life history of milkfish has been described in detail by Bagarinao (1994). In aquaculture terminology, juveniles