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Questions and Answers
What was the first species being used in aquaculture in the Philippines?
Which of the following statements about aquaculture in the Philippines is true?
What is the scientific name of milkfish?
What percentage of the total fish production from aquaculture in Southeast Asia is attributed to milkfish?
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What is the local name for milkfish in the Philippines?
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Which of the following features describes the body of milkfish?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of milkfish?
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What type of water environment were the earliest fishponds in the Philippines?
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What anatomical feature distinguishes the lower jaw of a milkfish?
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What environmental conditions do adult milkfish thrive in?
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At what age do milkfish typically reach sexual maturity?
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Which component of milkfish anatomy supports the gill covers?
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What is the typical maximum length a male milkfish can reach?
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What significant event began in milkfish farming in Southeast Asia around 4-6 centuries ago?
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What organization was established in Iloilo, Philippines in 1973 to address milkfish aquaculture challenges?
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What happens to milkfish larvae within the first five days after hatching?
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Study Notes
Aquaculture in the Philippines
- Aquaculture in the Philippines has a long history, spanning centuries.
- It encompasses diverse species and farming practices, carried out in various ecosystems, including seaweed, milkfish, tilapia, shrimp, carp, oyster, and mussel cultivation.
- Aquaculture plays a crucial role in the Philippines' food security, providing jobs and contributing to foreign exchange earnings.
Milkfish
- The first species used in aquaculture in the Philippines was the milkfish ( Chanos chanos ).
- Milkfish is a globally important food fish, with over 250,000 tonnes harvested annually in Indonesia, Taiwan, and the Philippines.
- In Southeast Asia, milkfish accounts for roughly 60% of the total aquaculture production.
Milkfish Characteristics
- Milkfish have a fusiform, elongated, and streamlined body, moderately compressed.
- Their body coloration ranges from silvery on the belly and sides to olive-green or blue on the back.
- They have a single dorsal fin with spines and soft rays, a short anal fin with spines and soft rays, and a large, deeply forked caudal fin.
- Milkfish have pelvic fins with axillary scales and numerous rays.
- They have cycloid scales and lack scutes (modified pointed scales) along their belly.
- Their eyes are covered with transparent adipose tissue.
- Milkfish have a small, terminal mouth without teeth and a lower jaw with a small tubercle at the tip.
- They lack a bony gular plate between the arms of their lower jaw.
- Milkfish have four branchiostegal rays supporting their gill covers, fine and numerous gill rakers, and can reach up to 1.8 meters in length.
Milkfish Aquaculture History
- Milkfish farming in Indonesia, Taiwan, and the Philippines began approximately 4-6 centuries ago.
- Milkfish culture methods are continually being refined in various enclosures.
- Since the 1970s, considerable investments have been made in the Philippines, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Hawaii, focusing on infrastructure, research, credit, and training for the milkfish industry.
- This includes the establishment of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) Aquaculture Department (AQD) in Iloilo, Philippines in 1973, dedicated to addressing milkfish aquaculture challenges.
- Government agencies and fisheries institutions have collaborated to intensify milkfish farming from the mid-1970s to the present day.
Habitat and Reproduction of Milkfish
- Milkfish are euryhaline (tolerate a wide range of salinity), stenothermic (prefer a narrow temperature range) and found in freshwater, brackishwater, and marine environments.
- They are primarily found in tropical and subtropical Indian and Pacific oceans, preferring temperatures above 20°C.
- Mature milkfish inhabit the open sea, spawning near coral reefs and small islands, while their larvae metamorphose in brackishwater.
- They reach sexual maturity at 3-4 years of age.
- Newly hatched larvae are about 3.5 mm long, with a large yolk sac, unpigmented eyes, and no mouth.
- The yolk sac is fully absorbed within 5 days.
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Description
Test your knowledge about aquaculture practices in the Philippines, focusing on various species, especially the milkfish. This quiz covers historical significance, farming methods, and the characteristics of important aquaculture species. Discover how aquaculture contributes to food security and the economy in the region.
