Bayelsa State College of Nursing Sciences - Group 13 Presentation on Ventilators PDF

BAYELSA STATE COLLEGE OF NURSING SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF NURSING FOUNDATION OF NURSING GROUP 13 PRESENTATION ON VENTILATORS GROUP MEMBERS OGIDI CHARITY CORNERSTONE EBIMOTE AMGBARI RELEVANT KIAKUTU MIRACLE EMMANUEL LEONARD OWIL BLESSED TAMGBEI DESTINY...

BAYELSA STATE COLLEGE OF NURSING SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF NURSING FOUNDATION OF NURSING GROUP 13 PRESENTATION ON VENTILATORS GROUP MEMBERS OGIDI CHARITY CORNERSTONE EBIMOTE AMGBARI RELEVANT KIAKUTU MIRACLE EMMANUEL LEONARD OWIL BLESSED TAMGBEI DESTINY ZEBULON GOODNESS COURSE LECTURER: MRS KWEN TIMINAEBIERE JULY 2024 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION Ventilators are medical devices that assist patients with breathing difficultie. They are crucial in healthcare, serving as a bridge between life and death in various clinical scenarios. These medical devices provide mechanical ventilation to patients who are unable to breathe on their own or require assistance with breathing. Their purpose is to support lung function, support the respiratory system and ensure adequate oxygenation of the blood. Ventilators play an important role in saving lives, in both hospitals and ambulances. People who require long-term ventilation can also use them at home. Purpose of Ventilators Ventilators are life-saving devices that help sustain breathing and lung function, allowing patients to recover from illness or injury. It’s essential purposes include - Support patients with respiratory failure, allowing them to breathe easier - Provide oxygenation and ventilation, maintaining adequate gas exchange - Help manage respiratory distress, disease, or trauma - Enable medical professionals to control breathing patterns, tidal volume, and oxygen levels - Assist or replace spontaneous breathing efforts - Provide oxygen-enriched air to the lungs - Remove carbon dioxide from the lungs - Support lung expansion and contraction - Monitor and regulate breathing parameters (e.g., rate, volume, pressure) CLASSES AND TYPES OF VENTILATORS Ventilators can be classified into invasive, non invasive and portable depending on it’s mode of administration and size. Types of ventilators falls under these two classes. The types include: Face mask ventilators Mechanical ventilators Manual resuscitator bags Tracheostomy ventilators Face mask ventilators A face mask ventilator is a noninvasive method of supporting a person’s breathing and oxygen levels. To use one, a person wears a mask that fits over the nose and mouth while air blows into their airways and lungs. People with COVID-19 may use a face mask ventilator if they are having difficulty breathing or do not have sufficient oxygen levels. It could also be used for chronic conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,. In addition to supporting oxygen levels, PAP therapy can also aid in expelling carbon dioxide levels. Whether or not a health practitioner decides to use CPAP or BiPAP will depend on a person’s underlying condition. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) devices also operate via a face mask. Mechanical ventilator Mechanical ventilators are machines that take over the breathing process entirely. Health practitioners use these when a person cannot breathe on their own. They fall under the invasive class of ventilators. Mechanical ventilators work via a tube in a person’s throat, pumping air into the lungs and transporting carbon dioxide away. A ventilator unit regulates the pressure, humidity, volume, and temperature of the air, depending on the controls that a respiratory therapist places. This allows healthcare professionals to control a person’s breathing and oxygen levels. Manual resuscitator bags Manual resuscitator bags are classified into portable ventilators. Manual resuscitator bags are pieces of equipment that allow people to control the airflow of their ventilator with their hands. These devices consist of an empty bag, or “bladder,” that a person squeezes to pump air into the lungs. A person can attach one of these devices to a face mask ventilator, or, if they are intubated, a doctor can attach one to the tube in their throat. This can be useful as a temporary solution if a person on a mechanical ventilator needs to stop using it. For example, if there is a power outage, a person can use a manual resuscitator bag while waiting for the power to come back on. Tracheostomy ventilator People who have undergone a tracheostomy will require a ventilator. A tracheostomy is a procedure where a doctor creates an opening in the windpipe and inserts a tube, which allows air to flow in and out. This enables a person to breathe without using their nose or mouth. People who have undergone tracheostomies can also receive ventilator support through this opening. Instead of inserting a ventilator through the mouth, doctors insert it directly into the windpipe. People may require tracheostomies if they need mechanical ventilation for an extended period of time and need more time for rehabilitation. Others may require tracheostomies long term if they have conditions such as chronic lung disease or a neuromuscular disorder that weakens the breathing muscles. Some individuals can manage their own tracheostomy at home. RISKS OF USING VENTILATORS As with many medical procedures, ventilation involves some risks, particularly mechanical ventilation. The longer a person requires mechanical ventilation, the higher the risks. Potential complications of using a ventilator include: Atelectasis, which occurs when the lungs do not expand fully, reducing the amount of oxygen that enters the bloodstream Aspiration, or breathing objects or fluids, such as saliva, into the airways Pulmonary edema, which occurs when fluid builds up inside the air sacs in the lungs Pneumothorax, which occurs when air is leaking from the lungs into the space just outside of them, causing pain, shortness of breath, and — in some cases — complete lung collapse Infections, which can include sinus infections Airway obstruction  Bacterial infections. The tube in your airways can bring bacteria into your lungs, causing infections like ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). This is treated with antibiotics. Long-term vocal cord damage as a result of intubation Blood clots or bedsores as a result of lying in one position for long periods Muscle weakness, if a person stays on a ventilator for a long time Delirium, which can lead to psychological trauma or post-traumatic stress disorder Healthcare workers treating people with infectious diseases example COVID-19 have an increased risk of coming into contact with the virus, which causes the disease, during intubation. Health professionals can take steps to reduce the likelihood of these complications. The steps include: Closely monitoring people on ventilators for signs of complications Adjusting the air pressure and oxygen levels to match a patient’s normal levels Wearing personal protective equipment to protect against viruses and prevent their spread to others Treating bacterial infections with antibiotics Ensuring patients receive physical and pulmonary rehabilitation after they leave ICU INDICATION Mechanical ventilation is indicated when the patient’s spontaneous ventilation is inadequate to sustain life. In addition, it is indicated as a measure to control ventilation in critically ill patients and as prophylaxis for impending collapse of other physiologic functions. Physiologic indications include respiratory or mechanical insufficiency and ineffective gas exchange. Common indications for mechanical ventilation include the following: Bradypnea or apnea with respiratory arrest Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome Tachypnea (respiratory rate >30 breaths per minute)  Clinical deterioration Respiratory muscle fatigue Obtundation or coma Hypotension Neuromuscular disease Respiratory failure Cardiac arrest Trauma Surgery Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Pneumonia Neuromuscular disease (e.g., ALS) Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome COVID-19 CONTRA-INDICATIONS There are no direct contraindications for mechanical ventilation as it is a life-saving measure in a critically ill patient, and all patients should be offered the opportunity to benefit from this if needed. The only absolute contraindication for mechanical ventilation is if it is against the patient’s stated wishes for artificial life-sustaining measures. A relative contraindication is if non-invasive ventilation is available and its use is expected to resolve the need for mechanical ventilation. This should be started first as it has fewer complications than mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSION Ventilators are life-supporting medical devices that assist patients with breathing difficulties or respiratory failure. Ventilators are crucial in supporting patients with respiratory difficulties, and their proper use requires careful consideration of patient needs, ventilator settings, and potential complications. Healthcare professionals should closely monitor patients on ventilators to ensure optimal care and weaning when possible. REFERENCE National Institute of health Research Gate Cleveland Clinic Medical News Medscape