Glycolysis: Group 1's Presentation PDF

Search here GLYCOLYSIS Presented by GROUP 1 Christian Joi Dela Cruz Justine Curt Cardinal Lakisha Jane Lapinig WHAT IS GLYCOLYSIS ? Glycolysis derives from combination of two greek words. Glyks = Sweet Lysis = Breakdown/splitting It is also known as the Embden- Meyerhof-parnas p...

Search here GLYCOLYSIS Presented by GROUP 1 Christian Joi Dela Cruz Justine Curt Cardinal Lakisha Jane Lapinig WHAT IS GLYCOLYSIS ? Glycolysis derives from combination of two greek words. Glyks = Sweet Lysis = Breakdown/splitting It is also known as the Embden- Meyerhof-parnas pathway of EMP pathway.  Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm where one 6 carbon molecule of glucose is oxidized to generate two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate. The fate of pyruvate depends on the presence or absence of mitochondria and oxygen in the cells. The electron transport chain is the major site of oxygen consumption and the generation of ATP in the GLYCOLYSIS mitochondria. In cells with mitochondria, the pyruvate is decarboxylated by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to form Acetyl-CoA that feeds into the Tricarboxylic acid cycle and ultimately participates in ATP production.  During the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions) and in the cells lacking mitochondria, anaerobic glycolysis prevails. The pyruvate is reduced to lactate as NADH is reoxidized to NAD+ by lactate dehydrogenase. This process is an important source of ATP for cells that lack mitochondria, such as erythrocytes. During aerobic glycolysis, this NADH is GLYCOLYSIS transported by the malate aspartate shuttle or glycerol phosphate shuttle to the mitochondria, where it is reoxidized to NAD+ while it participates in the electron transport chain to produce ATP. THE IMPORTANCE OF GLYCOLYSIS :ENERGY PRODUCTION AND BEYOND Glycolysis is crucial for cellular survival as it provides a rapid and efficient means of generating ATP, even in the absence of oxygen. This makes it essential for anaerobic organisms and for cells that experience low oxygen conditions, such as red blood cells and muscle cells during intense exercise  HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: UNRAVELING THE PATHWAY EDUARD BUCHNER ARTHUR HARDEN AND WILLIAM YOUNG Discovered cell-free fermentation in the Identified the regulatory effects of ATP 1890s, paving the way for studying and discovered fructose-1,6- glycolysis in a controlled laboratory bisphosphate as a glycolysis intermediate setting. in the early 1900s OTTO MEYERHOF GUSTAV EMBDEN Linked together many of the individual Proposed a detailed, step-by-step pieces of glycolysis and artificially outline of the glycolytic pathway in recreated the pathway in muscle tissue the 1930s in the 1920s MEET THEM EDWARD ARTHUR HARDEN AND OTTO GUSTAV BUCHNER WILLIAM YOUNG MEYERHOF EMBDEN FUNCTION Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell. It is a metabolic pathway that creates ATP without the use of oxygen but can occur in the presence of oxygen. In cells that use aerobic respiration as the primary energy source, the pyruvate formed from the pathway can be used in the citric acid cycle and go through oxidative phosphorylation to undergo oxidation into carbon dioxide and water. Even if cells primarily use oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis can serve as an emergency backup for energy or as the preparation step before oxidative phosphorylation. In highly oxidative tissue, such as the heart, pyruvate production is essential for acetyl-CoA synthesis and L-malate synthesis. It serves as a precursor to many molecules, such as lactate, alanine, and oxaloacetate. Glycolysis precedes lactic acid fermentation; the pyruvate made in the former process serves as the prerequisite for the lactate made in the latter process. Lactic acid fermentation is the primary source of ATP in animal tissues with low metabolic requirements and little to no mitochondria. In erythrocytes, lactic acid fermentation is the sole source of ATP, as they lack mitochondria and mature red blood cells have little demand for ATP. Another part of the body that relies entirely or almost entirely on anaerobic glycolysis is the eye's lens, which is devoid of mitochondria, as their presence would lead to light scattering. Though skeletal muscles prefer to catalyze glucose into carbon dioxide and water during heavy exercise where oxygen is inadequate, the muscles simultaneously undergo anaerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. TWO PHASES OF GLYCOLYSIS  PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 1: PREPARATION PHASE PAY OFF PHASE -Two phosphates have been added to glucose glycolysis begins when hexokinase -Glycolysis has cost the cell to ATP phosphorylates glucose into glucose 6 molecules while producing 2 small, 3 phosphate. (G6P). carbon sugar molecules. DIHYDROXYACETONE PHOSPHATE - It consists of the first five steps of glycolysis, in (DAP) which glucose is enzymatically phospholated by GLYCERALDEHYDE 3- PHOSPHATE. ATP to produce fructose-1, 6 biphosphate. -this fructose-1 6 bisphosphate is then divided in half to produce two molecules of three carbon -This energy input to create a variety of glyceralfehyde-3 Phosphate/ Dihydroxyacteone chemical that can be used in a variety of phosphate. other path does not appear. Search here THE PROCESS OF THE GLYCOLYSIS IN A SIMPLER TERM PLAY QUIZ TIME 1. What is the main purpose of glycolysis? A. To produce ATP B. To break down fatty acids C. To produce Oxygen D. To synthesize proteins 2. Which molecule is the final product of glycolysis? A. Glucose B. Pyruvate C. Acetyl - CoA D. Lactic Acid 3. In which part of the cell does glycolysis occur? A. Mitochondria B. Nucleus C. Cytoplasm D. Endoplasmic reticulum 4. How many ATP molecules are produced in the energy generation phase of glycolysis? A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 6 5. Which of the following intermediates is produced during the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis? A. Glucose-6-Phosphate B. Acetyl-CoA C. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) D. Oxaloacetate 6. Which enzyme catalyzes the first step of glycolysis? A. Hexokinase B. Phosphofructokinase C. Pyruvate kinase D. Aldolase 7. Which molecule is used to convert glucose into glucose-6- phosphate in glycolysis? A. ATP B. NADH C. FADH2 D. ADP 8. What is the net ATP yield of glycolysis? A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 4 9. Which step of glycolysis is irreversible and highly regulated? A. The conversion of glucose to glucose-6- phosphate B. The conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate C. The conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate D. The production of NADH 10. Which coenzyme is required for the oxidation of G3P in glycolysis? A. NAD+ B. FAD C. Coenzyme A D. ATP Search here THANK YOU By GROUP 1