Green and Orange English Class Lesson Presentation

BIOETHICS let's get started  Group 1 Aguilar, Venus Añasco, Ashley Rose Aguilos, John Christopher Ardines, Princess Nicole Almiñe, Jhiane Chelsey S. Amplayo, Mariella Anasco, Ashley Rose Ethical Framework An ethical framework is a set of guidelines or principles tha...

BIOETHICS let's get started  Group 1 Aguilar, Venus Añasco, Ashley Rose Aguilos, John Christopher Ardines, Princess Nicole Almiñe, Jhiane Chelsey S. Amplayo, Mariella Anasco, Ashley Rose Ethical Framework An ethical framework is a set of guidelines or principles that helps people decide what is right or wrong in different situations General Objective The student will be able to evaluate and compare various ethical frameworks, including deontology, virtue ethics, utilitarianism, rights- based ethics, and care-based ethics, to understand their principles and applications in decision-making.  Specific Objectives Will be able to define Ethical Framework Understanding the Ethical Theories in bioethics Application of Ethical Framework to bioethical Issues  Definition of Related Terms Autonomy-the ability of the person to make his or her decision Beneficence-may involve actions to prevent harm or to accomplish good Confidentiality-signifies obligation to keep personal information private and secure Non-Maleficence-the principle of not doing harm Informed Consen- the process in which a health care provider educates a patient about the risks, benefits and alternatives of a given medical procedure ETHICAL FRAMEWORK An ethical framework is a system of ethical principles that provides a structure for making decisions about what is right and wrong Examples of different types of Ethical Framework Virtue Ethics Deontology Utilitarianism Right-Based Ethics Care-Based Ethics Summary Bioethical frameworks in bioethics provide a structured approach in analyzing and addressing ethical issues that arise in the field of healthcare.These framework includes principles and theories that helps in decision making. Bioethical frameworks include the principles of respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, confidentiality and informed consent.These frameworks consider factors such as the rights and responsibilities of healthcare provider, the potential risk and benefits of medical interventions.  References Beauchamp, Tom L., & Childress, James F. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 8th ed. Oxford University Press, 2019. Chandler, Jennifer A. The Ethics of Bioethics: Mapping the Moral Landscape. Routledge, 2023 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556864/ https://oboloo.com/what-is-an-ethical-framework/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and- dentistry/beneficence VIRTUE ETHICS UNDERSTANDING VIRTUE ETHICS Virtue Ethics is a significant approach in moral philosophy that emphasizes the importance of developing good character traits, known as virtues, rather than merely following rules (deontology) or focusing on consequences (utilitarianism). HISTORICAL CONTEXT: Rooted in the works of ancient philosophers, especially Aristotle, Virtue Ethics has been a foundation for moral reasoning for centuries, with a recent resurgence in interest during the mid-20th century. UNDERSTANDING VIRTUE ETHICS The central tenet of Virtue Ethics is that ethical behavior arises from a virtuous character. Individuals who cultivate virtues such as honesty, courage, and kindness are naturally inclined to act ethically. GENERAL OBJECTIVES The student will be able to evaluate and compare various ethical frameworks, including deontology, virtue ethics, utilitarianism, rights-based ethics, and care-based ethics, to understand their principles and applications in decision-making.  SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES Define and explain core concepts of VIRTUE ETHICS Discuss the Application of VIRTUE ETHICS Compare with Other Ethical Theories Identify Philosophical Contributions DEFINITION OF RELATED TERMS VIRTUE- A stable, well-entrenched disposition to act, think, and feel in ways that are morally good. In nursing, virtues like compassion, honesty, and empathy are essential for providing holistic care that respects patient dignity. EUDAIMONIA- Often translated as ‘flourishing’ or ‘well- being,’ eudaimonia is the ultimate goal of human life in Aristotelian ethics. It represents the full realization of one’s potential through the cultivation of virtues. PHRONESIS ( PRACTICAL WISDOM )- The ability to make the right decisions in complex, morally ambiguous situations. It involves not only knowing what is good but also how to achieve it. DEFINITION OF RELATED TERMS DEONTOLOGY- An ethical theory that emphasizes the importance of following moral rules or duties. Actions are considered morally right if they adhere to these rules, regardless of the consequences. UTILITARIANISM: An ethical theory that focuses on the outcomes of actions, aiming to maximize overall happiness or well-being. The moral worth of an action is determined by its contribution to the greatest good DIAGRAMMATIC EXPLANATION OF HOW VIRTUE ETHICS WORK inform PRINCIPLES guides VALUUES ACTION VIRTUE refines establishes REFLECTION EXPERIENCES feeds  UTILITINARIANISM UNDERSTANDING VIRTUE ETHICS CORE PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUE ETHICS Character-centered ethics: Virtue Ethics is centered on the idea that a good life is achieved by cultivating virtuous character traits. It shifts the focus from what actions are right to what kind of person one should be. Aristotle’s Contribution: Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics laid the groundwork for Virtue Ethics, arguing that virtues are developed through habitual practice and are essential for achieving eudaimonia. Virtue as a Habit: According to Aristotle, virtues are not natural but are acquired through practice. By repeatedly performing virtuous actions, individuals develop a stable character that guides their ethical behavior.  UTILITINARIANISM UNDERSTANDING VIRTUE ETHICS PRACTICAL WISDOM (PHRONESIS) Role in Ethical Decision-Making: Phronesis is the virtue that allows individuals to discern the right course of action in any given situation. It involves not only knowing what is morally good but also understanding how to act on that knowledge in practical contexts. Aristotelian View: Aristotle considered phronesis the most important intellectual virtue, as it guides the application of moral virtues in everyday life. It is the ability to make sound judgments in complex, often ambiguous situations.  UTILITINARIANISM UNDERSTANDING VIRTUE ETHICS COMPARISON WITH OTHER THEORIES Deontology: Deontology emphasizes rule-following and the inherent morality of actions. Virtue Ethics, by contrast, focuses on the development of moral character as the basis for ethical actions. Utilitarianism: Utilitarianism prioritizes the consequences of actions, seeking the greatest good for the greatest number. Virtue Ethics emphasizes the importance of the actor’s character, arguing that a virtuous person will naturally produce good outcomes.  UTILITINARIANISM APPLICATION OF VIRTUE ETHICS In Personal Decision-Making: Virtue Ethics encourages individuals to reflect on their character and make decisions that align with their virtues. For example, an honest person will choose actions that reflect honesty, even when it is difficult. Nursing Application: A nurse named Sarah is caring for an elderly patient with a terminal illness. The patient is anxious about their prognosis and asks Sarah for the truth. Sarah, guided by the virtues of compassion and honesty, uses practical wisdom (phronesis) to balance the need for truth with the need to provide emotional support. She gently explains the situation, being truthful yet compassionate, ensuring the patient feels supported. This decision reflects the application of Virtue Ethics in nursing, where actions stem from the nurse’s character and virtues.  UTILITINARIANISM summary The PowerPoint presentation on Virtue Ethics outlines the ethical framework, emphasizing the development of moral character through the cultivation of virtues. It contrasts Virtue Ethics with other ethical theories, focusing on how virtues guide actions and decision- making in various contexts. The presentation also discusses the application of these principles in practical situations, highlighting the importance of character over rules or outcomes. References include both classic and contemporary sources on the subject  UTILITINARIANISM REFERENCE Anderson, H. (2020, June 29). Using virtue ethics to guide actions during a pandemic. Medicine at IU. https://medicine.iu.edu/blogs/bioethics/using-virtue-ethics-to-guide- actions-during-a-pandemic Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2019). Principles of biomedical ethics. Oxford University Press. David Michael https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/virtue-ethics- powerpoint-slide/75809817 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2022, October 11). Virtue ethics. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-virtue/ BY : JHIANE CHELSEY S. ALMINE BSN 2-P SEAT #3 Deontology  UTILITINARIANISM What is deontology? A branch of moral philosophy focused on rules, duties, and obligations. Actions are deemed right or wrong based on adherence to moral rules. Rooted in the works of Immanuel Kant. General Objectives The student will be able to evaluate and compare various ethical frameworks, including deontology, virtue ethics, utilitarianism, rights-based ethics, and care-based ethics, to understand their principles and applications in decision-making. UTILITINARIANISM Specific Objectives Define and explain deontology as an ethical theory. Identify key principles, such as Kant’s categorical imperative. Examine how deontological principles apply to ethical decision-making in nursing. UTILITINARIANISM Key Terms: Term Definition An ethical theory focused on rules, Deontology duties, and obligations. A rule that one should act according Categorical Imperative to maxims that can be universalized. The obligation to follow moral rules Moral duty regardless of outcomes.  UTILITINARIANISM Deontology: Core Principles and Applications Focuses on the morality of actions based on adherence to rules or duties. Emphasizes that certain actions are morally required, regardless of the consequences. Kant's Categorical Imperative: Act according to maxims that can be universally applied.  UTILITINARIANISM Deontology in Nursing Emphasizes the duty to provide care, respect patient rights, and maintain confidentiality. Guides ethical decision-making, such as refusing to administer treatment that violates patient autonomy. Helps maintain professional standards and moral integrity in complex situations (e.g., end-of-life care, patient consent).  Examples of Deontological Ethics in Nursing 1. Respecting Patient Autonomy 2. Maintaining Confidentiality A patient decides to decline a A nurse keeps a patient's medical particular treatment due to information confidential, sharing it personal beliefs. The nurse only with authorized personnel respects this decision and involved in the patient’s care. provides support in other ways. UTILITINARIANISM Summary Deontology is an ethics framework focused on duties and rules, not consequences. Provides a clear basis for ethical decision-making in nursing. Guides nurses in respecting patient autonomy, confidentiality, and informed consent.  UTILITINARIANISM References: Books: Alexander, L., & Moore, M. (2020). Deontological Ethics: The Normative Ethics of Morality. Oxford University Press. Johnson, R. (2019). Kantian Ethics in the Contemporary World. Routledge. Wood, A. (2021). Kant's Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals: A Commentary. Cambridge University Press.  UTILITINARIANISM References: Online Sources: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2023). Deontological Ethics. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2022). Kant’s Moral Philosophy BY : MARIELLA R. AMPLAYO BSN 2-P SEAT #4 UTILITINARIANISM General objectives : The student will be able to evaluate and compare various ethical frameworks, including deontology, virtue ethics, utilitarianism, rights- based ethics, and care-based ethics, to understand their principles and applications in decision-making. specific objectives : Explain the fundamental concept of utilitarianism Introduce and discuss the contributions of key philosophers, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, to the development of utilitarian theory. Illustrate how utilitarian principles can be applied to real-world scenarios.  UTILITINARIANISM Definition of Related Terms ACT UTILITARIANISM assesses each individual action based on whether it maximizes happiness or minimizes pain in that specific situation. RULE UTILITARIANISM evaluates the morality of actions based on whether they adhere to rules that generally promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. UTILITY CALCULUS OR HEDONISTIC CALCULUS A calculation method used in Act Utilitarianism: HAPPINESS refers to a state of pleasure or well-being. It is the positive outcome that utilitarian theories aim to maximize. PAIN refers to suffering or discomfort. It is the negative outcome that utilitarian theories aim to minimize.  UTILITINARIANISM UTILITARIANISM "An ethical theory that suggests the best action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or well-being." It is a form of consequentialism. It’s principle is happiness. or pleasure UTILITINARIANISM UTILITARIANISM Jeremy Bentham John Stuart Mill  Jeremy Bentham’s UTILITINARIANISM Model Act Utilitarianism Happiness absence of pain Felicilic calculus also called as the utility calculus or hedonistic calculus measures the degree of happiness that specification may produce it includes intensity, duration, certainty, propinquity, fecundity,purity and extent.  Jeremy Bentham’s Model UTILITINARIANISM Act Utilitarianism FELICIC CALCULUS FORMULA BALANCE is the Hapiness - Pain = Balance basis of morality If in favor of happiness, ,then the act is morally right 10 pleasure - 5 pain = 5 pleasure If in favor of pain, ,then the act is morally wrong 20 pain - 5 pleasure = 15 pain  UTILITINARIANISM John Stuart Mill’s Model Rule Utilitinarianism He proposed that following general rules that promote the greatest good is more effective than evaluating each individual act "An act is morally right if it produces greatest happiness to the greatest number of people and it is moraly wrong if it produces more pain than pleasure to the greatest number of people concerned." EXAMPLE Assume a hospital has four people whose lives depend upon receiving organ transplants: a heart, lungs, a kidney, and a liver. If a healthy person wanders into the hospital, his organs could be harvested to save four lives at the expense of one life. EXAMPLE Act Utilitarianism: Harvest the healthy person’s organs. This choice saves four lives at the cost of one, so it maximizes overall benefit. Rule Utilitarianism: Do not harvest the healthy person’s organs. Following the rule "Don’t kill innocent people" helps maintain trust and ensures better outcomes in the long run, even if it means not saving all four patients. SUMMARY Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that advocates for actions that maximize overall happiness or well-being. Found by Jeremy Bentham and later developed by John Stuart Mill, it emphasizes that the best action is the one that results in the greatest good for the greatest number of people. REFERENCES Eggleston, Ben, and Dale E. Miller. The Cambridge Companion to Utilitarianism. Cambridge University Press, 2022. Ethics Unwrapped - McCombs School of Business – The University of Texas at Austin,2020 Janie B. Butts, Karen L. Rich. Nursing Ethics: Across the Curriculum and Into Practice , 2023 Skelton, Anthony. Utilitarianism and the Ethics of Welfare. Cambridge University Press, 2021. By Ashley Rose R. Añasco 2P Seat #5 RIGHT-BASED ETHICS & CARE-BASED ETHICS  INTRODUCTION Ethics is the study of moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity. Among the ethical theories, we have right-based ethics and care-based ethics that offers different approaches to determine what is morally correct. Right-based ethics is grounded in the belief that individuals have inherent rights that must be respected, while care-based ethics emphasizes the importance of empathy, relationships, and the context of ethical decisions.  GENERAL OBJECTIVES The student will be able to evaluate and compare various ethical frameworks, including deontology, virtue ethics, utilitarianism, rights- based ethics, and care-based ethics, to understand their principles and applications in decision-making.  SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES The students will be able to: To define and clarify the principles of right-based ethics and care- based ethics. To identify differences and similarities between right-based ethics and care-based ethics To provide and relate examples about right-based ethics and care- based ethics in real life situations  DEFINITION OF RELATED TERMS Ethics: A branch of philosophy dealing with what is morally right and wrong, as well as with moral duties and obligations. Right-Based Ethics (Deontological Ethics): An ethical theory focused on the protection and respect of individual rights, suggesting that certain actions are morally right or wrong based on whether they uphold these rights. Care-Based Ethics (Ethics of Care): An ethical theory that emphasizes the importance of caring relationships, empathy, and contextual understanding in moral decision- making. Rights: Understandings of what actions are permissible and which institutions are judged as just or unjust. Empathy: The capacity to understand and share the feelings of another, a key component in care-based ethics.  RIGHT-BASED ETHICS Right-based ethics is about individuals having inherent universal rights. These rights must be respected. These rights are seen as non-negotiable, and ethical actions are those that adhere to duties and uphold these rights, regardless of the outcomes.  EXAMPLES Right to Informed Consent: The patients have the right to be informed and give consent before proceeding with any procedures. This consent must be given without any coercion, and the patient must have the opportunity to ask questions and consider their options. Right to Privacy: The healthcare provider must ensure that the patient's visit, health status, and discussions are kept private, using secure settings and communication methods to prevent unauthorized access to information. Right to Confidentiality: The healthcare provider is ethically and legally obligated to keep the patient's information confidential, sharing it only with those directly involved in the patient's care and only if necessary.  CARE-BASED ETHICS Care-based ethics, or the ethics of care, focuses on the significance of caring relationships and the importance of empathy and context in ethical decision-making. It challenges the notion that moral decisions should be based solely on universal principles, advocating instead for a more nuanced, relational approach.  EXAMPLES Palliative Care: In a palliative care unit, a healthcare team focuses on providing relief from pain and improving the quality of life for patients with terminal illnesses. The team not only addresses physical symptoms but also offers emotional and spiritual support, ensuring that patients and their families are involved in care decisions. This holistic approach reflects care-based ethics by prioritizing the patients’ comfort and dignity, it focuses on the quality of life rather than prolonging life at all costs Mental Health Counseling: In mental health settings, care-based ethics involves counselors engaging with clients suffering from severe depression by building trust and understanding their emotions. They personalize their approach based on each client's unique needs, highlighting the importance of therapeutic relationship  SUMMARY Right-based ethics and care-based ethics present two different approaches to moral reasoning but both focuses on moral principles, accountability, and interactions. Right- based ethics is grounded in the belief that individuals have inherent rights that must be respected, and it emphasizes duties and universal principles. In contrast, care-based ethics prioritizes the importance of empathy, relationships, and the specific context in which decisions are made, advocating for a more relational and compassionate approach to ethics. Understanding these two frameworks provides valuable insights into how we can navigate complex moral dilemmas, balancing the protection of rights with the need for care and empathy in our interactions with others.  REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY Ethics of Care. (2021). Retrieved from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy https://www.iep.utm.edu/care- ethics/ Health, R. o. (n.d.). PATIENT'S RIGHTS. St.Anthony Mother and Child Hospital.https://samch.doh.gov.ph/index.php/patients-and-visitors-corner/patients-rights Science, P. C. (2024). What are ethical frameworks. PennState College of Agricultural Science, 1. https://aese.psu.edu/teachag/curriculum/modules/bioethics-1/what-are-ethical-frameworks? fbclid=IwY2xjawFA3FxleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHUZum2v4EWiVucC4VesNO9VBxOacsTe8MMDUaCQ8ncyp97IjnV RkQWl_Q_aem_Po5AJQvGi4vBRPJIGC4omw#:~:text=Rightsbased%20Ethics%20%3A%20What%20is,of%20i ndividuals%20and%20their%20interdependence Vaughn, L. (2020). Bioethics: Principles, Issues, and Cases (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. https://www.scribd.com/document/522609657/Bioethics-Principles-Issues-And-Cases-4th-Editi on TOPIC 2 2 MAIN CATEGORIES IN THE STUDY OF ETHICS I. Duty- Based Ethics by: Immanuel Kant Introduction: Duty-based ethics, also known as “deontological ethics”, is a moral theory that emphasizes adherence to moral duties or rules regardless of the consequences. This approach is often reflected in religious ethical frameworks, where moral principles are seen as absolute commands from a divine authority. Religious traditions provide clear duties that followers are expected to uphold, often tied to overarching principles like “Respect for life and Human dignity”  GENERAL OBJECTIVES: The BSN 2 students will be able to understand and apply the main categories in the study of ethics—Duty-Based Ethics and Outcome-Based Ethics—by examining key principles such as Religious Values, Kantian ethics, The Principle of Rights, and evaluating the consequences of actions to guide ethical decision-making in diverse contexts. UTILITINARIANISM SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES To define and explain duty-based ethics. To analyze religious teachings that emphasize respect for life and human dignity. To evaluate the impact of these principles on ethical decision-making in various fields such as healthcare or law. DEFINITION OF RELATED TERMS Duty-Based Ethics- A moral theory that emphasizes the importance of following ethical rules or duties. Respect for Life- The principle that life, in all its forms, should be valued and protected. Human Dignity- The inherent worth of every human being, regardless of status or condition. A. Religious Principles Respect for Life Across various religious traditions, the sanctity of life is seen as a divine principle that must be protected. In Christianity, for example, the belief that humans are created in the "Imago Dei" (Image of God) imbues life with inherent sacredness. Consequently, believers have a moral duty to preserve and protect life at all stages. Similarly, in Islam, life is regarded as sacred, and harming or taking a life unjustly is seen as a grave violation of divine commands. Duty-based ethics in these religious contexts dictates that the obligation to protect life is paramount, regardless of personal or societal consequences. Actions such as murder, euthanasia, or abortion (depending on religious interpretations) are forbidden because they violate the duty to respect life, which is divinely mandated.  UTILITINARIANISM EXAMPLES: Informed Consent A nurse providing care to a pregnant mother A. Religious Principles Respect for Human Dignity Religious teachings often stress the inherent dignity of every human being, grounded in their relationship to the divine. In Christianity, human dignity is rooted in the belief that all people are created in God's image, deserving respect and equal treatment. Judaism and Islam similarly stress the inherent worth of every individual, commanding followers to treat others with justice, kindness, and respect. Within a duty-based ethical framework, these religious obligations to respect human dignity become moral imperatives. For instance, in healthcare or law, religious duty may demand that everyone, regardless of their status, is treated with the same respect and care. This principle remains binding regardless of the outcome, meaning that dignity cannot be compromised for the sake of efficiency, cost, or even broader social goals.  UTILITINARIANISM EXAMPLES: Cultural Sensitivity Confidentiality  SUMMARY Duty-Based Ethics: Focus on Moral Rules Duty-based ethics, especially within religious contexts, emphasizes the following of established moral rules, often seen as coming directly from divine authority. These rules, like "Thou shalt not kill" or the Golden Rule (treat others as you wish to be treated), are duties believers are obligated to follow. The critical aspect of duty-based ethics is that it prioritizes these duties over the consequences of the action. In religious frameworks, respect for life and human dignity are non- negotiable duties. Believers are required to follow these principles because they are part of a higher moral law—whether it results in personal sacrifice or not. Thus, these principles are deeply embedded in duty-based ethics, providing a guide for moral action that aligns with the will of a higher power. REFERENCES: Books: Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. Cambridge University Press, 2016. Fletcher, Joseph. Moral Responsibility: Ethics in Action. Wiley-Blackwell, 2015. Swanton, Christine. Virtue Ethics: A Pluralistic View. Oxford University Press, 2015. Internet Sources: “The Principle of Respect for Human Dignity.” Ethics and Religion Studies, 2022. [Link] “Duty-Based Ethics and Religion.” Journal of Ethics, 2023. [Link] T2.1-DUTY-BASED-ETHICS A. RELIGIOUS PRINCIPLE 3. Respect for freedom of thought and expression 4. Respect for freedom of religion and conscience. 5. Respect for OTHERS (GOLDEN RULE) Presentation by Course CYRUS BACALLA NCM 108 - BIOETHICS  GENERAL OBJECTIBES OBJECTIVES The BSN 2 students will be able to understand and apply the main categories in the study of ethics— Duty-Based Ethics and Outcome-Based Ethics—by examining key principles such as religious values, Kantian ethics, the principle of rights, and evaluating the consequences of actions to guide ethical decision-making in diverse contexts. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 1. Define and explain the principle of freedom of thought and expression, and discuss its importance in the context of nursing. 2. Describe the principle of freedom of religion and conscience, and explore its implications for accommodating diverse religious and ethical beliefs in a healthcare setting. 3. Illustrate how the Golden Rule can be applied in nursing practice to improve patient interactions and support a respectful and empathetic healthcare environment. DEFINITON OF RELATED TERMS FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND EXPRESSION: THE RIGHT OF INDIVIDUALS TO HOLD AND EXPRESS THEIR BELIEFS AND IDEAS WITHOUT EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE OR PUNISHMENT. FREEDOM OF RELIGION AND CONSCIENCE: THE RIGHT TO PRACTICE ONE'S RELIGION OR FOLLOW ONE'S MORAL CONVICTIONS WITHOUT FACING COERCION, DISCRIMINATION, OR PERSECUTION. GOLDEN RULE: AN ETHICAL PRINCIPLE THAT ADVISES TREATING OTHERS AS ONE WOULD LIKE TO BE TREATED ONESELF, PROMOTING EMPATHY AND RESPECT IN INTERACTIONS. RESPECT FOR FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND EXPRESSION DEFINE, DISCUSS: Definition: This principle asserts that individuals should have the liberty to hold and communicate their beliefs and ideas without fear of suppression. Discussion: Upholding freedom of thought and expression is crucial for democratic engagement and intellectual growth. It enables people to participate in open dialogue, challenge norms, and advance societal development. RESPECT FOR FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND EXPRESSION EXAMPLE A patient in a hospital expresses their desire to discontinue a particular treatment based on personal research and alternative medicine beliefs. The nurse, respecting the patient’s freedom of thought and expression, listens carefully and engages in a non- judgmental dialogue. The nurse provides the patient with information about the treatment options, potential risks, and benefits, and ensures that the patient’s preferences are honored within the medical framework, while still providing professional advice and support. RESPECT FOR FREEDOM DEFINITION OF RELIGION AND This principle ensures individuals can practice their CONSCIENCE religion and follow their moral convictions free from discrimination. DISCUSSION Respecting this principle supports a diverse society where different religious and ethical beliefs can coexist. It allows individuals to live according to their values without fear of persecution. RESPECT FOR FREEDOM OF RELIGION AND CONSCIENCE EXAMPLE A patient requests to have a religious chaplain visit for spiritual support before a major surgery. The nurse ensures that the request is fulfilled, accommodating the patient’s religious practices and beliefs. Additionally, the nurse makes sure to respect the patient's dietary restrictions related to their religious beliefs by coordinating with the hospital’s food services to provide suitable meal options. RESPECT FOR OTHERS (GOLDEN RULE) POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS: Fosters empathy and mutual respect Misinterpretations can occur due to differing Encourages cooperative behavior preferences Contributes to a more compassionate and Potential for misunderstandings or conflicts understanding society May not resolve complex ethical issues, leading Promotes actions that build trust and respect to unintended negative outcomes RESPECT FOR OTHERS (GOLDEN RULE) DEFINITION, EXAMPLE The Golden Rule advises treating others as one would like to be treated. This ethical guideline is prevalent across many belief systems and moral frameworks. A nurse, who values open communication and empathetic care, takes extra time to explain medical procedures to a patient in detail, even when busy. Understanding that patients appreciate clear and compassionate communication, the nurse treats each patient with the same patience and respect they would want if they were in the patient’s position. This approach helps build trust and ensures that patients feel valued and understood. SUMMARY IN A NURSING BIOETHICS COURSE, IT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND AND USE THE IDEAS OF FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND SPEECH, FREEDOM OF RELIGION AND PERSONAL BELIEFS, AND THE GOLDEN RULE FOR GOOD AND CARING PATIENT CARE. FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND SPEECH LETS PATIENTS CHOOSE THEIR TREATMENTS BASED ON THEIR OWN BELIEFS. RESPECTING FREEDOM OF RELIGION AND PERSONAL BELIEFS MEANS HONORING DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS PRACTICES AND VALUES IN HEALTHCARE. USING THE GOLDEN RULE ENCOURAGES KIND AND RESPECTFUL INTERACTIONS, WHICH BUILDS PATIENT TRUST AND SATISFACTION. BY APPLYING THESE IDEAS, NURSES CAN OFFER CARE THAT IS BOTH ETHICAL AND RESPECTFUL OF EACH PATIENT'S UNIQUENESS. Reference: "THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF ETHICAL THEORY" EDITED BY DAVID COPP (2023) MORAL PHILOSOPHY: AN INTRODUCTION" BY PETER SINGER (2021) "ETHICS: THE FUNDAMENTALS" BY JULIA DRIVER (2022) GROUP 2 Categories in the study of Ethics B. Kantian Ethics By: Bentulan, Mhel Rose BSN 2 P Seat # 8 General Objectives The BSN 2 students will be able to understand and apply the main categories in the study of ethics—Duty-Based Ethics and Outcome-Based Ethics—by examining key principles such as religious values, Kantian ethics, the principle of rights, and evaluating the consequences of actions to guide ethical decision- making in diverse contexts. Specific Objectives ·Define Kantian ethics. ·Analyze the concept of autonomy in relation to Kantian ethics. ·Analyze real-world examples to illustrate the application of Kantian ethics. ·Encourage critical thinking and discussion about the ethical implications of different actions. ·Promote a deeper understanding of the complexities and nuances of moral reasoning. Definition of related terms: universal principle - is a rule or standard that applies to everyone, regardless of their individual circumstances or beliefs. Deontology - A moral theory that emphasizes duty and obligation as the primary determinants of right and wrong. It focuses on the intrinsic nature of actions themselves, rather than the consequences they produce. Maxim - A maxim is a rule or principle that guides your action. B. Kantian Ethics a deontological ethical theory emphasizes the importance of rules, duty, and universal principles in determining moral behavior. is a moral theory that based on the idea that actions are morally right or wrong depending on whether they follow certain rules or principles, rather than on their consequences. developed by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant B. Kantian Ethics key concepts of Kantian ethics: Categorical Imperative: This is the central principle of Kantian ethics. It states that one should act only in such a way that you can will that the maxim of your action should become a universal law. Good will: Kant believed that the only thing that is intrinsically good is a good will, which is the intention to do one's duty for the sake of duty itself. Duty: Duty is the obligation to act in accordance with moral principles, regardless of personal desires or inclinations. Autonomy: Kant emphasized the importance of individual autonomy, which is the ability to choose one's own actions and be held accountable for them. B. Kantian Ethics Example: Situation: You're lost and need directions. You ask a stranger for help, and they lie to you to get rid of you. Kantian ethics: According to Kantian ethics, lying is wrong because it cannot be universalized. If everyone lied to get rid of people, society would break down. Therefore, even though the stranger might have thought they were doing the right thing by lying, it's actually a morally wrong action. B. Kantian Ethics Example: Scenario: A nurse is caring for a patient who is in a coma. The patient's family has requested that they be taken off life support. The nurse personally believes that the patient should remain on life support. Kantian perspective: According to Kantian ethics, the nurse's duty is to respect the patient's autonomy and the wishes of their family. Even if the nurse personally disagrees with their decision, they must act in accordance with their duty to respect the patient's rights. This is because the principle of respect for autonomy is a universal moral law that applies to everyone, regardless of personal beliefs or preferences. B. Kantian Ethics B. Kantian Ethics Immanuel Kant - was a German philosopher who is widely considered one of the most influential thinkers of the modern era. "Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law." Summary Kantian Ethics is a moral theory developed by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. It emphasizes the importance of reason, duty, and universal principles in determining moral behavior. Reference Fisher, A., & Dimmock, M. (2022, August 12). Kantian ethics. Pressbooks. [Link] Kant, Immanuel | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. [lLnk]  C. Principle of Rights By Hannah Faith F. Castañares BSN 2P Seat# 9 Introduction Rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. General Objectives: The BSN 2 students will be able to understand and apply the main categories in the study of ethics—Duty-Based Ethics and Outcome-Based Ethics—by examining key principles such as religious values, Kantian ethics, the principle of rights, and evaluating the consequences of actions to guide ethical decision-making in diverse contexts. Specific Objectives: To define standards for care and treatment that uphold the dignity and rights of all individuals, regardless of their health status or personal circumstances. To ensure that all individuals, regardless of their circumstances, are granted their fundamental rights without exception. To evaluate current human rights policies to ensure they comprehensively protect and respect the rights of all individuals across different contexts. Definition of Related Terms: Universal: The principle that individual rights apply to all people equally, regardless of differences such as race, gender, or nationality. Inalienable: The principle that certain rights cannot be transferred, surrendered, or taken away; they are permanently attached to every person. Interdependent: The concept that the fulfillment of one right often depends on the recognition and protection of other rights; rights are mutually reinforcing and support one another. Indivisible: The idea that rights are interconnected and cannot be divided or separated; all rights must be respected as a whole for individuals to fully enjoy any of them. Definition of Related Terms: Equality: The principle that all individuals should be treated the same and have equal access to rights and opportunities. Non-Discrimination: The concept that rights and obligations should be applied fairly to all individuals without bias or prejudice based on characteristics such as race, gender, or social status. Rights: are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory. Obligations: Duties or responsibilities required by laws, norms, or agreements, ensuring individuals or entities fulfill certain actions or roles. Principle of Rights SUBCOMPONENTS: Universal and Inalienable Interdependent and Indivisible Equal and Non-discriminatory in Both Rights and Obligations  Universal and Inalienable Human rights are universal and inalienable. All people everywhere in the world are entitled to them. The universality of human rights is encompassed in the words of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.”  Universal and Inalienable EXAMPLE: A nurse is caring for an elderly patient with dementia who is unable to communicate effectively. The patient has no family or friends visiting, and it’s clear that they are nearing the end of their life. Despite the patient’s condition and lack of awareness, the nurse still ensures that the patient is clean, comfortable, and treated with respect. Interdependent and Indivisible All human rights are indivisible and interdependent. This means that one set of rights cannot be enjoyed fully without the other. Interdependent and Indivisible EXAMPLE: A nurse is caring for a patient with diabetes who needs both regular insulin injections and dietary management to control their blood sugar levels. The patient's health and blood sugar control depend on both receiving insulin as prescribed and following a specific diet. The nurse ensures that the patient receives insulin on schedule and adheres to the dietary plan. Equal and Non- Discriminatory in Both Rights and Obligations Equality affirms that all human beings are born free and equal. Equality presupposes that all individuals have the same rights and deserve the same level of respect. All people have the right to be treated equally.  Equal and Non- Discriminatory in Both Rights and Obligations EXAMPLE: A nurse is taking care of an elderly patient who is from a different cultural background. Scenario: The elderly patient needs help with physical therapy and has specific cultural practices, such as food preferences and prayer times. The nurse ensures the patient gets the same quality of therapy as other patients and respects their cultural practices.  Summary Rights are meant for everyone and cannot be taken away. They are connected, so enjoying one right often depends on having others as well. Everyone should be treated equally and fairly, with no discrimination, showing that all rights are important and work together.  Reference The Cambridge Handbook of Duty-Based Ethics" by Robert Philip Kolb (2021). ochr. (2022).https://www.ohchr.org/en/what-are-human-rights Human Rights. (2024). Human Rights Principles https://www.humanrightscommission.ky/human-rights-principles  2. OUTCOME-BASED ETHICS By: Jerahmeel Zea Catandijan BSN 2 P Seat # 10 INTRODUCTION Definition of Outcome-Based Ethics: Also known as Consequentialism, a moral philosophy focused on the outcomes or consequences of actions. The most well-known form of outcome-based ethics is Utilitarianism The ethical value of an action is determined by its results. Commonly summarizes as “The ends justify the means.” STATEMENT OF GENERAL OBJECTIVE The BSN 2 students will be able to understand and apply the main categories in the study of ethics—Duty-Based Ethics and Outcome-Based Ethics—by examining key principles such as Religious Values, Kantian ethics, The Principle of Rights, and evaluating the consequences of actions to guide ethical decision-making in diverse contexts. STATEMENT OF SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE The students will be able to: To promote actions that lead to the greatest overall happiness or well-being for the most people. To minimize harm or negative consequences in decision- making processes. To provide a clear, results-focused framework for ethical decision-making in various personal, professional, and societal contexts.  DEFINITION OF RELATED TERMS Consequentialism: The ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences. Utilitarianism: A form of consequentialism that seeks the greatest good for the greatest number. Ethical Dilemma: A situation where choices must be made between conflicting ethical principles or outcomes.  CONTENT DISCUSSION Key Concepts: Prioritizes results over intentions or rules. Useful in complex situations where clear outcomes guide ethical choices. Strengths: Practical and adaptable, focusing on tangible impacts. Supports decision-making in fields like healthcare, business, and public policy. Challenges: Potentially justifies unethical means if they lead to positive outcomes. Can conflict with individual rights and moral principles.  EXAMPLES Example 1: UTILITARIANISM IN PUBLIC POLICY: Scenario: A government decides to implement a controversial policy of increasing taxes on the wealthy to fund universal healthcare. Outcome-Based Ethics View: If the increased taxes lead to improved public health and overall societal well-being, the policy would be considered ethically justified despite the potential dissatisfaction among the wealthy. The positive outcome of better healthcare for all is prioritized.  EXAMPLES Example 2: MEDICAL ETHICS: Scenario: A doctor decides to allocate a limited supply of a life-saving drug to patients who have the highest chances of recovery, potentially denying it to others with lower chances. Outcome-Based Ethics View: The doctor’s decision would be considered ethical if it maximizes the overall benefit by saving the most lives or achieving the best health outcomes, even though it might seem unfair to those not selected.  SUMMARY Outcome-based ethics, focuses on evaluating the results of actions, provides a practical approach to ethical decision-making that seeks to enhance benefits and minimize harm. While it offers a flexible and practical framework, it also faces criticism for potentially justifying harmful actions if they lead to positive outcomes. Understanding and applying outcome- based ethics require careful consideration of both the potential benefits and ethical implications of actions.  REFERENCES 1. Driver, J. (2019). Consequentialism and its Critics: Recent Developments in Ethical Theory. Cambridge University Press. 2. Eggleston, B. (2021). Utilitarianism: A Contemporary Approach to Outcome-Based Ethics. Routledge. 3. Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2020). Consequentialism Reconsidered: Modern Approaches and Applications. Oxford University Press. 4. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2023). Consequentialism. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/ THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!