Grade 9 Health - QIII Student's Copy PDF

UNINTENTIONAL INJURY PREVENTION, SAFETY AND FIRST AID  "PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE" Practicing this principle advocates safety awareness which is essential in achieving quality of life. Accidents may happen at any place, anytime to anybody. It is therefore import...

UNINTENTIONAL INJURY PREVENTION, SAFETY AND FIRST AID  "PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE" Practicing this principle advocates safety awareness which is essential in achieving quality of life. Accidents may happen at any place, anytime to anybody. It is therefore important to have the knowledge and skills on how to deal  FIRST AID First aid is an immediate and temporary care given to a person who suddenly becomes ill or injured. It includes self-help and home care if medical assistance is not available or is delayed. ROLES OF A FIRST AIDER 01 IT IS A BRIDGE THAT FILLS THE GAP BETWEEN THE VICTIM AND THE PHYSICIAN. 02 IT IS NOT INTENDED TO COMPETE WITH OR TO TAKE THE PLACE OF THE SERVICES OF THE PHYSICIAN. 03 IT ENDS WHEN THE SERVICES OF THE PHYSICIAN BEGINS.  OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID TO ALLEVIATE TO PREVENT TO SAVE LIVES. TO PROLONG LIVES. SUFFERING. FURTHER INJURY CHARACTERISTICS OF A GENTLE GOOD FIRST AIDER OBSERVANT RESOURCEFUL TACTFUL SYMPATHETIC  PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID DOS IN GIVING FIRST AID DO DO CHECK FOR A DO DO KEEP DO MEDICAL REASSURE THE VICTIM BRACELET LOOSEN STAY AND INDICATING A COVERED CONDITION, ANY COMFORT TO REDUCE CALM. SUCH AS TIGHT THE VICTIM. EPILEPSY OR SHOCK. DIABETES. CLOTHING.  PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID DON'TS IN GIVING FIRST AID DON'T GIVE FOOD DON'T MOVE AN AND DRINK TO AN INJURED PERSON UNLESS YOU NEED TO UNCONSCIOUS PLACE HIM/HER IN PERSON. THE RECOVERY POSITION.  EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES STEP 1 IS THE SCENE SAFE? STEP 2 MAKE SURE THE VICTIM IS LYING ON HIS BACK. IF NOT, ROLL THE VICTIM. CHECK FOR RESPONSIVENESS BY GENTLY TAPPING THE STEP 3 SHOULDER OF THE VICTIM SAYING: "HEY, HEY, HEY, SRE YOU OKAY?" STEP 4 IF THERE IS NO RESPONSE, CALL FOR HELP IMMEDIATELY.  EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES STEP 5 DO THE PRIMARY SURVEY OF THE VICTIM (A-B-C) AIRWAY-CHECK IF THERE IS A BLOCKAGE. BREATHING- USE THE MAXIMUM HEAD-TILT-CHIN-LIFT METHOD AND LOOK-LISTEN-FEEL. CIRCULATION- USE CAROTID PULSE STEP 6 WHILE APPLYING MAXIMUM HEAD-TILT-CHIN-LIFT METHOD, PINCH THE NOSE AND GIVE 2 INITIAL FULL BREATHS TO THE VICTIM.  EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES STEP 7 TAKE OFF THE CLOTHES OF THE VICTIM THAT CAN BLOCK THE COMPRESSION AREA. STEP 8 PERFORM CPR ON THE VICTIM. DO 5 CYCLES OF 30 COMPRESSIONS AND 2 BREATHS. STEP 9 IF THE VICTIM IS REVIVED, DO THE SECONDARY SURVEY OF THE VICTIM. IF NOT, CONTINUE PERFORMING CPR WHILE WAITING FOR THE RESCUE TEAM.  EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES STEP 10 DO THE SECONDARY SURVEY. RECORD ALL THE DATA AND SURRENDER TO THE RESCUE TEAM. INTERVIEW: SYMPTOMS ALLERGY MEDICATION PAST MEDICAL HISTORY LAST ORAL INTAKE EVENTS PRIOR TO THE ACCIDENT  EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES STEP 10 VITAL SIGNS- CAREFULLY CHECK THE FOLLOWING VITAL SIGNS: EYES: DILATED-SHOCK; CONSTRICTED-STROKE DRUG ABUSE; PUPILS ARE UNEQUAL-STROKE OR HEAD INJURIES. NOSE: WATERY- FRACTURE OR SKULL INJURY. BLUISH SKIN COLOR- LACKING OXYGEN  EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES STEP 10 HEAD-TO-TOE EXAMINATION- CHECK FOR THE FOLLOWING: DEFORMITY CONTUSIONS ABRASIONS PUNCTURES BURNS TENDERNESS LACERATION S CHECKING FOR VITAL SIGNS RRES  VITAL SIGNS -are measures of various physiological statistics taken in order to assess the most basic body functions.  CHECKING FOR VITAL SIGNS A. Pulse Rate Steps in checking the pulse: Use your fingertips in getting the pulse. Follow the following procedure: 1. Place the finger tip over an artery where it either crosses a bone or lies close to the skin. 2. Feel the pulsations as the pressure wave of blood causes the vessel wall to expand – that is the pulse The pulse rate may be taken in different points in the body like Brachial,  CHECKING FOR VITAL SIGNS A. Pulse Rate NO-NO in Getting Pulse Rate: Never use your thumb. Do not palpate both the carotid arteries at the same time. Do not get the pulse in sitting position. Never put too much pressure or massage the carotid. CHECKING FOR VITAL SIGNS NORMAL PULSE RATE 60-70 MEN 70-80 WOMEN CHILDREN OVER 80-90 7 YEARS OLD 80-120 CHILDREN OVER 1-7 YEARS OLD 110-130 INFANT  CHECKING FOR VITAL SIGNS B. TEMPERATURE Guidelines in checking temperature: It is with much importance that temperature be monitored as in the case of stroke and high fever. Body temperature is measured by using a thermometer within: 1. Rectum (rectal) 2. Oral (mouth)  CHECKING FOR VITAL SIGNS C. RESPIRATION Guidelines in checking respiration: Count the number of breaths per minute. A whistle sound or wheeze and difficulty in breathing may mean an asthma attack. A gurgling or snoring noise and difficulty in breathing may mean that the tongue, mucous or something else is stuck in the throat and does not let enough air to get through. *Between12-20 breaths per minute are normal for adults and older children; 40 breaths per minute are  CHECKING FOR VITAL SIGNS D. SKIN COLOR Guidelines in checking skin color: Skin color reflects the circulation of blood and the saturation of oxygen in the blood. The presence of mucous around the mouth, inner eyelids, and nail beds is a sign of poor blood circulation. A healthy skin is warm and pink because  CHECKING FOR VITAL SIGNS E. HEAD-TO-TOE EXAMINATION Head and neck Are there any lacerations or contusions in the area? Is there a presence of blood in his / her hair? If yes, immediately find out where it is coming from. Is there any fluid in the victim’s nose, and ears? If  CHECKING FOR VITAL SIGNS E. HEAD-TO-TOE EXAMINATION 2. Eyes Pay close attention to the pupils. Pupil Appearance Assessment Dilated pupil State of shock Very small pupils Poison or use of prohibited drugs Different size Head injury that requires immediate attention Small and bright Pupils are reactive  CHECKING FOR VITAL SIGNS E. HEAD-TO-TOE EXAMINATION 3. Chest Check for cuts, bruises, penetrations, and other impairments. If the victim feels pain while you CHECKING FOR VITAL SIGNS E. HEAD-TO-TOE EXAMINATION 4. Abdomen Does the victim’s abdomen hurt? Where is the pain coming from? Is his/ her abdomen tender? Did you feel any lumps? If yes, CHECKING FOR VITAL SIGNS E. HEAD-TO-TOE EXAMINATION 5. Back Is there movement in the victim’s lower extremities? Is there sensation in these parts? If the answer is yes, do not move the  SIGNS V.S. SYMPTOMS  SIGNS V.S. SYMPTOMS SIGNS are details discovered by applying your senses – sight, touch, hearing and smell during the course of the examination. Example: BLEEDIN SWELLIN DEFORMITIES  SIGNS V.S. SYMPTOMS SYMPTOMS are sensations that the victim feels or experiences and may be able to describe. Example: NAUSEA VOMITING HEAT IMPAIRED SENSATIONS WAYS OF PHYSICAL EXAMINATION  WAYS OF PHYSICAL EXAMINATION PRIMARY SURVEY Primary survey of the victim is used when the victim is unconscious and one needs to find out and treat immediately life-threatening conditions.  WAYS OF PHYSICAL EXAMINATION SECONDARY SURVEY Secondary survey is used when the victim is conscious or has revived. It aims to detect everything about the patient’s condition. DRESSING AND BANDAGES BONDING WITH BANDAGES  DRESSING A DRESSING IS A PIECE OF STERILE CLOTH THAT COVERS A WOUND TO PREVENT INFECTION AND/ OR TO STOP BLEEDING.  TECHNIQUES IN APPLYING DRESSING Wash hands and wear gloves, if possible. Unwrap the dressing as close to the wound as possible. Be sure not to touch the wound. Skin is not sterile. If the dressing slips over the victim’s skin while you are trying to positionit, discard and use the fresh one.  TECHNIQUES IN APPLYING DRESSING 4. Place the dressing over the wound. 5. Use the dressing that is large enough to extend atleast 1 inch beyond the edges of thewound. 6. If the body tissue or organs are exposed, cover the wound with a dressing that will stick. 7. Then secure the dressing with a bandage or adhesive tape.  COLD COMPRESS Cold Compress- is used to reduce swelling and relieve pain, especially used for sprains andstrains. Cold packs- can be used as cold compress. Hot compress-used to allow normal blood circulatio Cold and Hot compress- are applied alternately for closed wounds or contusions.  BANDAGES are used to apply pressure to bleeding; for covering wounds and burns-provide support for immobilization for broken bones, sprains and strains  3 TYPES OF BANDAGES TRIANGULA ACE TUBULA R R PARTS OF TRIANGULAR BANDAGE SI D D SI E E  2 PHASES OF BANDAGING OPEN PHASE- USED FOR WOUNDS ON TOP AND BACK OF THE HEAD, CHEST, BACK, FOOT AND AS ARM SLING CRAVAT PHASE- USED FOR WOUNDS THAT NEED EXTRA SUPPORT LIKE WOUND ON THE EYE, FOREHEAD,  TECHNIQUES IN BANDAGING Keep in mind the following:a.Always use a square knotb.Keep cloth sterile to avoid infectionc.Always keep the ends Bandaging technique depends upon the size and location of the wound, your first aid skills,and material at hand.  TECHNIQUES IN BANDAGING 3. Bandage firmly over bleeding and securely over the broken bone, not so tight so as not tocut off blood circulation 4. When wrapping bandages around the body, such as knees,m ankles, neck, and small back, use its natural hollows to slide the bandage gently into place.  TECHNIQUES IN BANDAGING 5. Since most injuries swell, check regularly to ensure that the bandage is still comfortable and that it remains firmly secured. 6. Secure the bandage with a tape, clips or a bow or square knot. Ensure that the bandages, especially the knots, do not touch the skin. WOUNDS  WOUNDS A wound is a break in the continuity of a tissue in the body. It may be closed in which there is no break or damage in the skin. It is also called hematoma or contusions. A wound may also be an open wound in which there is a break in the skin. KINDS OF OPEN WOUNDS  HOW TO MANAGE WOUNDS A. For management of hematoma, we use the mnemonic RICE: 1. Resting the injured part 3. Compression 2. Ice application 4. Elevation  HOW TO MANAGE WOUNDS B. First Aid for Open Wounds with Severe Bleeding Wear gloves and remove or cut clothing as necessary to expose wound. Control bleeding by applying direct pressure. Elevate the injured part above the heart except for eye injury and wounds with embedded object. Cover wound with sterile dressing and bandage. Care for shock. FIRST AID FOR COMMON UNINTENTIONAL  FRACTURE FRACTURE is a break or crack in a bone. An open fracture pierces the skin surface while in a closed fracture, the skin above is intact. First Aid: Check Vital Signs Do Not Move the Injured Part. Stop Bleeding if there is any. If you have to Move the Person, Immobilize the Broken Part by Splinting.  SPRAIN AND STRAIN SPRAIN is an injury to the ligaments of a bone f=due to accidental tearing or overstretching. STRAIN is an injury to the muscles which is a result of improper use of the muscle. First Aid: Rest the injured part. Apply ice. Compress the injured part. Elevate the injured part.  HEAT EXHAUSTION Heat Exhaustion is caused by loss of salt and water due to excessively high temperature. This may lead to heatstroke and even death. First Aid: Transport a victim to a cool place. Give him/her plenty of water. Check for vital signs. Seek medical help.  FOOD POISONING Food Poisoning is caused by consuming food or drinking that is contaminated with bacteria or viruses. First Aid: Help the person to lie down and rest. Give him plenty of flavorless fluids to drink and a bowl to use if he vomits. Call for medical help if the condition worsens.  CHOKING CHOKING results when a foreign objects blocks the throat. First Aid: Ask the person if he is choking. Encourage him/her to cough. When the person cannot speak or stopps coughing, give him five back blows. Stand behind him and help him lean forward. Support his chest with one hand and give five sharp blows between the shoulder blades woth  CHOKING 4. If backs fail, try abdominal thrusts. Stand behind the person and put your arms around the upper part of his abdomen. Clench your fist with thumbs inward. Place it between navel and the bottom of breastbone. Grasp your fist with your other hand. Pull sharply inwardsand upwards up to five times. 5. Check his mouth. If obstruction is not cleared, repeat the back blows and abdominal thrust. 6. If obstruction still has not cleared, call for an ambulance.  HEART ATTACK HEART ATTACK is caused by a sudden obstruction of blood supply to the part of the heart muscles. First Aid: Help the person sit or lie down with head elevated. Call for medical help. If the person is conscious, give him/her a full-dose aspirin and advise him/her to chew it slowly. Constantly monitor the vital signs. Be prepared to give  CHEMICAL BURNS CHEMICAL BURNS may occur when electricity passes through the body. First Aid: Make sure that contract with the electrical source is broken. Flood the sites of injury at the entry and exit points of the current with plenty of cold water. Wear disposable gloves and place a sterile dressing or a bandage over the burn to protect it from airborne infection.  BURNS 3. For severe burns, help the person to lie down and prevent the burnt area from coming into contact wiith the ground. Douse the burn- with plenty of cold liquid. 4. Seek for medical assistance. Do not delay medical help. 5. Wear disposable gloves and gently remove any rings, watches, belts, shoes, or smoldering clothing before the tissues begin to swell.  BURNS 6. Carefully remove any burnt clothing, unless it is sticking to the skin. Cover the burnt area with non-adhesive dressing or bandage. 7. Continue to monitor vital signs. 8. Reassure casualty and treat for shock.  HEAT STROKE HEAT STROKE is caused by a failure of the "thermostat" in the brain to regulate body temperature. When this happens, the body becomes seriously heated. First aid: Move the person immediately to a cool place. Remove as much of his outer clothing as possible.  HEAT STROKE 4. Wrap the person in a cold, wet sheet and keep the sheet wet until his temperature drops to 38 C or 37.5 C under the tongue or armpit, respectively. 5. If the person has returned to normal temperature, replace wet sheet with dry one. 6. Monitor vital signs until help arrives. 7. If temperature rises, repeat the cooling process.  STROKE 3. Call for help. 4. Loosen any tight clothing. 5. Monitor vital signs and reassure the victim. 6. If the victim is unconscious, give rescue breathing and chest compression. 7. Call for an ambulance or call for help.  WAYS OF TRANSPORTING A VICTIM  TRANSPORTING Transporting an injured person to a safer place requires great care. A first aider must undergo proper training. When doing this, a first aider must consider the following factors: Weight and height of the victim Status of the victim (conscious or unconscious) Environment (safe, floor is smooth, narrow or wide)  ONE-MAN TRANSPORT FIREMAN'S CARRY The easiest way to transport a light and smaller victim. ONE-MAN TRANSPORT PIGGY BACK When the victim is conscious  ONE-MAN TRANSPORT PACK STRAP CARRY When the victim is smaller than the first aider  ONE-MAN TRANSPORT FIREMAN'S DRAG OR TIED- HANDS CRAWL Used when first aider and victim must crawl underneath a low structure.  ONE-MAN TRANSPORT BLANKET DRAG Used when the victim is unconscious and seriously injured and should not be lifted.  TWO-MAN CARRY CHAIR OR SEAT CARRY when there are two first aiders and a chair is available THREE OR MORE-MAN TRANSPORT HAMMOCK CARRY when there are three first aiders. SIX MAN LIFT AND CARRY when there are six first aiders THANK YOU PRESENTATION BY ALFREDO TORRES