PMLS-2-Lesson-2-Infection-control-Safety-First-aid-and-Personal-wellness PDF

Evolve. Adapt. Overcome. CEFI is now ready. Lesson 2: INFECTION CONTROL, SAFETY, FIRST AID, & PERSONAL WELLNESS SHIRMEL JOY R. DE LUNA, RMT PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2...

Evolve. Adapt. Overcome. CEFI is now ready. Lesson 2: INFECTION CONTROL, SAFETY, FIRST AID, & PERSONAL WELLNESS SHIRMEL JOY R. DE LUNA, RMT PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2 LECTURE INFECTION CONTROL - when a microorganism invades the body, multiplies and causes injury or disease - Communicable and nosocomial & healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) Pathogen - a microbe that can cause diseases, and microbes could be bacteria, fungi, protozoa or viruses. CHAIN OF INFECTION COMPONENTS OF THE CHAIN OF INFECTION Component Description Infectious (causative) agent Pathogenic microbe such as virus, bacteria, fungus, protozoa, rickettsia Reservoir Source of infection agent or place where the microbe could grow, survive and multiply which could be in humans, animals, food, water, soil or equipment Exit pathway A way or manner where an infectious agent can leave the reservoir host which could be through secretions and exudates, tissue specimens, blood, feces or urine. Means of transmission Airborne, direct (touching or kissing) or indirect contact (contaminated objects), droplets (coughing or sneezing), vector (insect, anthropod or animal) and vehicle (food, water or drugs) Entry pathway Refers to the way an infectious agent enters a host that is susceptible to infection which includes body orifices, mucous membranes, and breaks in skin Susceptible host Someone who is prone to infection due to age, health or immune status. They usually include the elderly, newborn, patients who are immune suppressed, unvaccinated, and those suffering from acute or chronic illness. Infection Control Measures ▪ Effective hand hygiene procedure ▪ Good nutrition ▪ Immunization against common pathogens ▪ Insect and pest control ▪ Isolation and decontamination procedures ▪ Use of proper safety devices ▪ Use of PPE when needed ▪ Proper disposal of sharps Four functions of Infection-control program 1. protect patients, employees, and visitors from infection 2. screen employees for infectious diseases and require immunization when needed 3. provide evaluation and treatment to health workers who were exposed to infections while performing their duty 4. monitor employees and patients who are at risk of infection and collect data from patients and health worker who were exposed to such MODES OF TRANSMISSION  A health worker could be exposed to biohazard in variety of manners, also called the biohazard exposure routes: A. Airborne - from splashes and aerosols during centrifuge and aliquot; patients with airborne diseases; 1. Proper handling practices 2. Wearing PPE properly 3. Use safety shield and guards B. Ingestion - did not sanitize hands before handling food; 1. Frequent hand washing 2. Avoid hand-to-mouth activities 3. Stop placing items in the mouth C. Non-intact skin - contamination through breaks or cuts in the skin; 1. Cover with non-permeable bandages Direct contact transmission of pathogens can occur through physical contact. Many pathogens require contact with a mucous membrane to enter the body, but the host may transfer the pathogen from another point of contact (e.g., hand) to a mucous membrane (e.g., mouth or eye). Fomites are nonliving objects that facilitate the indirect transmission of pathogens. Food is an important vehicle of transmission for pathogens, especially of the gastrointestinal and upper respiratory systems. Notice the glass shield above the food trays, designed to prevent pathogens ejected in coughs and sneezes from entering the food. A mechanical vector carries a pathogen on its body from one host to another, not as an infection. (b) A biological vector carries a pathogen from one host to another after becoming infected itself. INFECTION CONTROL METHODS (a) The Aeromedical Biological Containment System (ABCS) is a module designed by the CDC and Department of Defense specifically for transporting highly contagious patients by air. (b) An isolation ward for Ebola patients in Lagos, Nigeria. (credit a: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit b: modification of work by CDC Global) PROPER PROCEDURES FOR HAND HYGIENE, PUTTING ON AND REMOVING PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, AND ENTERING THE OR AND ICUS - Includes hand hygiene using alcohol-based antiseptic and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Hand Hygiene include hand washing or use of alcohol-based antiseptic hand cleaners Hand washing could be routine hand washing which uses plain soap and water. Hand antisepsis uses antimicrobial soap to remove transient microorganisms Steps in performing the routine hand-washing technique: 1. Stand a few inches from the sink to avoid contamination 2. Turn on the faucet and place hands under the running water. 3. Use soap and work up lather to ensure that surfaces are reached. 4. Scrubbing for at least 15 seconds is necessary. Make sure to scrub all surfaces especially between the fingers and the knuckles. Steps in performing the routine hand-washing technique (Continuation): 5. Apply a little friction and rub hands together for at least 15 seconds. 6. Rinse the hands from the wrist to fingertips using a downward motion. 7. Dry hands using a clean paper towel. 8. Use the paper towel to close the faucet except when it is foot or motion activated. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Donning of PPE 1. Gown should be put on first. Make sure that it is fastened, and the belt is tied. 2. Mask should cover both the nose and mouth. 3. Gloves should be pulled over the gown cuff. Removing of PPE 1. Gloves are removed first. Do not touch contaminated areas with ungloved hands. 2. Gown should be pulled from the shoulders towards the hand so it is turned inside out. 3. Mask should be removed by only touching the string Note: Wash hands immediately after removal of the PPE. Gloves Worn during blood collection and specimen handling Prevent contamination of hands Reduce chances of transmission of microorganism Worn over the cuffs of the lab gown to ensure protection Steps in wearing gloves 1. The wrist of one hand is grasped by the opposite hand. 2. The glove is pulled inside out and off the hand. 3. Place the recently removed glove in the gloved hand. The fingers of the non-gloved hand are slipped under the wrist of the remaining glove but make sure not to touch the exterior surfaces. 4. The second glove is pulled inside out. 5. Drop the gloves in the proper receptacle. NURSERY AND NEONATAL ICU INFECTION CONTROL TECHNIQUE 1. Do the proper hand washing procedure before putting on the PPE. 2. The phlebotomist should only bring items necessary for the specimen collection. 3. Blood collection tray should be left outside the nursery, preferably the anteroom. 4. Remove gloves, wash hands, and use a new pair of gloves between patients. STANDARD PRECAUTIONS STANDARD AND TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION FOR BLOOD-BORNE PATHOGEN BLOOD-BORNE PATHOGENS (BBP) - Microorganisms in the human blood - most common pathogens include, hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)  Pathogen Best Exposure Hazards Symptoms Defense Hepatitis B HBV – Blood and other body flu-like, fatigue, loss of Virus (HBV) vaccination fluids appetite, mild fever, – Can survive a week on muscle/joint/abdominal objects pain, nausea, vomiting – Transmitted via needle sticks, sexual contacts Hepatitis D None – Blood and other body flu-like, fatigue, loss of Virus fluids appetite, mild fever, – Can survive a week on muscle/joint/abdominal objects pain, nausea, vomiting – Transmitted via needle sticks, sexual contacts Hepatitis C None – Blood & serum; flu-like, fatigue, loss of Virus (HCV) sometimes saliva appetite, mild fever, – Infection primarily muscle/joint/abdominal occurs after large and pain, nausea, vomiting multiple exposures – Transmitted via needle sticks, sexual contacts EXPOSURE CONTROL PLAN Exposure control plan Exposure occurs when the following happens: a) When a contaminated needle or sharp object pierces the skin of the health worker. b) Body fluid or blood splashes in the eyes, nose or mouth c) Cut, scratch or abrasion has made contact with blood or body fluid d) Human bite cuts the skin  When there is BBP exposure either by needle stick or sharp object injury or mucous membrane exposure, the following procedure should be followed: Needle stick or other sharp injury: 1. Carefully remove the shards or foreign object. 2. Wash the site thoroughly with soap and water for at least 30 seconds. Mucous membrane exposure: 1. Flush with water or saline for at least 10 minutes. 2. For the eyes, use eyewash station for flushing if available. Remember to remove the contact lenses (if there are any) and make sure to disinfect them. 3. Report the incident to the immediate supervisor and the provider so that evaluation, treatment and counseling can be provided. HAZARDS, WARNING SYMBOLS, ACTIONS TO TAKE IF INCIDENTS OCCUR, AND RULES TO FOLLOW FOR BIOLOGICAL, ELECTRICAL, FIRE, RADIATION, AND CHEMISTRY SAFETY  BIOHAZARD Biosafety is used to prevent and protect clinical laboratories from harmful incidents caused by laboratory specimen that are potentially biohazard. Biohazard refers to any material that could be harmful to health.  BIOHAZARD Biohazards can become airborne and inhaled when splashes, aerosols, or fumes are generated. Proper handling practices Wearing PPE properly Use safety shield and guards Frequent hand washing Avoid hand-to-mouth activities Stop placing items in the mouth Biohazard Exposure Routes Non Intact skin Percutaneous (through the skin) Permucosal (through mucous membranes)  BIOHAZARD Non Reusable items contaminated with blood or body fluids are biohazardous waste and must be disposed of in special containers or bags marked with a biohazard symbol. Filled biohazard waste containers require special handling prior to decontamination and disposal  BIOHAZARD Surface Decontamination Surfaces in specimen collection and processing areas are to be decontaminated by cleaning them with a 1:10 bleach solution or other disinfectant approved by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Bleach solutions should be prepared daily. Cleaning must take place at the end of each shift or whenever a surface is visibly contaminated. Gloves should be worn when cleaning  ELECTRICAL SAFETY Potential hazard in the workplace when dealing with electrical equipment. Actions should be taken if electric shock occurs: ○ Remove the source of electricity using non-conductive object or simply turn off the source of electricity, ○ Ask for medical assistance, start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if necessary, and keep the victim warm  FIRE another potential work hazard. regular fire drills should be conducted The location of fire extinguishers and heavy blankets should be known, and the staff should know how to use it. Class Description A – ordinary combustible materials such as wood or paper which requires water or water-based solutions to extinguish. B – flammable liquids and vapors such as paint, oil, grease and gasoline which requires blocking oxygen to snuff out. C – electrical equipment that require the use of non-conducting agents to extinguish. D – sodium, potassium, magnesium and lithium which are combustible and reactive metals that needs powder agents or sand to put out. K – cooking oil, grease or fats with high temperature which requires agents that prevent splashing, cooling and smothering the fire.  RADIATION exposure depends on distance, shielding and time. protection worn at the time would also have a bearing on the intensity of exposure. radiation symbol should be posted in areas where radioactive materials are present and storage areas where these are kept. can be encountered when collecting specimen from patients injected with radioactive dyes or collecting specimen from the nuclear medicine department  CHEMICAL SAFETY never store chemicals above eye level; never add water to acid, do not mix chemicals indiscriminately; never store chemicals in unlabeled containers; never pour chemicals into used or dirty containers; never use chemicals in ways other than their intended use. material safety data sheets (MSDS) - contains general information as well as precautionary and emergency information for the product National Fire Protection Association Labeling System FIRST AID  SHOCK condition when there is not enough blood that circulates back to the heart which results to inadequate supply of oxygen in the body result of hemorrhage, heart attack, trauma and drug reactions; common symptoms are: pale, cold & clammy skin; rapid and weak pulse; increased and shallow breathing and expressionless face with staring eyes. First Aid procedures When the patient is in shock, perform the following steps as first aid: (1) keep the airway open (2) call for medical assistance (3) keep the patient lying down (4) control any bleeding or other cause of shock (5) keep the patient warm Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) - a procedure done during emergency cases such as when a person is in cardiac arrest.  Steps on how to do CPR: 1. While the patient is lying on his back on a steady surface. Kneel beside him and place your hands in the middle of his chest. 2. Cover the first hand with the heel of the other hand, interlocking the fingers. The fingers should be raised so they do not touch the ribcage. 3. Lean forward (shoulders directly over the patient's chest) and press down on the chest for about two inches. Release the pressure to allow the chest to come back up. Do not release your hands. Repeat. Give 30 compressions at a rate of 100 compressions per minute. 4. Tilt the patient's head and lift his chin to open the airway allowing the mouth fall open slightly. 5. Using your hands, the pinch the nostrils and support the chin with the other hand. Take a normal breath, place your mouth over the patient's, and blow until you see the chest rise. 6. Remove your mouth and watch the chest fall. Repeat steps five and six once. 7. Replicate the cycle of 30 chest compressions, to be followed by two rescue breaths. Continue this cycle. PERSONAL HYGIENE, PROPER NUTRITION, REST, EXERCISE, BACK PROTECTION, AND STRESS MANAGEMENT IN PERSONAL WELLNESS PERSONAL HYGIENE, PROPER NUTRITION, REST, EXERCISE, BACK PROTECTION, AND STRESS MANAGEMENT IN PERSONAL WELLNESS Personal wellness begins with personal hygiene which includes bathing regularly and using deodorant, brushing your teeth regularly, keeping your hair neat and clean, trimming and cleaning fingernails, and avoiding the use of heavy lotions and colognes.  Proper nutrition and balanced diet consist of vegetables, fruits & legumes. Have enough sleep and to stay fit by having a regular exercise routine. Maintain proper posture and keep your back safe from any injury by using proper techniques when lifting objects. Work-life balance and find time to relax to relieve yourself of stress from work. THANK YOU!!!