Geography Unit 1: Intro & Mapping Skills
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Questions and Answers

Which theme of geography focuses on how humans change and adapt to their surroundings?

  • Human-Environment Interaction (correct)
  • Movement
  • Region
  • Location

What is the primary difference between absolute and relative location?

  • Absolute location refers to physical features, relative location to human features.
  • Absolute location is dynamic and relative location is fixed.
  • Absolute location is approximate, while relative location is exact.
  • Absolute location uses coordinates, while relative location uses descriptive placement. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT considered a cardinal direction on a compass rose?

  • Northwest (correct)
  • South
  • East
  • North

If a map's title reads 'Population Density of Ontario', what component of a map does this represent?

<p>Title (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a human feature within human geography?

<p>Road Networks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Canadian province has Toronto as its capital city?

<p>Ontario (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the theme of 'region' primarily explore in geography?

<p>Groups of places with shared characteristics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If describing a city as 'south of the lake', what type of location is being used?

<p>Relative Location (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If one is traveling in a direction that is between North and East, what direction are they heading?

<p>Northeast (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of physical geography?

<p>Landforms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a legend on a map?

<p>To explain the meaning of symbols and colors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of map emphasizes specific themes such as population or climate?

<p>Thematic map (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an alphanumeric grid system, which of the following is the correct way to write the grid reference?

<p>Letter then number (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes lines of latitude?

<p>Horizontal lines that measure north and south of the equator. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you correctly combine latitude and longitude coordinates?

<p>Start with Latitude (N or S) then Longitude (E or W) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you travel east through Canada, how does the time change?

<p>The time increases by one hour, except for Newfoundland which increases by 30 minutes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Earth's mantle?

<p>A thick zone of molten rock. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the earth has the highest temperature?

<p>Inner Core (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a tectonic plate?

<p>Arctic Plate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information what is the purpose of the compass on a map?

<p>To show the orientation and direction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the sequence of heat transfer and plate movement?

<p>Heat moves from the core to the mantle, generating convection currents, which then move plates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plate boundary is primarily associated with the formation of mountain ranges and volcanic activity?

<p>Divergent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological feature is most commonly associated with transform plate boundaries?

<p>Earthquakes and valleys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Wegener's theory, what evidence is used to suggest that continents were once connected?

<p>The matching coastlines, similar fossils ,similar mountain ranges, and locations ice sheets across continents. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of rock is formed when magma cools slowly beneath the Earth’s surface?

<p>Intrusive Igneous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a characteristic of extrusive igneous rocks?

<p>Fine, glass-like texture and small ventricles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of sedimentary rocks?

<p>Layers called strata and potential fossils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the formation of metamorphic rocks?

<p>The alteration of pre-existing rocks from heat and pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to layered appearance in metamorphic rocks?

<p>Foliation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes a heavy oceanic plate sliding beneath a continental plate?

<p>Subduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a 'maritime climate'?

<p>A climate near water, experiencing higher precipitation and mild temperature differences throughout the year. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the line graph on a climate graph represent?

<p>Average daily temperature each month (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is considered a non-renewable resource?

<p>Natural Gas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which economic sector is primarily involved in transforming raw materials into finished goods?

<p>Secondary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a city has a birth rate of 15 per 1000 and a death rate of 7 per 1000, what is the natural increase rate?

<p>8 per 1000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'pull factor' in the context of immigration?

<p>Aspects that attract immigrants to a new country. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the 3Rs, what does 'reuse' refer to?

<p>Using an item again for its original purpose or for a different purpose. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines the term 'climate'?

<p>The average weather conditions in a region over a long period of time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the tertiary sector in an economy?

<p>Providing services to people and businesses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a key factor in calculating population growth rate?

<p>Natural Increase Rate + Net Migration Rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Physical Geography

The study of Earth's natural features like mountains, rivers, and forests.

Human Geography

The study of how humans interact with and shape the Earth, including cities, cultures, and economies.

Absolute Location

The exact position of a place using coordinates, like latitude and longitude.

Relative Location

Describing a place's location in relation to other places.

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Movement (Geography Theme)

One of the five main themes in Geography: How people, goods, and ideas move.

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Human-Environment Interaction (Geography Theme)

One of the five main themes in Geography: How people interact with and change their environment.

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Region (Geography Theme)

One of the five main themes in Geography: Groups of places with shared characteristics (climate, language, etc.).

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Place (Geography Theme)

One of the five main themes in Geography: The unique physical and human characteristics of a place.

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Location (Geography Theme)

One of the five main themes in Geography: Where a place is located.

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Map Title

A map component that clearly identifies the area shown and what the map focuses on.

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Convection Currents in the Mantle

The process where heat from the Earth's core rises and cools, creating circular movements in the mantle.

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Continental Drift

The theory that Earth's continents were once joined together as a single landmass and have slowly drifted apart over millions of years.

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Subduction

The process where one tectonic plate slides beneath another, often resulting in volcanic activity and mountain formation.

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Divergent Plate Boundary

Plates move away from each other creating new crust, usually along mid-ocean ridges.

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Transform Plate Boundary

Plates slide past each other horizontally, causing earthquakes and fault lines.

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Convergent Plate Boundary

Plates collide, pushing against each other, causing mountain ranges and volcanic activity.

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Igneous Rocks

Rocks formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock.

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Sedimentary Rocks

Rocks formed from the accumulation and cementation of sediments.

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Metamorphic Rocks

Rocks formed from existing rocks that have been transformed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.

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Rock Cycle

A continuous process where rocks are transformed from one type to another.

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What is Scale (On a Map)?

A map feature that shows the relationship between distances on the map and actual distances on Earth, using scales like 1:100,000.

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What is Thematic Map?

A map that highlights a specific theme, like population density, climate patterns, or natural resources.

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What are Lines of Latitude?

Imaginary lines running horizontally around the Earth, measuring distances north or south of the Equator.

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What are Lines of Longitude?

Imaginary lines running vertically from the North Pole to the South Pole, measuring distances east or west of the Prime Meridian.

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What is the Crust (Earth's Layer)?

The outermost layer of the Earth, composed of relatively thin, cold, and rigid rock. It's like the Earth's skin.

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What is the Mantle (Earth's Layer)?

The thick, hot, and gooey layer below the Earth's crust. It's like melted rock slowly moving around.

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What is an Alphanumeric Grid System?

A system of letters and numbers used to identify specific locations on a map.

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What are Tectonic Plates?

Large slabs of rock that make up the Earth's outer layer. They slowely move causing earthquakes and volcano eruptions.

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What are Contour Lines?

Lines on a topographic map that connect points of equal elevation. They can help you understand terrain features.

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What is a Political Map?

A map that shows political boundaries, important cities, and other human-made features. It's like a 'political snapshot' of an area.

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Weather

The short-term atmospheric conditions at a specific time and place, like "it's raining today".

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Climate

The long-term average weather patterns of a region, like "a snowy winter".

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Latitude and Climate

The distance from the equator affects a region's temperature, with lower temperatures farther away.

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Ocean Currents and Climate

Continuous movement of ocean water, transferring heat around the globe.

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Winds and Air Masses and Climate

Large bodies of wind in the atmosphere, carrying the climate conditions of their origin.

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Elevation and Climate

The height above sea level, affecting temperature with lower temperatures at higher elevations.

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Relief and Climate

The shape of land affects wind and rainfall patterns, with windward sides receiving more.

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Nearness to Water and Climate

The distance from large bodies of water affects climate, with maritime regions having milder and wetter climates.

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Climate Graph

A graph that shows the climate of a region over a year, combining precipitation and temperature data.

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Renewable Resources

Resources that are naturally replenished over time, like forests and fish, if used sustainably.

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Study Notes

Unit 1: Intro to Geography, Mapping Skills

  • Themes of Geography:
    • Movement: How and why people move
    • Region: A group of places with similar physical or human characteristics (e.g., climate, language)
    • Human-Environment Interaction: How humans adapt to and change the environment (positive and negative impacts)
    • Location: Absolute and relative location
    • Place: Physical and human characteristics that make up an environment
    • Physical vs. Human Geography:
      • Physical Geography: Natural features of the Earth
      • Human Geography: Man-made features of the Earth
    • Absolute vs. Relative Location:
      • Absolute Location: Exact location of something (e.g., room number 163)
      • Relative Location: Location of something in comparison to another (e.g., next to Mrs. Thomas' class)
    • Compass Rose:
      • 4 Cardinal Points: North, East, South, West
      • 4 Ordinal/Inter Cardinal Points: Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, Southwest

Canada's Provinces, Territories, and Capital Cities

  • Provides a list of Canadian provinces/territories and their respective capital cities.

Components of a Map

  • Title: Identifies the area and topic.
  • Borders: Limits the scope of the information.
  • Compass: Provides orientation and direction.
  • Legend: Explains symbols and colors.
  • Date of Publication: Indicates map's recency.
  • Scale: Compares map distances to real-life distances.
  • Types of Maps:
    • Political Map: Shows political borders, important towns, and cities.
    • Topographic Map: Shows physical features using contour lines to highlight elevation.
    • Thematic Map: Emphasizes specific themes (e.g., population, climate).
    • Historical Map: Shows how things were in the past.
  • Grid Systems:
    • Alphanumeric: Uses letters and numbers to identify locations.
    • Military: Uses a combination of numbers.
    • Latitude and Longitude: Measures distance using degrees.
      • Latitude: Horizontal lines, measuring distance north and south of the equator.
      • Longitude: Vertical lines, measuring distance east and west of the Prime Meridian.

Time Zones of Canada

  • Canada has six time zones.
  • Time increases one hour as you move east, with an exception for Newfoundland which increases by 30 minutes.

Unit 2: Landforms, Geology, Human Activities

  • Layers of the Earth:
    • Crust: Outer shell, thick, cold, and fragile
    • Mantle: Thick zone of magma, hot and molten.
    • Outer Core: 2000 km thick, 3000-4000 degrees Celsius.
    • Inner Core: 1400 km thick, 5000-6000 degrees Celsius.
  • Tectonic Plates:
    • Massive rock slabs that make up Earth
    • Seven (7) major plates
    • Plate Movement: Driven by heat from Earth's core, heat and convection currents
      • Divergent: Plates move apart.
      • Convergent: Plates move together.
      • Transform: Plates slide past each other.

Unit 3: Climate

  • Weather: Short-term atmospheric conditions
  • Climate: Long-term atmospheric conditions
  • Factors Affecting Climate:
    • Latitude: Distance from the equator affects temperatures.
    • Ocean Currents: Transfer heat around the globe.
    • Winds and Air Masses: Large bodies of air with specific characteristics.
    • Elevation: Higher elevations have lower temperatures.
    • Relief: Shape of the land influences precipitation.
    • Nearness to Water: Maritime climates are influenced by large bodies of water.

Unit 4: Population, Resources, Industries

  • Types of Resources:
    • Renewable: Regenerate if used carefully (e.g., fish, forests)
    • Non-renewable: Limited and cannot be replaced (e.g., gold, coal)
    • Flow: Resources replaced by natural processes (e.g., sunlight, water)
    • Other: Do not fit into the above categories (e.g., Niagara Falls)
  • 3 Rs:
    • Reduce: Minimize waste at the source
    • Reuse: Repurpose items.
    • Recycle: Turn waste into new materials
  • Canada's Economy: Three sectors:
    • Primary: Collects resources directly from nature (agriculture, fishing, mining).
    • Secondary: Turns raw materials into finished products (manufacturing, construction).
    • Tertiary: Provides services to people and businesses (education, healthcare, transportation).

Demography

  • Demography: The study of human populations.
  • Birth Rate: Number of births per 1000 people
  • Death Rate: Number of deaths per 1,000 people
  • Natural Increase Rate: Birth rate - Death rate
  • Immigration Rate: Number of immigrants per 1,000 people
  • Emigration Rate: Number of emigrants per 1,000 people
  • Net Migration Rate: Immigration rate - Emigration rate
  • Population Growth Rate: Natural increase rate + Net migration rate
  • Migration: Movement into or out of an area
    • Immigrants: Move into a country
    • Internal Migration: Movement within a country
    • External Migration: Movement out of one's country
    • Pull Factors: Factors that draw people into an area (e.g., jobs, better opportunities).
    • Push Factors: Factors that drive people away from an area (e.g., violence, poverty)
    • Sponsorship: Canadian citizens supporting families to immigrate.

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Grade 9 Geography Exam Study Notes PDF

Description

Explore the foundational concepts of geography in this quiz. From movement and regions to the differences between physical and human geography, test your knowledge of essential mapping skills. Understand how location affects our environment and the significance of the compass rose.

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