Grade 8 Career and Technical Education PDF

Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource CAREER AND TECHNICAL CAREER AND TECHNICAL CTE Grade 8 Student Textbook EDUCATION (CTE)...

Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource CAREER AND TECHNICAL CAREER AND TECHNICAL CTE Grade 8 Student Textbook EDUCATION (CTE) EDUCATION (CTE) Student Textbook Grade 8 Grade 8 Student Textbook F EDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF EDUCATION F EDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF EDUCATION Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource የኢትዮጵያ ፌደራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ የትምህርት ሚኒስቴር F EDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF EDUCATION IN COLLABORATION WITH HAWASSA UNIVERSITY CAREER AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION (CTE) STUDENT TEXTBOOK GRADE 8 Writers: Markos Mathewos (PhD) Zerhun Ganewo (Assis. Prof.) Content Editor: Deribe Kaske (PhD) Instructional Design Editor: Seboka Geleta (MA.) Language Editor: Seifu Zinab (Assis. Prof.) Book Designer: Wondwossen Ergete (MSc.) Illustrator: Degif Teka (PhD) Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Table of Contents Page UNIT 1 1. PERSONAL CAREER SELECTION........... 1 1.1. Introduction.................................... 1 1.2. Four Main Steps of Personal Career Selection........ 2 1.2.1. Researching career opportunities in the locality........... 3 1.2.2. Evaluating career................................... 3 1.2.3. Discussing selected career............................ 4 1.2.4. Decision on single career............................. 5 1.3. Finding the Right Career.......................... 6 1.4. Unit Summary.................................. 10 UNIT 2 2. SELF EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES:..... 13 2.1. Introduction................................... 14 2.2. Reception Skills................................ 15 2.2.1. Basic skills of a reception............................. 15 2.2.2. Ethiopian hospitality experiences...................... 17 2.3. Photocopier Machine............................ 19 2.3.1. Steps to use a photocopier machine..................... 20 2.3.2. Maintenance of a photocopier machine.................. 23 2.3.3. Copier problems and proper management................ 24 2.3.4. Copier maintenance tips to prevent copier problems........ 28 2.3.5. How to take care of your copier........................ 28 2.4. Undertaking an Enterprise Activity............... 29 2.4.1. Product selection................................... 29 2.4.2. Factors responsible for the selection of product............ 30 2.4.3. Market selection................................... 31 2.4.4. Product Advertisement............................... 32 2.5. Unit Summary.................................. 33 Grade 8 i Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 3 3. SELF EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES:..... 39 3.1. Introduction................................... 40 3.2. Construction and Basic Carpentry................. 41 3.2.1. Construction of bricks and clay materials................ 41 3.2.2. Basic carpentry..................................... 47 3.2.3. Painting and decorating.............................. 50 3.2.4. General health and safety procedures at work............. 54 3.3. Checking and Maintaining Car Tyres.............. 55 3.4. Handling a Retail Business...................... 58 3.4.1. Handling customer payments in a retail business.......... 58 3.4.2. Payment collection problems in retail business............ 60 3.4.3. Payment options.................................... 61 3.4.4. Problems related to a cash payment..................... 62 3.4.5. Retail process...................................... 62 3.4.6. Selling process steps................................. 63 3.5. Unit Summary.................................. 66 UNIT 4 4. SELF EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES:..... 71 4.1. Introduction.................................... 72 4.2. Hospitality Events............................... 73 4.2.1. Types of events..................................... 73 4.3. Food Preparation Service......................... 74 4.3.1. Essential kitchen tools............................... 75 4.3.2. Preparing balanced nutritious meals.................... 80 4.3.3. Hot and cold drinks................................. 80 4.3.4. Fresh foods........................................ 81 4.3.5. Some cultural foods in Ethiopia........................ 82 4.3.6. Fast food preparation as employment opportunities........ 86 4.3.7. Delivering proper customer services.................... 87 4.4. Cleaning Service................................. 88 ii Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource 4.4.1. Major steps of cleaning a floor........................ 89 4.4.2. Personal appearance requirements for cleaning........... 94 4.4.3. Hand washing..................................... 96 4.4.4. Cleaning of work area................................ 98 4.4.5. Major types of cleaning services........................ 98 4.4.6. Cleaning equipment................................. 99 4.4.7. Cleaning agents.................................... 101 4.4.8. Skills required for any cleaners........................ 101 4.4.9. Safe disposal of household cleaners...................... 102 4.5. Unit Summary.................................. 102 UNIT 5 5. EMPLOYABILITY........................... 108 5.1. Introduction.................................... 109 5.2. Seven Tips to Boost Employability................. 110 5.3. Working as Part of a Team........................ 115 5.4. Unit Summary.................................. 117 UNIT 6 6. PREPARING FOR EMPLOYMENT........... 120 6.1. Introduction.................................... 121 6.2. Definitions of Employee and Employer............. 121 6.3. Problem-Solving in the Workplace................. 122 6.4. Unit Summary.................................. 128 UNIT 7 7. ENTREPRENEURSHIP...................... 131 7.1. Introduction.................................... 132 7.2. Definition of Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneur.... 133 7.2.1. Definitions of entrepreneurship........................ 133 7.2.2. Who is Entrepreneur?............................... 133 7.3. Four Types of Entrepreneurship................... 135 7.3.1. Small Business..................................... 135 7.3.2. Scalable Startup.................................... 141 7.3.3. Large Company.................................... 141 Grade 8 iii Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource 7.3.4. Social Entrepreneurship.............................. 143 7.4. Types of Entrepreneurs........................... 143 7.4.1. Classification of entrepreneurs based on economic development................................................. 144 7.4.2. Classification of entrepreneurs based on motivation........ 145 7.5. Seven Characteristics of an Entrepreneur........... 146 7.6. Entrepreneurship and Saving..................... 151 7.7. Unit Summary.................................. 152 iv Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Personal Career Selection UNIT PERSONAL CAREER 1 SELECTION LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this unit, learners will be able to: 🏹 Select careers that interest them to learn more about qualifications and details. 🏹 Discuss the steps of career selection. Key Words Career Selection: is a process of choosing an occupation or profession that is adopted for a significant period of someone’s life and provides him/her opportunities for progress and prosperity. 1.1. Introduction In the first chapter of grade seven CTE, you have learned about career, job, and their differences. Career selection is a process of choosing an occupation or profession that is adopted for a significant period of someone’s life and provides him or her opportunities for progress and prosperity. Grade 8 1 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 1 Usually, a career includes all the roles of one’s life such as: education, training, and paid and unpaid work. Career selection has become more complex in the 21st century due to individual’s Figure 1.1: Career Selection dependence upon mass media that plays a significant role in shaping personal choices. Usually, a career includes all the roles of one’s life such as: education, training, and paid and unpaid work. Career selection has become more complex in the 21st century due to individual’s dependence upon mass media that plays a significant role in shaping personal choices. 1.2. Four Main Steps of Personal Career Selection There are four steps that an individual should pass through to select a given career. These include: research, evaluation, discussion, and decision. The steps are explained below in detail. 2 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Personal Career Selection 1.2.1. Researching career opportunities in the locality Brainstorming Question Think of all careers available in your area and tell to your teacher. Several career opportunities are available in each locality. These available careers are may be related to animal production, crop production, manufacturing, construction, or different services. Career searching is a process of listing all available career opportunities in the areas. In this step of career researching, all available careers should be listed comprehensively. Activity 1 Please discuss in group of three students and list down all career opportunities in your locality. 1.2.2. Evaluating career This is the stage when we compare and contrast the most relevant and appropriate careers among the entire lists. This process is called evaluation, and could help to learn more about a collection of careers instead of just one at a time. It is better to consider the availability Grade 8 3 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 1 of resources, required knowledge level, skills, experiences, etc. in evaluating the alternative careers. In other words, you can start the evaluation process from the career that you think is most appropriate for you. In this process, you could be able to understand each career in detail. Activity 2 1. Please select only five career opportunities among the lists in Activity 1. 2. Then list down what type and level of qualifications are required to engage in these selected careers. 1.2.3. Discussing selected career Activity 3 In group, discuss and compare which career is appropriate for you. The discussion could enable you to compare the careers you choose, and why you liked those careers. You may also learn about new job tracks from your peers. Similarly, two of you may have a common career interest and discuss further the requirements and possibilities of the job. During the discussion process, there are also possibilities of dropping your preferred choice. Therefore, each of you discusses 4 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Personal Career Selection what you liked about one career, compare and contrast selected careers with non-selected ones. 1.2.4. Decision on single career At this point, you will be able to select a single career that seems appropriate to you based on your research, evaluation, and discussion made with your classmates. Story of Career Selection Sarkabo was born in Southern Ethiopia. He completed his Primary Education in 2010 E.C. After completing his grade 8 education, he decided to start his own business. He engaged in different agricultural activities and small-scale trade. He grew crops such as barley, teff, and coffee. He also has a poultry farm with 50 chickens. Moreover, Sarkabo engaged in selling shop. One day, while he calculates his income and costs, he noticed that he is not profitable in all his income-generating activities. He has engaged in different income-generating businesses and he has not been able to manage properly. Finally, he decided to engage only in poultry production. Activity 4 Students, after you go through all the four steps, tell to your classmate about the career you selected and why you selected it. Grade 8 5 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 1 1.3. Finding the Right Career In the process of finding the right career based on your choice, you need to follow series of steps. In the beginning, you need to list all the possible alternatives. Several careers may exist in your area. To select the right career, the seven steps listed below should be followed. Step 1: Make a list of occupations to explore. You probably have multiple lists of occupations in front of you at this point and generated lists of careers by each of the self-assessment tools you have used. To organize it, you should combine them into one master list. Figure 1.2: Students listing down possible careers they know Step 2: Explore the list. 6 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Personal Career Selection At this step, you will reduce your list to only five to ten options. Now you can get some basic information about each of the occupations on your list. Figure 1.3: Students exploring the careers Step 3: Narrow down the list. At this stage, you have more information; start to reduce the number of your list even further. It is better to begin eliminating the careers you do not want to pursue any further. You should remain with two to five occupations on your “shortlist”. Figure 1.4: Examples of lined paper to narrow down the list Grade 8 7 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 1 Step 4: Get more information. After reducing the career options to three to five, you need to have in-depth information about each career. Seek advice and information from those people who engaged in the same career with your shortlists. This helps to get firsthand knowledge about the Figure 1.5: A student getting advice on careers on your shortlist. his future career from his teacher Step 5: Make your career choice. After doing all your research, you are most likely ready to make your choice. Select the career that you think will bring you the most satisfaction based on all the information you have gathered. Realize that you are allowed to change your mind about your choice at any point in your life. 8 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Personal Career Selection Step 6: Identify your goals. Long-term goals typically take about three to five years to reach, while you can usually fulfill a short-term goal in six months to three years. Step 7: Make a career action plan. Put together a career action plan written document that lays out all the steps you will have to take to reach your goals. It can be used as a roadmap that will take you from point A to B, then to C and D. Activity 5 Students, please discuss in a group of three/four about your career action plan. Grade 8 9 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 1 1.4. Unit Summary Career selection is a process of choosing an occupation or profession that is adopted for a significant period of someone’s life and provides him or her opportunities for progress and prosperity. There are four steps that individuals should pass through to select a given career. The first step is researching career opportunities in the locality. The second step is evaluating the career opportunities. This process could help to learn more about a collection of careers instead of just one at a time. The third step is discussion on selected careers. This helps to explore the requirements of each career and helps to come to a final decision for a selection. The last and fourth step is selecting a single career. This is the final step to find an appropriate career based on an individual’s interest. 10 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Personal Career Selection Unit Review Questions Do the following unit review questions in your exercise book. Part I. Write ‘True’ if the statement is correct, and write ‘False’ if the statement is incorrect. 1. To be effective, one person should engage in all careers available in his/her area. 2. In each locality, there are a lot of career opportunities. 3. Career researching is a process of listing all available career opportunities in the areas. Part II. Fill in the blank space with a correct answer. 1. ___________ is a process of choosing an occupation or profession that is adopted for a significant period of someone’s life and provides him or her opportunities for progress. 2. ____________is a process of listing all available career opportunities in the area. Part III. Choose the correct answer for the following questions. 1. Researching or listing career opportunities helps to: a. Discuss each available career opportunity b. Understand each career in detail Grade 8 11 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 1 c. Know all available career opportunities in the areas d. Select among the alternative careers 2. Which one of the following is a correct statement about finding the right career? a. Narrowing down a career list helps to focus on some careers. b. Getting more information helps to have in-depth information about each career. c. Identifying your goals helps you in implementing your career choice in action. d. All are correct 3. In the process of finding the right career, identifying your goals is one among the steps. What is/are the importance of identifying your goals? a. Helps to reduce the number of career you listed down b. Helps you to implement your career choice c. Helps to develop a career action plan d. Helps to select a single career among alternatives 12 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Reception Skills,... UNIT SELF EMPLOYMENT 2 OPPORTUNITIES: RECEPTION SKILLS, PHOTOCOPIER USAGE, AND ENTERPRISE ACTIVITY LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this unit, learners will be able to: 🏹 Explain the procedures for welcoming and assisting visitors 🏹 Use photocopier machine 🏹 Identify enterprise activities Key Words Self-employment is working for oneself rather than working for a specific employer who pays a wage or salary. A receptionist is an employee taking an office or administrative support position. Such receptionists are often called front desk clerks. Receptionists cover many areas of work to assist the businesses they work for, including setting appointments, filing, record keeping, and other office tasks. 17 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 2 Skill is defined as the ability to use one’s knowledge effectively and readily in execution or performance of learned physical tasks. 2.1. Introduction As you have learned in unit six of Grade 7 Career and Technical Education, self-employment is working for oneself rather than working for a specific employer who pays a wage or salary. Self- employment is the act of a person or group of persons gen­erating one’s income directly from those who buy their outputs, as opposed to being an employee of others. It is important to acquire knowledge and skills related to certain business activities.The major skills related to reception, maintenance of photocopier machine, and executions of small retail business are useful. The following sections discuss the major procedures of accepting guests as a receptionist, appropriate steps in managing and maintenance of photocopy machines, and the mechanism of retail process in free-market situations. 18 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Reception Skills,... 2.2. Reception Skills Brainstorming Question What skills that you think are important for a receptionist? In Ethiopia, the reception career is mostly related with hotel services. The duties of a receptionist may include answering visitors’ inquiries about a company and its products or services, directing visitors to their destinations, sorting and handing out mail, and answering incoming calls on multi-line telephones. Figure 2.1: Receptionists welcoming guests 2.2.1. Basic skills of a reception a. Written and verbal communication skills 19 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 2 Effective and clear communication — both written and verbal is an important skill for a receptionist to have, as it makes for a more productive workday. b. Customer service Receptionists should be pleasant, accommodating, and attentive. Sometimes all it takes is a smile and being able to provide the right answers. c. Multitasking and prioritizing Receptionists need to have the ability to multitask, especially in a fast-paced work environment. Skilled receptionists are often putting people on hold and handling multiple phone conversations at once, all while dealing with whoever just walked through the door and maybe there is a line, too. d. Welcoming body language Many people greet each other by: high fives, smiling, nodding head, hugging, grunting, waving, saying “Hey”, also asking if you are ok, and thumbs up, shaking hands, hands on the shoulder (pat on back) calling by signing with fingers, pointing and shouting, and saying cheer up! e. Top interpersonal skills Good interpersonal skills go beyond basic communication abilities. Look for a candidate who collaborates easily, can give and receive 20 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Reception Skills,... criticism gracefully, and rises above petty office politics. Soft skills like friendliness and likability are especially important for the receptionist role. f. Ability to work under pressure The ability to work under pressure involves dealing with constraints that are often outside of your control- these might be resource or time constraints, the difficulty of the task or having insufficient knowledge required to complete the task, or unforeseen changes or problems. g. Basic computer knowledge Receptionists often use computer software programs and correspond via email. Familiarity with Microsoft Word and Excel is almost a must for these professionals, as is being able to operate photocopiers and phone systems. Activity 1 Describe the basic skills required for a reception career. 2.2.2. Ethiopian hospitality experiences Most Ethiopians are very welcoming, friendly, generous, and respectful and expect the same in return. In certain cases, Ethiopians will go out of their way to please or entertain others, including 21 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 2 strangers. As is the case in every society, Ethiopians come from different ethnic, family background, lifestyle, education and work experience; they do have variation with commonalities among them. Ethiopians appreciate warm greetings, handshakes, positive body language (smile or showing a sign of happiness) and a show of respect. They offer the best they can afford and give priority to their guest. For example, in most cases, Ethiopians will not take a seat before their guests. Things like this should not be interpreted as anything other than a sign of respect. Coffee ceremony is a core cultural custom in Ethiopia. There is a routine of serving coffee daily, mainly for the purpose of getting together with relatives, neighbors, or other visitors. If coffee is politely declined, then tea will most likely be served (Figure 2.2). Asking about work, life and family is a very common approach to start a conversation. How are you? How are your family, kids, etc.? Are part of the daily greetings. Most of the time a topic for discussion is dependent on the age and gender of the person and the popular topic in the city or the country. Ethiopians tend to exhibit traditional values that they are conservative and modest. It is important to be polite and respectful. Ethiopians generally pride themselves as a culture of hospitality, the traditional coffee ceremony (Figure 2.2). Greetings are very 22 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Reception Skills,... important and it is very appropriate to ask about family such as do you have children? Do they go to school? and etc. Figure 2.2: Ethiopian coffee ceremony Activity 2 Please differentiate in a group of three/four about your basic skills related to reception. What are the traditional ways experienced in your locality for welcoming a guest? 2.3. Photocopier Machine Before discussing photocopier machine, let us define what is photocopy. Photocopy is a copy of usually printed material made with a process in which an image is formed by the action of light 23 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 2 usually on an electrically charged surface. A photocopying machine is one of the most critical pieces of equipment in an office setting. Therefore, as an employee, you may sometimes be required to make great copies using the copying machine. It is estimated that five out of ten people have never even handled a photocopying machine. In most areas of the country, photocopying activity is taken as a source of income for the majority of young people’s business opportunities with ease of repair works when it is damaged or broken. Moreover, office secretaries had been doing this job in addition to office services activities. Figure 2.3: a photocopier machine 2.3.1. Steps to use a photocopier machine Brainstorming Question Did you have any experience of using photocopier machine in your locality? If there is no photocopier machine in the locality, your instructor could show you the photo using digital technology. 24 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Reception Skills,... The major steps to use a photocopying machine are: 1. Turn on the photocopier. Figure 2.4: the face of a photocopier showing the start and power button The first step before anything else is to make sure the power cable of the copier is properly plugged into the power source. Then switch on the machine by pressing the power button. Most copiers have the power button located on the face of the device, but others on the side. Make sure you are pushing the correct button to avoid putting the machine into sleep mode. If you find that the unit is already on but is not responding, then it may be in “sleep” mode, in which case you simply press the “copy” button for a response. 25 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 2 2. Put your document on the copier. Next, lift the photocopier’s cover and place your document on the glass surface. You should put the front of the document facing downward on the glass. You will also need to place the document the way the guide marks tell you. Once you have properly placed your document, you can close the copier cover. 3. Select the number of copies (go to the instructions menu). Select the number of copies that you want the copier to make. The copier will have a digital number display and a set of plus and minus keys so that you can change the quantity. 4. Adjust the color To go to the color preference option, click the menu button, and then go to settings, click color preference; select the colors icon then click ‘Save’. 5. Select paper size. Select the correct paper size. 8.5 x 11 inches is the standard paper size. If you need to use a special paper size, then you will have to feed the paper into the appropriate tray. 6. Press the copy button 26 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Reception Skills,... Finally, you will press the “copy” button to print your copies. Some units have the copy button labelled as a “start” button. Once you press the copy button, the copier machine will start printing. Activity 3 List major steps on how to use a photocopier machine. 2.3.2. Maintenance of a photocopier machine One of the easiest things you can do to keep the copy machine working properly is to clean it regularly. This includes a light wiping of the machine’s exterior and a regular wiping of the bypass and exit trays. Always wipe away from the entry areas of the machine, so dirt and debris do not fall into the paper path. The materials used to clean photocopier has to be moisten a clean, soft, dust-free, cotton cloth with a mixture of 70% isopropyl alcohol and 30% water (also known as rubbing alcohol). Do not use fibrous materials, such as paper towels. The cloth should be moist with no free liquid to ensure dripping does not occur. Do not spray any liquids directly onto the product. 27 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 2 Figure 2.5: Cleaning photocopy machines 2.3.3. Copier problems and proper management a) Paper jams A paper jam is the most common copy machine error encountered. The reasons for occurrence vary from the wrong paper size to improper paper loading. These issues cause copiers to pull the paper through incorrectly, resulting in a jam. Fixing these types of issues requires someone manually removing the jammed paper and reloading the proper paper size or correcting the paper alignment. There is also the issue of paper dust, which tends to clog machines and cause paper jams. The best way to avoid paper dust is to periodically wipe the feed tires clean, and vacuum away dust built up inside the copier. 28 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Reception Skills,... Figure 2.6: Paper Jam b) Lines on paper There are multiple reasons why this issue can occur; it includes: Foreign substances on the scanner glass or mirrors Drum or developer unit malfunction (only applies to multi- component copier systems) Drum-blade malfunction, resulting in large lines vertically down the page Issue with fusers 29 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 2 Figure 2.7: Lines on paper c) Cartridge or toner issues Low, empty, or malfunctioning toner cartridges can cause issues within your copy machine. If toner or cartridges are low or empty, replacing them should resolve the problem. d) Wrinkled pages Wrinkled pages are often the result of worn-out feed and exit rollers that cause sticking or jamming. But, worn-out paper trays, moisture caused by humidity, and fuser assemblies can also lead to wrinkled pages. 30 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Reception Skills,... e) Copies are too light or too dark The majority of the time, issues with lightness and darkness on copy pages are the result of an imbalance in the density controls on the copier. Someone may have inadvertently altered the settings previously, making subsequent images copied too light or too dark. In this case, resetting the density levels is the best solution. Figure 2.8: Too dark copies f ) Spots on the page As the name suggests, this copy machine problem consists of random arrays of dots marring an otherwise perfect copy. If you 31 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 2 notice the dots in the same place every time, it is likely an issue of smudges or debris on the copy mirror or glass. A more random array of spots repeated throughout the document could be a defect in the drum. Replacing drums should fix the issue. 2.3.4. Copier maintenance tips to prevent copier problems Shut it off. Shutting off your copier is the easiest copier maintenance tip to perform. Warm it up. Clean the glass. Use better paper. Load paper correctly. Empty waste toner. Know when to check with it. 2.3.5. How to take care of your copier Use quality products. Clean the copier glass regularly. Keep dust and debris from the ink cartridge head. Clear dust from the machine. 32 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Reception Skills,... Activity 4 Visit one office and observe how a photocopy machine works. Then report what you have observed. 2.4. Undertaking an Enterprise Activity An enterprise activity might include a group activity (like baking cakes, washing cars) or an individual activity (e.g. making cards) which often raises money. 2.4.1. Product selection Selecting/choosing the appropriate product or service can be considered the important building block of every business venture. As a matter of fact, products serve the business as the most important and visible first contact with buyers i.e. end-users. Customers’ needs change faster than ever before and the seller should keep their product selection up to date – take note of what the customers ask for and what the general market trends are. 33 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 2 2.4.2. Factors responsible for the selection of product One rule of thumb in developing a product selection criteria template is that the product with the most frequency of need/ demand possesses the greater chance of bestowing success on the business. Availability of adequate funding is also required to carry out before starting the business activities such as development, production, promotion, marketing, and distribution amongst others of the selected product. Moreover, different products require different starter materials. Factors such as the source of the materials, the quality to be achieved as well as the quantity of the raw materials are key management decisions. As is often the case, the product that meets the criterion of giving the optimum return on investment will be selected. Finally, qualified personnel will be required to handle the production and marketing, on an ongoing basis. The cost associated with manufacturing the product must be kept to the minimum by reducing wastage. This is achievable through the engagement of competent and skilled manpower. 34 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Reception Skills,... 2.4.3. Market selection A target market is one part of the total market for a good or service. Consumers who make up a target market share similar characteristics including buying geography, buying power, demographics, and incomes. Target markets are generally categorized by age, location, income, and lifestyle. Defining a specific target market allows a company to home in on specific market factors to reach and connect with customers through sales and marketing efforts. Figure 2.9: a small market center with stationary materials 35 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 2 Activity 5 Select one commodity/product; you are required to present how the selection made and associated factors responsible for the selection of the product. Share the results to the students in the classroom. 2.4.4. Product Advertisement Product advertising is a paid promotional communication that attempts to induce consumers to purchase a product.Communication channels utilized for product advertising include television, radio, print media, websites, social media, and billboards. Advertising has three primary objectives: to inform, to persuade, and to remind. Informative advertising creates awareness of brands, products, services, and ideas. Selling skills are the muscles that give strength and flexibility to sales professionals. They are developed through experience, sales coaching, and training. They must be refined throughout a sales representative’s career. Activity 6 List the major ways of advertising your products in free- market situations. 36 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Reception Skills,... 2.5. Unit Summary The proper skills to become a receptionist are excellent verbal communication skills, active listening, and great customer service skills also are a must. A talented receptionist can connect callers and visitors with the right employees, as well as handle basic customer service problems and requests adeptly. Being open to new people and ideas, being polite, sociable, control emotions, and working under pressure are some qualities of any receptionist. A photocopying machine is one of the most important pieces of equipment in any business. As a business employee, you may be responsible for making hundreds or thousands of photocopies a day. However, you should not be embarrassed if you do not have experience with a photocopier. When it comes to the photocopier that your business uses, keeping it in peak condition is key; however, this will not only ensure better copies are produced but also lead to less frustration with reduced breakdown issues on the whole. It will also help to extend the lifespan of the machine as regular maintenance is a major factor for longevity. Understanding the major steps in the usage and maintenance of photocopy machines gives opportunities for the students to develop skills and knowledge on the business world, and provides a chance to start a small business in this category. 37 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 2 Understanding the major processes in the selling of goods and services is important for mid-level professionals to execute certain business activities in their life besides updating their carriers for a future academic environment. By doing this, they can select a product to sell, state its target market, advertise the sale, and identify resource requirements and costs for a certain commodity. 38 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Reception Skills,... Unit Review Questions Do the following unit review questions in your exercise book. Part I: Write ‘True’ if the statement is correct, and write ‘False’ if the statement is incorrect. 1. Advertising and marketing are the same things. 2. Institutional markets consist of people who buy products and services for personal use. 3. Convenience products usually have intensive distribution because sales of these products tend to have a direct relationship to availability. 4. A reception desk needs to be manned at all times of the working day. 5. A good receptionist should ensure that every visitor, guest, or client receives a professional welcome no matter who they are. 6. Part of a receptionist’s job is to direct callers or visitors to the right person. 39 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 2 Part II: Fill in the blank spaces with the correct answer. 1. The traditional view of marketing is that the firm makes something and then ________ it. 2. The basic role of promotion is __________. 3. The ________ concept holds that consumers and businesses if left alone, will ordinarily not buy enough of the organization’s products. 4. If the aim of the promotion to introduce a new consumer product is to achieve high awareness levels, the firm will most likely make heavy use of _______ in the promotional mix. Part III: Choose the correct answer for the following questions. 1. What are the common problems faced when using a photocopier machine? a. Paper jam b. Lines on the paper c. Over-heating d. Toner or cartilage problems e. All of the above 2. How often should a photocopier be serviced? a. Monthly b. Yearly c. 2-3 years d. None of the above 40 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Reception Skills,... 3. What is an alternative term for ‘marketing communications’? a. Promotion d. Price-lists b. Email e. Product literature c. Sales talk 4. Tips to help you prepare for a receptionist interview a. The receptionist has to dress in a proper manner. b. Get to know the company personality ahead of time. c. Be familiar with the company products and/or services. d. Be aware of your body language. e. Practice communicating clearly and calmly. f. All of the above 5. Which of the following questions is not used for receptionist interviews? a. What are your most/least favorite things about being a receptionist? b. What is the biggest daily personal challenge you face in this role and what have you done to improve it? c. What is the extent of your customer service experience? d. In your opinion, what role does a receptionist play in contributing to office culture? e. All of the above 41 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 2 6. What makes you a good fit for a receptionist? a. Organizational skills b. Positive and friendly attitude at all times c. Making a great first impression d. All Part IV: Dear students please copy the following questions into your exercise book, and give your answers accordingly. 1. What methods do you use to diagnose a problem with a copier? 2. What are the major steps to use a photocopy machine? 3. What are the major steps in selecting certain product for the market? 42 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Construction, … UNIT SELF EMPLOYMENT 3 OPPORTUNITIES: CONSTRUCTION, BASIC CARPENTRY, MAINTENANCE AND RETAIL BUSINESS LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this unit, learners will be able to: 🏹 Apply basic construction and carpentry skills 🏹 Maintain appropriate equipment to check tyre and tyre pressure 🏹 Handle customer payments in a retail business Key Words Construction is defined as the creation or building of something. Concrete masonry unit (locally named as blocket) is a standard size rectangular block used in building construction. Carpentry is the art and trade of cutting, working, and joining timber. The term includes structural timberwork in framing and items such as doors, windows, and staircases. Grade 8 43 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 3 Tyre pressure is a measurement of how much air is in your pneumatic tyre, and ensures the tyres wear evenly and maintain the correct level of grip on the road surface. Retail is the process of selling consumer goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit. Retailers satisfy demand identified through a supply chain. Payment is the transfer of money, goods, or services in exchange for goods and services in acceptable proportions that have been previously agreed upon by all parties involved. 3.1. Introduction Construction and carpentry are the fundamental interconnected works in the construction industry, which engage the majority of youths in developing countries. Skills and knowledge in this sector are crucial for the development of a country like Ethiopia. Whereas constructing basic brickwork structures; painting and decorating skills for a middle-level career are major components to be dealt with in this unit. In many low-income countries where people work every day just to survive, the concept of leisure time is not always well understood, and nor is it a priority. 44 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Construction, … 3.2. Construction and Basic Carpentry 3.2.1. Construction of bricks and clay materials Brainstorming Question Have you ever heard about how concrete bricks are made? There are two types of bricks construction; concrete block and bricks/clay materials. A concrete block is a hollow building unit of concrete called also cement block. A concrete block is primarily used as a building material in the construction of walls. It is sometimes called a concrete masonry unit (locally named as blocket). A concrete block is one of several precast concrete products used in construction. Most concrete blocks have one or more hollow cavities, and their sides may be cast smooth or with a design. Concrete brick is a mixture of cement and aggregate, usually, sand, formed in molds and cured. Certain mineral colors are added to produce a concrete brick resembling clay. Grade 8 45 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 3 a b c Figure 3.1: (a) Concrete brick; (b) Cement brick; (c) Clay brick a) Raw materials used for concrete construction The concrete commonly used to make concrete blocks is a mixture of powdered portland cement, water, sand, and gravel with proper proportion. The most commonly used ratio of producing standard bricks comprises the mix ratio of (1:2:3) consists of 1 part of cement, 2 parts of sand, and 3 parts of stone with adequate water. Making concrete bricks and blocks is quite easy, but they need to have a standard size and consistent quality if they are to be sold for a profit. b) Tools and equipment used for concrete bricks construction There are various types of tools and equipment used for the construction of concrete bricks and clay materials at various construction areas. The major types, functions, and graphic presentations are described in the following Table 3.1. 46 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Construction, … Table 3.1: Tools and equipment used in the construction of concrete bricks Name of Descriptions Graphic presentation the tool/ equipment Concrete float A concrete float is a tool used to finish a concrete surface by making it smooth Towel A small hand tool is used for digging, applying, smoothing, or moving small amounts of viscous or particulate material. Grade 8 47 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 3 Wheelbarrow A small hand- propelled vehicle, usually with just one wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles at the rear, or by a sail to push the ancient wheelbarrow by wind Tape measure A flexible ruler used to measure size or distance Shovel A tool for digging, lifting, and moving bulk materials, such as soil, coal, gravel, snow, sand, or ore c) Construction site safety when working with concrete The major safety rules with their descriptions are outlined in Table 3.2 below. 48 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Construction, … Table 3.2: Major safety rules and their description Body part Description of protection Protect your skin. Contact with wet or unhardened concrete mortar cement or cement mixtures can cause skin irritation, severe chemical burns up to third-degree, or serious eye damage. Cement burns are extremely painful and disfiguring. Unfortunately, the pain is not felt for hours and may not be severe for days. Protect your head. Always wear an approved hard hat when on a construction job site. Be sure to take proper care of your hard hat. Do not punch holes into it and do not store or carry it on the rear window shelf of a vehicle as the sunlight and extreme heat may weaken it. Do not wear the hat backward or when it is damaged. Don’t wear a steel hard hat, which can conduct electricity Grade 8 49 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 3 Protect your eyes. Wear shatterproof safety eye protection at all times to keep cement, flying particles, dust and toxic fumes out of your eyes. Don’t wear contact lenses on the job. Chemicals, gases or dust may get under them and irritate or damage the eyes. Protect your ears. There is no cure for noise-induced hearing loss. To avoid damage, wear self-fitting earplugs made of waxed cotton, foam or glass fiber wool which are available in most drug stores. Protect your feet. To protect your feet from falling objects, crushing hazards or punctures from sharp objects like rebar or tie wire, wear steel- toed safety boots. If you have to stand in wet concrete, wear waterproof rubber boots. 50 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Construction, … Protect your back. Back problems from overexertion are a common construction site injury. Do not lift too much! Keep your back straight, knees bent and the load close to your body when lifting to minimize strain. Lift with your legs, not your back. Never twist your body when carrying a load; pivot your feet, not your spine Activity 1 Discuss how bricks and clay materials are constructed in your area, and their importance in the construction industry. List down local materials used in the construction of bricks 3.2.2. Basic carpentry Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping, and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc. The basic carpentry skills are: General framing - construct the wooden structure for a building (walls, floors, and doorframes) Build staircases Grade 8 51 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 3 Install windows, doors, and siding Installation of roofing systems Fitting and installing trim, doors, stairs, and hardware Measuring, cutting and joining materials made of wood or wood substitutes (a) (b) (c) Figure 3.2: Wood work products (a) door, (b) window and (c) roof a) Carpentry hand and power tools A hand tool is any tool that is powered by hand rather than a motor. Hand tools are used for cutting and modifying wooden materials, and detailed descriptions are briefly summarized in Figure 3.3 a and b. On the other hand, tools by machines that need electric sources are categorized as power tools. 52 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Construction, … (a) (b) Figure 3.3: (a) Carpenter hand tools, (b) carpenter power tools b) Carpentry safety rules The following simple procedures will help the workers to follow guiding rules for their safety. Always wear safety glasses or goggles, or face shield. Wear hearing protection that is suitable for the level and frequency of the noise you are exposed to in the woodworking shop. All the carpentries should wear gloves, gowns, laboratory coats, face shields or masks, eye protection, resuscitation masks, and other protective gear such as hats and booties. Grade 8 53 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 3 Figure 3.4: Some of the protective materials for construction workers Activity 2 1. List the major tools used for carpentry works. 2. Present your lists of safety rules when using carpentry tools to the whole class. 3.2.3. Painting and decorating. Painting is the process of coating a surface with chemicals known as ‘paint’. People have been using paint to improve their environment throughout history. Becoming a fully-trained painter and decorator offers a dedicated skill for life and can blend creativity with practical skills. 54 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Construction, … a) b) Figure 3.5: (a) People painting and (b) two young boys decorating A painter and decorator is a professional tradesman who applies paint, varnish, wallpaper and other finishes and special coatings to the walls, ceilings and other surfaces of residential, commercial and industrial buildings and structures. The work of a painter and decorator has both a practical and a decorative function, since painting surfaces not only protects them from weather damage, erosion, mould and rust, but also makes them look more attractive. Grade 8 55 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 3 Figure 3.6: Different paints a) Painting tools Painting tools like brushes, rollers, and trays are used to apply paint directly to surfaces. Materials like drop sheets, gloves, and dust masks protect the painting and the painter during the job (Table 3.3). Chemicals like turpentine and kerosene are to clean painting tools after the job. Table 3.3: Common painting tools used by painters Painting tools Their uses Brush for coating smaller areas, corners, and narrow spaces Hammer for punching and pushing nails before painting a surface Paint Roller for painting larger areas/spaces. Can also be used for texture painting Dusting Brush for removing dust and dirt before painting Tray for dipping the roller brush before applying paint 56 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Construction, … Putty Knife for applying fillers to small holes before painting Abrasive tools Their Uses Sandpaper For smoothing surfaces. The process of smoothing a surface with sandpaper is called sanding. There are many different types of sandpaper Sanding blocks Used with sandpaper to smooth surfaces. (Sandpaper is wrapped around a sanding block to give you greater purchase and control of the sandpaper.) Wire Brush for removing rust on metal surfaces Scraper is a tool used for scraping old paint off before re-painting Putty Knife for applying fillers to small holes before painting Activity 3 What are the major differences between painting and decorating? b) Occupational health and safety of painting When you are preparing and applying surface coatings, it is strongly recommended you make others aware of what you are doing so that Grade 8 57 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 3 they are informed as to any risk that may be present. You can do this by setting up a fence or barrier, or by using signs. Before painting: Wear dust masks when sanding. Wear eye protection at all times. Never sand materials containing lead (can cause cancer). Never grind in an area where a painting is in progress (spark hazard). Be sure to read and obey the labels on each type of paint. 3.2.4. General health and safety procedures at work Workplace safety and health is a set of laws that have been made to protect the health and the safety of people when they are working. Health and safety rules will vary a lot from one country to another. Some countries have very strict rules. Health and safety laws will deal with such things as the temperature in the workplace (it must not be too hot or too cold), things on the floor that people could fall over, or things that could catch on their clothing and cause an accident, smoking in the workplace and other things that might cause pollution or which might be fire hazards. It also includes how many toilets per person there should be, whether they need safety equipment (e.g. hard hats in case anything falls 58 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Construction, … on their heads), or whether it is safe for a person to be left alone in the workplace. Moreover, the rights of disabled people, how many hours in the day people can work for also considered and health safety concerns of the organization. It is important to use the proper safety equipment for a task to help protect yourself from injury. These include appropriate clothing and shoes for your job, know the location of fire extinguishers and first aid kits, use a hard hat if there is a risk of falling objects and wear gloves when handling toxic substances or sharp objects. In addition to this, wear eyeglasses when there is a hazard to your eyes; wear appropriate shoes when working on slippery surfaces or lifting heavy objects; use all protective equipment intended for your task including seat belts; protective headgear or clothing, and safety glasses. 3.3. Checking and Maintaining Car Tyres Brainstorming Question Do you have knowledge and skills regarding checking tyre pressure in your localities? Maintaining proper tyre pressure is important for long life of vehicles and safety of passengers. Proper tyre inflation helps prevent accelerated wear that leads to premature tyre replacement Grade 8 59 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 3 and is also important to safety. Tyres that are driven under-inflated generate excessively high heat levels that can weaken the tyre to the point of failure (Figure 3.6). a) Procedures to check tyre pressure Air hoses with tyre pressure gauges are available for use at most service stations; however, the standard recommends buying a simple pen-shaped pneumatic/mechanical gauge to ensure accurate readings. The following steps have to be kept. Figure 3.7: Measuring vehicle tyre pressure 1. Check the tyre placard – usually inside one of the front door openings – or the owner’s manual for the correct tyre pressures for your car. The pressure often differs for the front and the rear tyres. 60 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Construction, … 2. Unscrew the cap on the air valve of your tyre. 3. Push your tyre pressure gauge firmly onto the tyre valve. 4. Look at the pressure reading on the gauge. 5. If the reading is low, attach the air hose to the tyre valve and increase the pressure to the correct level, rechecking with your gauge if necessary. 6. Screw the cap back onto the tyre air valve. a) Tyre pressure gauge A tyre-pressure gauge is a pressure gauge used to measure the pressure of tyres on a vehicle. Since tyres are rated for specific loads at certain pressure, it is important to keep the pressure of the tyre at the optimal amount. The precision of a typical mechanical gauge as shown is ±3 psi (21kPa). Figure 3.8: Tyre-pressure gauge Grade 8 61 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 3 The easy way to check the pressure of your tyres is by using an air pressure gauge or pressure monitoring system and then recording the reading. If you hear any kind of hissing, then it means either the gauge is not tight enough, or the gauge angle needs adjustment Activity 4 1. Please list the procedures to check tyre pressure in your surroundings. 2. How do you use pressure gauge when checking tyre pressure? 3.4. Handling a Retail Business 3.4.1. Handling customer payments in a retail business Retail business/trade is purchasing the goods from the wholesalers, manufacturers and selling them to the final consumers for a profit. Usually, retail businesses buy bulk quantities at a lower price and then sell them to the customers at a higher price to make profits. Creating a budget for your new business can seem overwhelming, but if you have an understanding of where the big costs are coming from, it is much easier to tackle. Here are six main costs to be aware of when you open a retail business: 62 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Construction, … a) Location A good location means foot traffic and regular customers, and that optimal space comes at a price. So when you are assessing the startup cost of your boutique or retail space, think about the cost of a deposit as well as funds you may need to remodel, improve, or customize the space. If you are selling online, you will want to consider the costs of producing and hosting your website. b) Rent Rent is a monthly cost based on the square footage of the space as well as the real estate value of the physical location. Places that see high foot traffic or are in popular areas see higher rents. c) Utilities Monthly utility expenses are largely influenced by the cost of electricity and gas where you live and the size of your space. The area’s climate also influences your electricity costs. d) Insurance It is crucial to invest in business insurance coverage for your retail store. Common coverage includes business property, business income, business liability, and business crime insurance. Grade 8 63 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 3 e) Employee costs To run a retail store effectively, you may need to hire employees to run the day-to-day operations. Aside from wages, salary, and other benefits, you need to think about the cost of training, doing payroll, and managing things like timecards. f ) Marketing People often overlook marketing costs when they are putting together a budget for opening a business. Some starting costs to consider include the design of a logo, business cards, and website, in addition to any initial promotional campaigns you might run to build your brand. 3.4.2. Payment collection problems in retail business Payment collection plays a very important yet often underestimated role in growth and profitability in retail trade and retail management. Many times, retailers face troubles or complications while accepting payments. Here are some challenges faced by retail sectors. Cash or card-based transaction may not be compatible when long-distance orders are involved. 64 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Construction, … Retail stores often deal with payment orders that are not defined or constantly changes from customer to customer. Accepting payments via cards need a card reader. 3.4.3. Payment options As a small business owner, it can be needed to decide what types of payment to accept from customers. It might offer customers the choice to pay with cash, checks, debit cards, credit cards, mobile payments, and electronic bank transfers. All these payment methods have both merits and demerits (Table 3.4). Table 3.4: Various types of payments and their descriptions Payment Type Description Cash It is one of the most common and easiest forms of payment. Many customers will expect you to accept cash. Credit cards May lead customers to make more frequent or larger purchases. Allows customers to safely make large purchases. Mobile Help customers make more Payments frequent or larger purchases. Allows customers to safely make large purchases. Grade 8 65 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 3 Electronic Bank Allow you to receive large payments without Transfers paying fees. It can be quicker and more convenient than accepting cash or checks. 3.4.4. Problems related to a cash payment Cash payments could take sometimes a week so that the customers will be dissatisfied in the selling processes. It is time consuming in collecting and dealing with cash, rather than what they ought to be doing – better serving end users/farmers through financing. The movement with cash is risky by nature, when the cashiers were loaded with cash, which meant they were at risk of being robbed. Unfortunately when people handle large amounts of cash, some of it goes missing – either stolen or used for bribes. Spends too much time handling/processing checking cash rather than fulfilling their purpose to serve the customers. Life time of paper money is short and costly for printing. 3.4.5. Retail process The retail process is quite a complicated one, which involves the development of value propositions, looking for customer preferences, the establishment of retail networks and supply chains, getting the 66 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Construction, … customers for buying merchandise, setting up stores, and filling it up with merchandise. 3.4.6. Selling process steps The process of selling a product covers various steps like prospecting, pre-approach, approach, presentation, handling objections, closing and follow-up with customers. The 7 steps of selling process are explained below in detail: A. Prospecting The first step in the selling process in which potential customers are identified by the salesperson is called prospecting. B. Pre-approach The stage where the salesperson collects information about the potential customers and understands them before making the sales call is called pre-approach. C. Approach The approach is the step where the salesperson meets the customer for the first time. Grade 8 67 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 3 D. Presentation The step wherein the salesperson talks about how the product will satisfy the customer’s needs and add value to his/her life is called presentation. E. Handling objections In this step, the salesperson clarifies all the doubts and questions that the customer has and eliminates all his objections to buying the product. F. Closing The step in which the customer is asked to place an order for the product is called closing. G. Follow-Up This is the final step in the selling process where the salesperson follows up with the customers to ensure satisfaction and builds the relationship in order to repeat business with them (Figure 3.9). 68 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Construction, … Figure 3.9: Selling process Activity 5 1. What are the criteria to start-up retail business thinking in your mind? 2. Describe the major challenges you will face when marketing by cash in any business activities. Grade 8 69 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 3 3.5. Unit Summary Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping, and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete form work, etc. Painting and decorating needs the skill of knowledge of properties of paints and other coating products for internal and external use, manual skills for using painting tools, excellent knowledge of paint application techniques, sense of form and color and physical strength. A tyre-pressure gauge, is a pressure gauge used to measure the pressure of a tyre on a vehicle. Since tyres are rated for specific loads at a certain pressure, it is important to keep the pressure of the tyre at the optimal amount. In the retail business industry, various types of payments are handled like cash, credit card, and electronic transfer. However, cash payments are very old and it has challenges in this 21st-century experiences. In the workplace, individual workers should follow health and safety procedures at work. Safety involves protecting employees from injuries caused by work-related accidents. Health refers to 70 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Construction, … employees’ freedom from physical or emotional illness. Therefore, to avoid workplace health and safety problems, the employee should take care of herself/himself and the organization’s property from damage. To effectively manage the workplace health and safety concerns, the employee should always be alert to what is happening in their surroundings, maintain the correct position, take breaks regularly, and use equipment properly. Moreover, if a potential safety hazard or risk is identified, report it to supervisor(s) immediately so they can address the situation, keep a clean and organized workplace environment, and use appropriate safety equipment to avoid workplace hazards. Grade 8 71 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 3 Unit Review Questions Do the following unit review questions in your exercise book. Part I: Write ‘True’ if the statement is correct and write ‘False’ if the statement is incorrect. 1. If you are laying out a building and all of the diagonals are square, the building is square. 2. The credit card payment system has a potential advantage compared with cash payments in developing countries. 3. There are seven steps of the selling process in any retail business industry. Part II: Fill in the blank space with a correct answer. 1. Most passenger cars will recommend ____________in the tyres when they are cold. 2. An instrument used to check tyre pressure is named as_____________. 3. ____________business buys products or services from a manufacturer or wholesaler and sells them to consumers. 4. The practice of applying paint, pigment, color, or other medium to a solid surface is called_____________ 5. The process of smoothing a surface with sandpaper is called ________. 72 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Construction, … Part III: Choose the correct answer for the following questions. 1. Concrete mixture is made of a. Cement b. Sand c. Gravel d. Water e. All of the above 2. Which of the following is categorized as decorating skills a. Creative and artistic skills Good interpersonal skills Excellent planning skills All of the above 3. Accepting __________ payments is relatively simple and cheap to set up. a. Credit card b. Cash c. Electronic d. Mobile Grade 8 73 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 3 Part IV: Dear students, please copy the following questions into your exercise book and give your answers accordingly. 1. What are the major raw materials used in the construction of concrete bricks? 2. Mention the basic skills required for any carpentry workers in your vicinity. 3. Describe at least three hand tools used for carpentry works. 4. What are the essential skills for painting and decorating activities? 5. Describe the major procedures to check tyre pressure. 6. Mention major problems related to cash payments. 74 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Hospitality, … UNIT SELF EMPLOYMENT 4 OPPORTUNITIES: HOSPITALITY, FOOD PREPARATION, AND CLEANING LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this unit, learners will be able to: 🏹 Develop the skills to enter the diverse range of roles that the hospitality events sector requires 🏹 Develop the skills to enter the diverse range of roles that the catering (food preparation) sector requires 🏹 Develop the skills to enter the diverse range of roles that the cleaning sector requires Key Words Hospitality is the relationship between a guest and a host, wherein the host receives the guest with some amount of goodwill, including the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers. Grade 8 75 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 4 Cleaning is a process that removes dirts and prevents the accumulation of food residues which may decompose or support the growth of disease-causing organisms or the production of toxins. 4.1. Introduction Awareness on self-employment opportunities in this unit is focusing on skills and knowledge related to hospitality, food preparation, and cleaning activities in certain localities. The hospitality industry is a broad category of fields within the service industry that includes lodging, food and drink service, event planning, theme parks, travel, and tourism. It includes hotels, tourism agencies, restaurants, and bars. There will be job opportunities like working in hotels, restaurants, and other facilities that help customers meet their leisure and recreational needs. After completing your middle level education, you can engage in hospitality events. Proper management of hospitality events is benefiting the event managers and people in the hotel to strengthen collaboration with the major stakeholders, as well as to create synergy with partners. 76 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Hospitality, … 4.2. Hospitality Events Brainstorming Question What do you understand about hospitality events in your surroundings? Hospitality is the relationship between a guest and a host, wherein the host receives the guest with some amount of goodwill, including the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers. Nowadays hospitality is an industry which includes a broad category of fields within the service industry that includes lodging, food and drink service, event planning, theme parks, travel and tourism. It includes hotels, tourism agencies, restaurants and bars. 4.2.1. Types of events Events in the hospitality industry include weddings, business meetings, celebration dinners, and fundraisings. The event planner, owner of a hotel, banquet room manager, or restaurant owner all strive to make these events a success from the client’s, guests’, and his point of view. Promotional events are not primarily organized for the benefit of the player or participant. They are organized to promote the sport or form of recreation activity to a target market with the underlying Grade 8 77 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 4 objective to increase participation. They may also have a second objective to promote the sponsor to the target market as well. Conferences have many objectives; they may be organized gatherings of participants and/or members to carry out planning, to review progress, discuss important issues, circulate new information, select committee personnel, and examine the position of the organization and to impart new knowledge about the sport or recreation activity. Fundraising events include dinner functions, special entertainment functions, bingo or card nights, charity auctions, and awards evenings. Activity 1 List types of events and present to your classmates 4.3. Food Preparation Service Food preparation is the business of providing food services at a remote site or a site such as a hotel, hospital, bar, park, filming site, entertainment site, or at event venues. Regarding the types of services, counter service is food ordered by the customer at the counter and either picked up at the counter 78 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Hospitality, … by the customer or delivered to the table by restaurant staff. It is common in fast food restaurants, pubs and bars in the urban areas. Table service is food ordered by the customer at the table and served to the customer’s table by waiters and waitresses, also known as “servers”. Table service is common in most restaurants. The food offer could be anything from hot gourmet meals prepared on-site to buffet food served in chafing dishes or party platters of cheese, meats, and snacks. 4.3.1. Essential kitchen tools A kitchen utensil is a small hand held tool used for food preparation. Common kitchen tasks include cutting food items to size, heating food on an open fire or on a stove, baking, grinding, mixing, blending, and measuring; different utensils are made for each task. A general purpose utensil such as a chef ’s knife may be used for a variety of foods; other kitchen utensils are highly specialized and may be used only in connection with preparation of a particular type of food, such as an egg separator or an apple corer. Some specialized utensils are used when an operation is to be repeated many times, or when the cook has limited dexterity or mobility. The number of utensils in a household kitchen varies with time and the style of cooking. Grade 8 79 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 4 Table 4.1: General types, descriptions, and photos of major kitchen tools K i t c h e n Description Graphic presentation tools Knives Are used for cutting and scoring, and a tough, serrated-edge bread knife for slicing bread and other baked items C u t t i n g Cutting boards help Boards with hygiene when preparing food and effectively simplify the cleaning process. P a s t a bowl-shaped, stainless Strainer steel tool with a handle and is designed to strain smaller amounts of pasta. 80 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Hospitality, … S p i c e It can be used to grind Grinder your coffee beans or toast whole spices for ultimately fresh spice flavors that can be added to your recipes M e s h Is used to strain stocks Strainer or sauces for a perfect velvet texture, which can make all the difference in a recipe K i t c h e n They are used to pan Tongs fry foods, turn over foods when reaching into the oven (and even to help remove hot pans from the oven) Grade 8 81 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 4 C o f f e e Coffee makers are an maker indispensable small appliance. Unlike many other small appliances, coffee makers are found outside the kitchen Blenders Blenders are an important appliance for those who need to mix sauces, juices or soups. Mixer Any baker knows how laborious it is to stir bread dough or cake batter 82 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Hospitality, … E l e c t r i c Whether it is a Grill clamshell grill or an electric griddle, electric grills of all types are welcome in the kitchen these days Oven Electric ovens have a large electric coil just under the floor of the oven compartment, they may have a second coil on the roof of the oven to serve as the broiler Activity 2 List kitchen utensils and equipment used for food preparation. Grade 8 83 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 4 4.3.2. Preparing balanced nutritious meals A healthy, balanced diet will usually include the following nutrients. vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, carbohydrates, including starches and fiber, protein and healthy fats A balanced diet includes a variety of foods from the following groups: Fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy, and protein foods A balanced diet supplies the nutrients your body needs to work effectively. Without balanced nutrition, your body is more prone to disease, infection, fatigue, and low performance. 4.3.3. Hot and cold drinks Different hot and cold drinks need skills of preparation required from the learners (Table 4.2). Hot drinks consist of fresh ginger tea, fruit tea, hot lemon and coffee. 84 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Hospitality, … Table 4.2: Hot and cold drinks preparation Hot drinks Fresh ginger tea Fruit tea Coffee Hot lemon Cold or soft drinks are made by mixing dry or fresh ingredients with water. Production of soft drinks can be done at factories or at home. Soft drinks can be made at home by mixing syrup or dry ingredients with carbonated water, or by Lacto-fermentation. 4.3.4. Fresh foods Fresh foods that cannot be cooked are fruits e.g. apples, oranges, and bananas, dried fruit like raisins, and canned fruit. Moreover, vegetables like carrots, peppers, avocado, small cucumbers, and Grade 8 85 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 4 tomatoes; lower sodium canned tomatoes, corn, peas, carrots, and beets; and bags of washed lettuce or salads are consumed without cooking. Fresh foods that can be prepared from a cooked snack consists the following compositions: Nuts and dried fruit. Nuts and dried fruit make for a healthy, non-perishable snack mix. Roasted chickpeas Apples and peanut butter 4.3.5. Some cultural foods in Ethiopia Ethiopia has a diverse culture and food preparation traditions. These diverse foods are prepared for household consumptions and serving at hotels, restaurants and small food houses. Among these diverse foods across the country, some of food items are indicated below. Injera: is a sour and spongy round kind of bread made of “teff ” flour. It is an Ethiopian common food. Teff is grown in many parts of the country. The color of injera varies based on the teff variety (white, red or mixed). It is usual to eat injera with wat. 86 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Hospitality, … Wat: is a delicious food usually eaten with injera or bread. Its preparation begins with a large amount of chopped onion, which is simmered or cooked in a pot. Once the onions are softened, butter or vegetable oil is added. Following this, red pepper is added to make a spicy red wat. Tumeric is used instead of pepper for a milder yellow wat. Both spices are omitted when making vegetable stews, such as atkiltwat. Meats of beef, chicken, fish, goat, or lamb are also added. Legumes such as split peas, or lentils; or vegetables such as potatoes, carrots, and chard are also used. A typical serving of wat is shown in figure 4.1 below. Figure 4.1: A typical serving of wat Shiro: It is a delicious chickpea powdered-based dish (sometimes also including lentils and beans), slow-cooked with Ethiopia’s popular and spicy red pepper sauce. There are several kinds of shiro to enjoy, from the soupy thin variety known as shirowot as shown in figure 4.2. Grade 8 87 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource UNIT 4 Atkiltwot is a delicious vegetable combination of cabbage, carrots and potatoes simmered in a light sauce. Porridge (Gonfo) is a stiff porridge-like substance that is normally formed into a round shape with a hole in the middle for the dipping sauce, a mixture of butter and red peppers, or pulses such as sunflower, seed, and nut. It is made with barley or wheat flour. To cook gonfo, the flour and water are combined and stirred continuously with a wooden spoon. Kitfo is a traditional dish which consists of minced raw beef, marinated in mitmita (a chili powder-based spice blend) and butter infused with herbs and spices). In many parts of Ethiopia, kitfo is served with injera, a flatbread made from teff, and/or with kocho, a thick flatbread made from the enset plant. 88 Grade 8 Fetena.net : Ethiopian No#1 Educational Resource Self-Employment Opportunities: Hospitality, … (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 4.2: A sample serve of (a) Shiro (b) Atkiltwot and (c) Kitfo