SBI4U Grade 12 Exam Review PDF

SBI4U: Grade 12 Exam Review Unit 1: Biochemistry 1.​ What are the key components of the structure of the cell membrane? 2.​ What is a redox reaction, and why is it important in biological processes? 3.​ What is the role of an enzyme? How do enzymes lower the activation energy of a chemical r...

SBI4U: Grade 12 Exam Review Unit 1: Biochemistry 1.​ What are the key components of the structure of the cell membrane? 2.​ What is a redox reaction, and why is it important in biological processes? 3.​ What is the role of an enzyme? How do enzymes lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction? What factors affect the rate of enzymatic reactions? 4.​ What is an intermolecular force? Provide examples of each. 5.​ What is a functional group? Provide five examples that are common among macromolecules. 6.​ How can you distinguish between the different macromolecules? What unique properties do each have? 7.​ What is the monomer and polymer of each macromolecule? What is the bond created between the monomers of each macromolecule called? 8.​ What is the role of the cellular membrane? Why is selective permeability an essential feature? 9.​ Describe the different ways of transport across the cell membrane. 10.​Describe the two main types of reactions that occur when monomers bind or polymers are broken into their monomers. Provide an example of each. Unit 2: Metabolism 1.​ What is the role of the mitochondria in metabolism? How does the number of mitochondria in a cell relate to the cell's energy demands? 2.​ Describe the role of the two photosystems in chloroplasts during light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. 3.​ How is pyruvate further used in metabolism after glycolysis? 4.​ In cellular respiration, what process produces the most ATP, and why is it so efficient? 5.​ What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration, and how does it contribute to ATP production? 6.​ What is the role of the Krebs cycle during cellular respiration? 7.​ How does fermentation enable cells to continue producing ATP in the absence of oxygen? 8.​ How is ATP produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? 9.​ What is the importance of NADPH in photosynthesis? Unit 3: Molecular Genetics 1.​ How does DNA replication occur, and how do the enzymes ensure accurate copying of genetic material? 2.​ What is an operon? Provide two examples and how it affects gene expression in bacteria. 3.​ How does the spliceosome contribute to gene expression in eukaryotic cells? 4.​ What is the purpose of adding a methyl cap and a poly-A tail to mRNA in eukaryotes? 5.​ What is the role of a restriction enzyme and how does it function? Provide 3 examples and how they can be used to manipulate fragments of DNA. 6.​ Describe the process of transcription and translation. Create a template DNA strand of at least 15 nucleotides and determine the corresponding mRNA strand and amino acid chain. Unit 4: Homeostasis 1.​ What is homeostasis, and how does it help maintain a stable internal environment within an organism? 2.​ Which glands in the human body are involved in hormone secretion, and what is their role? 3.​ What physiological mechanisms occur in response to a decrease in body temperature? 4.​ How do the central and peripheral nervous systems differ in their roles? 5.​ What are the different components of a neuron? What are their unique functions? 6.​ How does the myelin sheath in the nervous system contribute to the speed of signal transmission? 7.​ What is the role of the kidneys and its specific components? Describe the nephron and its structure and function.