Biochemistry Unit 1 Quiz

<p>Nitrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine reactivity and properties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They create ATP and NADPH through electron transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The type of monomers they are composed of (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cut DNA at specific sequences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, with hydrophilic heads facing the watery environment and hydrophobic tails forming the interior of the membrane. Proteins embedded within the membrane provide channels and pumps for transport, while cholesterol adds stability.

A redox reaction involves the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and reduction is the gain of electrons. These reactions are crucial for energy transfer in biological processes, such as cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed. They lower the activation energy, the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur, by providing an alternative pathway. Factors affecting enzyme activity include temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and the presence of inhibitors.

Intermolecular forces are attractive or repulsive forces between molecules. Types include hydrogen bonding (strongest), dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces (weakest). These forces influence properties like melting point and boiling point.

Functional groups are specific arrangements of atoms within molecules that contribute to their chemical properties. Common examples include hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (C=O), carboxyl (-COOH), amino (-NH2), and phosphate (-PO4).

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four main macromolecules. Each has unique properties: Carbohydrates provide energy, lipids store energy and provide insulation, proteins have structural and functional roles, and nucleic acids store genetic information.

The monomer and polymer of each macromolecule are: Carbohydrates - monosaccharides (glucose) and polysaccharides (starch), Lipids - fatty acids and triglycerides, Proteins - amino acids and polypeptides, Nucleic acids - nucleotides and DNA/RNA. Bonds include glycosidic bonds (carbohydrates), ester bonds (lipids), peptide bonds (proteins), and phosphodiester bonds (nucleic acids).

The cellular membrane regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell, controlling the internal environment. Selective permeability allows the passage of certain molecules while restricting others, ensuring the cell's proper functioning and survival.