Grade 10 Physics Reviewer PDF

GRADE 10 PHYSICS 4. Speed changes depending on the medium ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM - Transverse waves...

GRADE 10 PHYSICS 4. Speed changes depending on the medium ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM - Transverse waves - Range of all types of EM Radiation - Also called EM waves/radiation (Electricity and Magnetism) - Result of vibrations between electric field and magnetic field PROPONENTS James Clerk Maxwell Shorter wavelength - Longer wavelength - Formulated the electromagnetic Higher energy - Lower energy theory Higher frequency - Lower frequency - 4 equations - Maxwell’s equations Violet - Red (oscillating electric current should be capable of radiating energy that Frequency is inversely proportional to travels as fast as the speed of light) wavelength, but directly proportional to Heinrich Hertz energy. W↓ F↑ E↑ - EM waves sometimes called Hertzian waves EM WAVES CALCULATIONS - Proved the existence of radio wave Frequency - SI Unit for frequency was named - Number of cycle or vibration that after him occurs per unit of time (seconds) - Symbol: f PROPERTIES OF EM WAVES - Unit: Hz(1/s) 1. Transverse waves - perpendicular to Energy the propagation of waves - Capacity to do work 2. Created by an oscillating charge - Symbol: E particle, which creates an oscillating - Unit: Joules (J) electric field and magnetic waves Wavelength 3. No required medium. Travel in 8 vacuum at 3 x 10 m/s  - Distance between the point of 2 E = hf E = 6.63x10-34 J.S x 8.1x1014 Hz consecutive waves E = 5.37x10-19 J - Symbol: λ (lambda) 4. What is the frequency of a photon with - Unit: meter (m) an energy of 7.0 x 10-10 J? −10 𝐸 7.0𝑥10 𝐽 𝑓 = ℎ 𝑓 = −34 CONSTANTS 6.63𝑥10 𝐽.𝑆 Speed of EM wave in a vacuum f = 1.06 x 1024 Hz - c = celeritas/ speed of light - c = 3 x 108 m/s Planck’s Constant EM HAZARDS - h = 6.63 x 10-34 J.S Radiation - is energy that comes from a source and FORMULAS travels through space at the speed of Speed of light (c) light. - c=fλ 𝑐 TWO KINDS: - f= λ 1. Non-ionizing radiation 𝑐 - λ= 𝑓 - less energy Planck’s Constant (h) - does not remove electrons from - E = hf atoms 𝐸 - less harmful to living things - h= 𝑓 - radio wave, microwaves, 𝐸 - f= ℎ infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays 2. Ionizing radiation SAMPLE PROBLEMS - high energy 1. What is the frequency of an em wave - capability to remove electrons with a wavelength of 150 m? 8 from atoms and molecules 𝑐 3𝑥10 𝑚/𝑠 𝑓 = λ 𝑓 = 150 𝑚 - may cause eventual harm f = 2x106 Hz or 1/s - X-rays, gamma rays 2. A radio station broadcast with a frequency of 100 KHz. Calculate the wavelength of the em waves emitted by LIGHT the radio station. 1. Natural Light Note: 1 KHz = 1000 Hz - Not man-made 𝑐 8 3𝑥10 𝑚/𝑠 - Sun, firefly, aurora, lava λ= 𝑓 λ 100,000 𝐻𝑧 2. Artificial Light λ = 3000 m or 3x103 m - Man-made - Flashlight, bonfire, oil lamp, 3. Calculate the energy of a photon of light bulb radiation with a frequency of 8.1x1014 Hz. WHAT IS LIGHT? 2. 7 different wavelengths: ROY G BIV - Electromagnetic radiation - combination of 7 = white - Dual in nature: wave (as it bend), (sunlight, lightbulb) particles (travel on a straight line) - Absorbs all 7 colors = black - Could travel in medium and in vacuum PRISM (3 x 108 m/s) - Tool that splits white light into 7 colors - Behaves in various ways by using refraction HOW MATERIALS TRANSMIT WHAT DETERMINES COLORS? LIGHT? 1. Reflection or absorption of light Transparent 2. Wavelength of light - an object can be - Most of the light pass determined by the color reflected - Water & clear glass Translucent MIRROR AND LENSES - Some light Reflection - Curtain and lampshade - Bouncing back of light ray to a material Opaque (mirror) - Not allow any light to pass through - Woods and bricks LAW OF REFLECTION - state how rays of light reflect off a BEHAVIORS surface and create angles Reflection - Bouncing back of light ray Incident Ray - mirror - The ray that strikes the surface Refraction (medium) - Bending of light ray caused by the Reflected Ray changing of its speed - Ray that rebound from the surface - Pencil in a glass if water Normal Line Diffraction - Broken line that divides the angle - Spreading out of waves between the incident ray and the - Sun in the clouds reflected ray into two equal angles Scattering Angle of Incident - Way of light interacts with a medium - Angle between the incident ray that contains particles and normal line - Flashlight in water Angle of Reflection Absorption - Angle between the normal line and the - Disappearance of a light wave reflected ray Transmission - Passage of light wave FIRST LAW - laser - The incident ray, the normal, and the reflected ray all lie in the same plane. WHY DO WE SEE? SECOND LAW 1. Visible light must be present  - The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. MIRROR - Reflective surface - Produces images (real or virtual) - Light rays parallel to the TYPES principal axis pass through or 1. Plane Mirror diverge from focus after - Image of the object is the same reflection. (orange) in front of the mirror - Light rays passing through or 2. Curved Mirror (concave/convex) directed towards the focus are - Curved reflecting surfaces reflected as a ray parallel to the CONCAVE x-axis. (blue) - Converging - Light rays passing through or - Zoom in directed towards the center of CONVEX curvature retraces its path after - Diverging reflection. (green) - Zoom out - F - focal point - C - Center of curvature LENSES - clear plastic or glass with curved surfaces. - Magnifying property (telescopes) IMAGE FORMATION BY Refraction SPHERICAL MIRRORS - Bending of light from one transparent substance to another IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS Location: placement of the image form Orientation: upright↑ or inverted ↓ Size: image is smaller or bigger than the object Type of Image: Real (concave) or Virtual (plane and convex) RAY DIAGRAM - Method used to predict the characteristics of an image formed in a - Diverging curved mirror. - Spy holes on doors, binoculars  - to corrects nearsightedness GAS LAWS (myopia) Boyle’s Law - Robert Boyle; J-shaped tube - Pressure and volume - The volume at a constant temperature is inversely proportional to its pressure. V↑ P↓ - Formula: P1V1 = P2V2 - Pressure (P) = atmosphere (atm) - 1 atm = 760 mmHg - Volume (V) = Liters (L) - 1 L = 1000 mL - Converging SAMPLE PROBLEM - Microscope, magnifying glass 1. A balloon with a volume of 2.0 L is - To correct farsightedness (hyperopia) filled with a gas at 3.0 atmospheres (atm). If the pressure is reduced to 0.5 atm without a change in temperature, GAS LAWS what would be the volume of the balloon? KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY 𝑉2 = 𝑃1𝑉1 𝑉2 = (3.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚) (2.0 𝐿) 𝑃2 0.5 𝑎𝑡𝑚 - Nature of gasses and the behavior of V2 = 12 L its particles - “Ideal or Perfect Gas” - any gasses Charles' Law behaving according to KMT - Jacques Charles; balloon, hot water, and cold water POSTULATES - Volume and temperature Postulate 1 - The kelvin temperature and the volume - Particles are constant, random motion of a gas are directly proportional at a and travel in a straight line constant pressure. T↑ V↑ Postulate 2 - Formula: V1T2 = V2T1 - Mostly empty space and far apart to one - Temperature (T) = Kelvin another - Celsius to Kelvin: +273.15 Postulate 3 - Kelvin to Celsius: -273.15 - No attractive forces acts SAMPLE PROBLEM Postulate 4 1. Consider a 25.0 L gas in a container - No energy is lost when molecules initially at 25°C and 1 atm. If this gas is collide. Perfectly elastic collision. heated and the volume increases to 30.0 Postulate 5 L, what is the increase in temperature - Average kinetic energy is proportional to under constant pressure? 𝑉2𝑇1 (30 𝐿)(298 𝐾) temperature. T↑ KE↑ 𝑇2 = 𝑉1 𝑇2 = 25𝐿 T2 = 357.600 K Gay-Lussac’s Law 5. Ultraviolet radiation has a frequency of - Joseph Luis Gay-Lussac 6.8x10^15 H2. Calculate the energy in - All gasses expand equally over joules. temperature range - The pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. P↑ T↑ - Formula: P1T2 = P2T1 - Always convert into Kelvin 6. Calculate the energy of a photon with a SAMPLE PROBLEM frequency of 5.0x10^14 hert2. 1. Determine the pressure change when a constant volume of gas at 1.00 atm is heated from 20.0 °C to 30.0 °C. 𝑃2 = 𝑃1𝑇2 P2 = (1 𝑎𝑡𝑚)(303 𝐾) Gas Laws 𝑇1 293 𝐾 1. A gas occupies 11.2 liters at 0.860 atm. P2 = 1.034 atm What is the pressure in mmHg if the volume becomes 15.0 L? 2. If the pressure constant is given, then SAMPLE PROBLEMS find the temperature at which the EM Waves volume of the gas is tripled at 0 °C? 1. Calculate the wavelength of radiation with a frequency of 8.0x10^14 H2. 3. A gas has a pressure of 0.370 atm at 50.0 °C. What is the pressure at standard 2. What is the frequency of a radio wave temperature? with a wavelength of 0.52 m? 4. At 90°C, a helium sample has a volume 3. An FM radio station broadcast at a of 500 mL. Determine the temperature frequency of 107.9 H2. What is the at which the volume of the liquid will wavelength of the radio signal? become 240 mL. Assume that the pressure stays the same. 4. What is the frequency of a photon with an energy of 1.2×10^-6 J? 5. A gas occupies 1.56 L at 1.00 atm. What will be the volume of this gas if the pressure becomes 3.00 atm?