Grade 10 Electromagnetic Waves PDF

Grade 10 Quarter 2: Module 1 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Most Essential Learning Competency Compare the relative wavelengths of the different forms of the electromagnetic waves. (S10-FE-lia-b47) Module 1 Electromagnetic Waves What are Electromagnetic Waves?  What are Electr...

Grade 10 Quarter 2: Module 1 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Most Essential Learning Competency Compare the relative wavelengths of the different forms of the electromagnetic waves. (S10-FE-lia-b47) Module 1 Electromagnetic Waves What are Electromagnetic Waves?  What are Electromagnetic Waves? They are also called EM waves or EM radiation They are created as a result of vibrations between an electric field and a magnetic field  Importance of EM waves The SUN emits EM radiation. EM waves are all around us, it’s everywhere.  The Electromagnetic Spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuum of EM waves arranged according to wavelength or frequency.  The Electromagnetic Spectrum Roman Men Invented Very Unusual Xray Guns Radio Waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible Light, Ultraviolet, Xray, Gamma Rays  The Electromagnetic Spectrum Long wavelength, Short wavelength, Low Frequency High Frequency  Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 1. They are transverse waves. Electric and magnetic fields oscillate in a plane that is perpendicular to the propagation of the wave.  Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 2. EM waves are created by an oscillating charged particle, which creates an oscillating electric field and magnetic field.  Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 3. They do not require a medium to propagate. MECHANICAL WAVES require a medium to propagate, EM Waves do not.  Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 3. They do not require a medium to propagate. MECHANICAL WAVES require a medium to propagate, EM Waves do not.  Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 4. They can travel in vacuum at a speed of 3x108 m/s  Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 4. They can travel in vacuum at a speed of 3 x 10 ^8 m/s 3 x 10 ^8 m/s = 300,000,000 m/s HOW FAST IS THAT? Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 4. They can travel in vacuum at a speed of 3x108 m/s 3x108 m/s = 300,000,000 m/s It would take approximately 8 minutes for sunlight to HOW FAST IS THAT? reach earth.  Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 5. Speed of EM waves changes depending on the medium where they are passing through The Electromagnetic Spectrum Applications of EM Waves Applications of EM Waves  Grade 10 Quarter 2: Module 2 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Most Essential Learning Competency Cite examples of practical applications of the different regions of EM waves, such as the use of radio waves in telecommunications. (S10-FE-lIcd-48) Module 2 Applications of Electromagnetic Waves APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Radiowaves  APPLICATIONS OF RADIO WAVES Radio Frequency Bands Low Frequency (LF) Frequency range: 30-300 kHz Application: Long distance communication and navigation  APPLICATIONS OF RADIO WAVES Radio Frequency Bands Medium Frequency (MF) Frequency range: 300-3000 kHz Application: AM (Amplitude Modulation) radio broadcasting  APPLICATIONS OF RADIO WAVES Radio Frequency Bands Very High Frequency (VHF) Frequency range: 30-300 MHz Application: FM (Frequency Modulation) radio broadcasting, ground-to-aircraft and aircraft-to- aircraft communication  APPLICATIONS OF RADIO WAVES Radio Frequency Bands Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Frequency range: 300-3000 MHz Application: Police radio communication, military aircraft and television transmission, modern mobile phones, and global positioning system.  APPLICATIONS OF RADIO WAVES RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) It makes use of radio waves or detection of objects, weather forecasting, military surveillance, and air traffic control as well as monitoring speed in highway patrol and tracking satellites and debris. APPLICATIONS OF RADIO WAVES  APPLICATIONS OF RADIO WAVES MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) In the medical field, applications of radio waves would include the MRI. It is being used for viewing internal parts of the human body without invasive exploratory surgery. APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Microwaves  APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVES Microwaves They are used in remote sensing for disaster management and mapping. They can be easily absorbed by water. They are mainly used to send signals for cable television, as well as video or audio feeds from production vans to broadcast stations.  APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVES Microwave Doppler Radar Microwave Doppler Radars are used in weather forecasting  APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVES Microwave Oven It uses 2.45 GHz microwaves to cook food by transferring energy to the water molecules in the food. In addition to heating leftover food, microwave is used in industrial process for drying and curing products.  APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVES Microwave Ablation Microwave ablation uses the heat of the microwaves to shrink or destroy tumors.  APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVES Microwave Imaging Microwave imaging is used to monitor the progress of treatment in breast cancer, which can be distinguished as benign or malignant through microwave tomography. APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Infrared APPLICATIONS OF INFRARED WAVES  APPLICATIONS OF INFRARED WAVES Most common computers, laptops, palmtops, and printers are equipped with infrared data association ports that enable us to transfer and print data without connecting them with cable.  APPLICATIONS OF INFRARED WAVES Infrared Grill Food can also be cooked using infrared radiation  APPLICATIONS OF INFRARED WAVES Medical Field Physiotherapists use heat lamps to heal sports injuries Medical infrared imaging is used for diagnosis and prognosis in areas like oncology, rheumatology, sports medicine, and orthopedics. APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Visible Light  APPLICATIONS OF VISIBLE LIGHT Visible Light Light waves are given off by anything that's hot enough to glow. This is how light bulbs work - an electric current heat the lamp filament to around 3,000 degrees Celsius, and it glows white-hot. The surface of the Sun is around 5,600 degrees Celsius, and it gives off a great deal of light.  APPLICATIONS OF VISIBLE LIGHT Visible Light When white light passes through a prism, it is separated into its constituent colors: the red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. These colors do not distinctly separate but they continuously change from red to violet. Red color has the longest wavelength from among these colors and violet has the shortest.  APPLICATIONS OF VISIBLE LIGHT Visible Light Visible light waves are used in traffic lights, commercial displays, car headlights, and tail lights.  APPLICATIONS OF VISIBLE LIGHT Every device that has a viewable screen makes use of visible light. Television, liquid crystal displays (LCD), and touchpad devices are examples.  APPLICATIONS OF VISIBLE LIGHT Visible light is also used by plants in photosynthesis.  APPLICATIONS OF VISIBLE LIGHT LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) Laser light is used in many medical procedures: optical imaging, surgery, endoscopy, and treatment. Laser light is also used in medical research and microscopy. APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Ultraviolet Rays  APPLICATIONS OF ULTRAVIOLET RAYS UV Lights UV light more popularly known as black light, are used to detect forged bank notes.  APPLICATIONS OF ULTRAVIOLET RAYS UV Lights UV light is also used during forensic investigations at crime scenes, in procedures like searching traces of blood and other body fluids, fingerprints, and footprints.  APPLICATIONS OF ULTRAVIOLET RAYS UV Lights Black light is also used to sterilize medical equipment and purify water.  APPLICATIONS OF ULTRAVIOLET RAYS UV Radiation UV can also be used to treat skin conditions like psoriasis and vitiligo that cause dyspigmentation of parts of the skin. UV stimulates the production of Vitamin D in our body. APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES X-Rays  APPLICATIONS OF X-RAYS X-Rays X-Rays are used to detect abnormalities in the skeletal system, like fractures and tumors. They can also be used in dental imaging.  APPLICATIONS OF X-RAYS X-Rays are used in airport security checks to see the inside of passenger luggage.  APPLICATIONS OF X-RAYS X-Rays are also used to study the arrangement of atoms in a crystal by a process called diffraction. APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Gamma Rays  APPLICATIONS OF GAMMA RAYS Gamma Ray Generator Gamma rays are used in the industries to detect cracks in metals and to sterilize equipment and commercial products.  APPLICATIONS OF GAMMA RAYS Noncontact industrial sensors using gamma sources are used in refining, mining, chemical, food, soaps, and detergents. As well as pulp and paper industries to control volume levels, density and thickness.  APPLICATIONS OF GAMMA RAYS Food irradiation with gamma rays kills bacteria, insects, and parasites that can cause foodborne diseases.  APPLICATIONS OF GAMMA RAYS In agriculture, gamma radiation helps breed new seed varieties with higher yields.  APPLICATIONS OF GAMMA RAYS In external radiotherapy, the patient is exposed to a beam of radiation. Gamma knife surgery and stereotactic radiotherapy are examples.  APPLICATIONS OF GAMMA RAYS In internal radiotherapy, radiation comes from implants or liquids placed inside the body. This process is called brachytherapy. In a nuclear medicine scan, a small amount of radioactive material, or traces, is injected into or taken orally by the patient.  APPLICATIONS OF GAMMA RAYS A special camera (gamma camera) is then moved along the part of the body to be scanned to take images of it.  Grade 10 Quarter 2: Module 3 RADIATION ALERT 1. Which has the longest wavelength? Radiowaves 2. Which has the shortest wavelength? Gamma rays 3. Which EM wave has the greatest frequency? Gamma rays 4. Which has the least frequency? Radiowaves 5. Between Ultraviolet and Infrared, which has a greater frequency? Ultraviolet 6. Between X-Ray and Gamma Ray, which has a longer wavelength? X-Ray 7. Between Radiowave and Microwave, which has a greater frequency? Microwaves 8. What kind of EM wave can cause sun burns and skin cancer? Ultraviolet Most Essential Learning Competency Explain the effects of EM radiation on living things and the environment. (S10-FE-lie-f-49)  Module 2 Electromagnetic Radiation is ALL AROUND US ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS ALL AROUND US  ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS ALL AROUND US Trefoil known as an international sign used to indicate (1) radioactive sources, (2) containers for radioactive materials, and (3) areas where radioactive materials are stored and used  ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS ALL AROUND US The presence of this symbol (a magenta or black propeller on a yellow background) on a sign denotes the need for caution to avoid contamination with or undue exposure to atomic radiation.  ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS ALL AROUND US Ionization - one of the ways that radiation, such as charged particles and X- rays, transfers its energy to matter. Radiation – a way of transmitting energy from one place to another ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS ALL AROUND US  TYPES OF RADIATION Non-Ionizing Radiation Radiowaves Microwaves Infrared Visible light  TYPES OF RADIATION Ionizing Radiation Ultraviolet rays X-Rays Gamma rays  TYPES OF RADIATION Non-Ionizing Ionizing Radiation Radiation Radiowaves Ultraviolet Microwaves rays Infrared X-Rays Visible light Gamma rays NOTE: Whether it is non-ionizing or ionizing radiation, it is essential to minimize too much exposure especially from sources of high energy E.M. Radiation  ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS ALL AROUND US Factors to consider in minimizing Electromagnetic wave exposure 1. Distance 2. Time 3. Shielding  FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN MINIMIZING E.M. WAVE EXPOSURE Distance Greater distance, less risk of exposure Keep distance from potential sources of high energy radiation  FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN MINIMIZING E.M. WAVE EXPOSURE Time Greater time of exposure, more harmful effects Even low energy radiation can produce negative effects  FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN MINIMIZING E.M. WAVE EXPOSURE Shielding Radiation can be absorbed by certain materials Aluminum and lead are better in shielding  ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS ALL AROUND US Factors to consider in minimizing Electromagnetic wave exposure 1. Distance 2. Time 3. Shielding ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS ALL AROUND US ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS ALL AROUND US  ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS ALL AROUND US Sources of Radiation Exposure Background radiation is all around us all the time. Most of it forms naturally from minerals. These radioactive minerals are in the ground, soil, water, and even our bodies. Background radiation can also come from outer space and the sun. Other sources are man-made, such as x-rays, radiation therapy to treat cancer, and electrical power lines. There are sources of low- energy radiation that we use daily (such as microwave ovens and cell phones), but their health risks seem not that great a concern based on current research.  ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS ALL AROUND US Biological Effects of Exposure to Radiation Radiation can harm either the whole body (somatic damage) or eggs and sperm (genetic damage). Its effects are more pronounced in cells that reproduce rapidly, such as the stomach lining, hair follicles, bone marrow, and embryos. This is why patients undergoing radiation therapy often feel nauseous or sick to their stomach, lose hair, have bone aches, and so on, and why particular care must be taken when undergoing radiation therapy during pregnancy.  BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO RADIATION Different types of radiation have differing abilities to pass through material (Figure 2). A very thin barrier, such as a sheet or two of paper, or the top layer of skin cells, usually stops alpha particles. Because of this, alpha particle sources are usually not dangerous if outside the body but are quite hazardous if ingested or inhaled.  BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO RADIATION Beta particles will pass through a hand, or a thin layer of material like paper or wood but are stopped by a thin layer of metal.  BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO RADIATION Gamma radiation is very penetrating and can pass through a thick layer of most materials. Some high-energy gamma radiation is able to pass through a few feet of concrete. Certain dense, high atomic number elements (such as lead) can effectively attenuate gamma radiation with thinner material and are used for shielding.  BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO RADIATION The ability of various kinds of emissions to cause ionization varies greatly, and some particles have almost no tendency to produce ionization. Alpha particles have about twice the ionizing power of fastmoving neutrons, about 10 times that of β particles, and about 20 times that of γ rays and X-rays.  ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS ALL AROUND US Effects on living organisms Radiation carry considerable energy. When travelling through matter, they transmit their energy to the surrounding atoms and molecules. This transmission result in excitation, ionization and dissociation of atoms and molecules along the radiation path. These reactions can damage cells and even break up the nucleus. Radiation can render cells incapable of division. It can also change the structure of the DNA molecule, which determines the nature of the cell and thereby of the whole organisms.  ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS ALL AROUND US Effects on living organisms Dividing cells are most susceptible to radiation damage. Pregnant women should not be exposed to radiations, not even X rays! The growing fetus in mother’s womb is most vulnerable to radiation damage. The damaged cell will pass on its newly acquired characteristics from generation to the next mutation.  ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS ALL AROUND US Effects on living organisms The damaging effect of radiations on cells and tissues has been put to good use though. Because radiation can retard or stop the growth of cells, it is being used in food preservation. Gamma rays destroy microorganisms and insects, including their eggs, which spoil food. Thus, radiation is used to extend the shelf life of potatoes, onions, and garlic. It is also used to delay the ripening of fruits like mango and also to retard or destroy certain types of tumor or cancer.  ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS ALL AROUND US Effects on living organisms But radiation, as we stated earlier, also causes mutation. Because it can change the structure of the DNA molecule, it can cause cancer. On the other hand, radiation-induced mutation can also bring benefits: high yielding and disease-resistant strains of rice, corn, beans, mongo, and other agricultural crops and sterile breeds of rats and other pests.  ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS ALL AROUND US Measuring radiation exposure Several different devices are used to detect and measure radiation, including Geiger counters, scintillation counters (scintillators), and radiation dosimeters.  ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS ALL AROUND US Geiger Counter (also called the Geiger-Müller counter) detects and measures radiation. Radiation causes the ionization of the gas in a Geiger- Müller tube. The rate of ionization is proportional to the amount of radiation.  ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS ALL AROUND US Scintillation Counter It contains a scintillator—a material that emits light (luminesces) when excited by ionizing radiation—and a sensor that converts the light into an electric signal.  ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS ALL AROUND US Radiation dosimeters It also measures ionizing radiation and are often used to determine personal radiation exposure. Commonly used types are electronic, film badge, thermoluminescent, and quartz fiber dosimeters.  Grade 10 Quarter 2: Module 4 Light: Mirrors and Lenses Most Essential Learning Competency Predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation, type, and magnification) of images formed by plane and curved mirrors and lenses. (S10FE-IIg- 50) Apply ray diagramming techniques in describing the characteristics and positions of images formed by lenses; (S10FE-IIg-51) Lesson 1 Mirrors: Plane and Spherical (Curved)  MIRRORS: PLANE AND SPHERICAL (CURVED) Reflection bouncing of light rays off an object.  MIRRORS: PLANE AND SPHERICAL (CURVED) Reflection bouncing of light rays off an object.  MIRRORS: PLANE AND SPHERICAL (CURVED) Laws of Reflection 1. The incident ray, the normal and the reflected ray, all lie in the same plane. 2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.  LAWS OF REFLECTION Laws of Reflection 1. The incident ray, the normal and the reflected ray, all lie in the same plane. 2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.  MIRRORS: PLANE AND SPHERICAL (CURVED) Types of Reflection 1. Specular Reflection (Regular) – the surface of the mirror is very smooth 2. Diffuse Reflection (Irregular) – diffuse reflection is observed when light hits a rough surface, resulting in the bouncing back of light waves in different directions. TYPES OF REFLECTION  PLANE MIRROR Image Characteristics 1. Virtual 2. Upright 3. Same size as the object 4. Image distance = object distance L.O.S.T. 5. Laterally inverted L – Location O – Orientation S – Size T – Type of Image  PLANE MIRROR Image Characteristics 1. Virtual (T) 2. Upright (O) 3. Same size as the object (S) 4. Image distance = object (L) distance L.O.S.T. 5. Laterally inverted L – Location O – Orientation S – Size T – Type of Image  MIRRORS: PLANE AND SPHERICAL (CURVED) Curved Mirrors Mirrors with curved reflecting surfaces. There are 2 types of curved/spherical mirrors: 1. Concave 2. Convex  SPHERICAL (CURVED) MIRRORS Concave Convex A converging mirror A diverging mirror Light rays converge at one point Light rays diverge after they after they strike and are reflected strike the mirror from the surface  SPHERICAL (CURVED) MIRRORS Concave Incident Ray Mirror Convex Incident Ray Mirror Converging point A converging mirror A diverging mirror Light rays converge Reflected at Rayone point Light rays diverge Reflected Ray after they after they strike and are reflected strike the mirror from the surface  SPHERICAL (CURVED) MIRRORS Concave A converging mirror Light rays converge at one point after they strike and are reflected from the surface produce both real and virtual images  SPHERICAL (CURVED) MIRRORS Images formed by a Curved Mirror Ray diagrams – method used to predict the characteristics of image formed in curved mirrors. F – Focal Point C – Center of Curvature V – Vertex of Mirror 1. Light rays parallel 2. Light rays passing to the principal axis through or directed 3. Light rays passing through passes through or towards the focus is or directed towards the diverge from focus reflected as a ray center of curvature retraces its after reflection. parallel to the x-axis. path after reflection  SPHERICAL (CURVED) MIRRORS Images formed by a Concave Mirror Ray diagrams – method used to predict the characteristics of image formed in curved mirrors. OBJECT LOCATION ORIENTATION SIZE TYPE OF IMAGE Object at Image at F Inverted Smaller Real INFINITY  SPHERICAL (CURVED) MIRRORS Images formed by a Concave Mirror Ray diagrams – method used to predict the characteristics of image formed in curved mirrors. OBJECT LOCATION ORIENTATION SIZE TYPE OF IMAGE Object Image between C Inverted Smaller Real beyond C and F  SPHERICAL (CURVED) MIRRORS Images formed by a Concave Mirror Ray diagrams – method used to predict the characteristics of image formed in curved mirrors. OBJECT LOCATION ORIENTATION SIZE TYPE OF IMAGE Object at C Image at C Inverted Same size Real  SPHERICAL (CURVED) MIRRORS Images formed by a Concave Mirror Ray diagrams – method used to predict the characteristics of image formed in curved mirrors. OBJECT LOCATION ORIENTATION SIZE TYPE OF IMAGE Object Image at between C and Inverted Enlarged Real beyond C F  SPHERICAL (CURVED) MIRRORS Images formed by a Concave Mirror Ray diagrams – method used to predict the characteristics of image formed in curved mirrors. OBJECT LOCATION ORIENTATION SIZE TYPE OF IMAGE Inverted Infinitely Object at F At infinity Real large  SPHERICAL (CURVED) MIRRORS Images formed by a Concave Mirror Ray diagrams – method used to predict the characteristics of image formed in curved mirrors. OBJECT LOCATION ORIENTATION SIZE TYPE OF IMAGE Object Image behind between F and Upright Larger Virtual the mirror P SPHERICAL (CURVED) MIRRORS Convex A diverging mirror Light rays diverge after they strike the mirror  SPHERICAL (CURVED) MIRRORS Images formed by a Convex Mirror Ray diagrams – method used to predict the characteristics of image formed in curved mirrors. OBJECT LOCATION ORIENTATION SIZE TYPE OF IMAGE Any Image behind Upright Smaller Virtual location the mirror At infinity At a distance from the mirror At a close distance to the mirror Lesson 2 LENSES  Lens Lens is a piece of clear plastic or glass with curved surfaces. The light refracts most at the outer surface, while no refraction occurs in the middle of the lens. Light rays will either converge or diverge behind the lens.  Refraction Bending of light ray  TYPES OF LENSES Converging Lens Diverging Lens A convex lens A concave lens  TYPES OF LENSES Converging Lens A convex lens Thicker at the center  TYPES OF LENSES Diverging Lens A concave lens Thicker at the edges  TYPES OF LENSES Different subtypes of Converging and Diverging Lenses  TYPES OF LENSES Different subtypes of Converging and Diverging Lenses Image (Real Image) Object  TYPES OF LENSES Different subtypes of Converging and Diverging Lenses Image (Virtual Image) Object  TYPES OF LENSES Different subtypes of Converging and Diverging Lenses CONVERGING LENS (Convex Lens) DIVERGING LENS (Concave lens) Image is formed between Right F and the Lens Grade 10 Quarter 2: Module 5 Optical Instruments Most Essential Learning Competency Identify ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses determine their use in optical instruments (S10FE-IIh- 52) Lesson 1 Optical Instruments  OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS OPTICAL DEVICES 1. Camera 2. Microscope 3. Telescope 4. Binoculars  OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS Reflection Refraction bouncing back of bending of light light rays as they when it travels hit a smooth from one medium surface to another  TYPES OF LENSES Converging Lens Diverging Lens Convex lens A concave lens Human eye, optical devices, Optical devices, correcting correcting farsightedness (hyperopia) nearsightedness (myopia)  OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS OPTICAL DEVICES 1. Camera 2. Microscope 3. Telescope 4. Binoculars  OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS Camera This instrument makes use of a compound of lens which means that the lens unit contains a series of convex and concave lenses of various densities that work together to direct the light through to the sensor to create an image. It produces an inverted and smaller image.  OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS Camera DSLR Camera Mirrorless Camera (Digital Single-Lens Reflex Camera)  OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: CAMERA This optical instrument works like a human eye. It also produces a real image on a photographic film  OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: CAMERA Lens A piece of curved glass that will focus light allowing clear images to be transmitted unto the film or sensor; convex lenses are used in producing real, inverted images.  OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: CAMERA Aperture A hole where the size could be changed to allow light to pass out of the lens and into the camera  OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: CAMERA Shutter A doorway that will allow light to pass through out of the aperture. CCD (Charged- Coupled Device) OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: CAMERA  OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS Microscope Compound Microscope Simple/Pocket Microscope  OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: MICROSCOPE Simple Microscope Made up of converging lenses that produces an image that is upright, enlarged, and virtual if the object is at or Magnifying Glass within the focal length of the lens OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: MICROSCOPE Compound Microscope Eyepiece lenses Objective lenses Stage Light Mirror  OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: MICROSCOPE Compound Microscope A microscope is an optical instrument that makes small objects look bigger. It consists of two converging lens (objective lens & eyepiece). The eyepiece enlarges the images created by the objective lens.  OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: MICROSCOPE Compound Microscope A microscope is Eyepiece lenses an optical instrument composed of two Objective lenses convex lenses of Stage short focal length. Light Mirror OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: MICROSCOPE OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: MICROSCOPE This optical instrument helps you see small living things that are not visible to the naked eye  OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS Telescope Reflecting Telescope Refracting Telescope This optical instrument helps you see distant stars and planets OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: TELESCOPE Reflecting Telescope They use mirrors instead of lenses to focus light. A concave mirror is used to gather light. Another mirror is used to direct the light unto an eyepiece. OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: TELESCOPE Reflecting Telescope OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: TELESCOPE Refracting Telescope They use lenses to bend light to a specific focal point. A refracting telescope contains two convex lenses. OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: TELESCOPE Refracting Telescope Galilean Telescope Modern Telescope OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: BINOCULARS Binoculars OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: BINOCULARS Binoculars A binocular is an optical instrument consisting of two similar telescopes, used for providing a magnified view of distant objects. OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: BINOCULARS This optical instrument creates an upright, virtual and enlarged image.  OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS OPTICAL DEVICES WHAT TO STUDY 1. Image Characteristic produced by each device 2. Structure of each device (The type of mirrors and lenses they are made of) 3. Uses of each device  Grade 10 Quarter 2: Module 6 Motors & Generators in Action Most Essential Learning Competency Demonstrate the generation of electricity by movement of a magnet through a coil (S10FE-IIi-53) Explain the operation of a simple electric motor and generator (S10FE-IIj-54)  LET’S HAVE A QUICK REVIEW Objects become charged when ELECTRONS are transferred ________________ from or on to it. LECEORNTS  LET’S HAVE A QUICK REVIEW REPEL each other. Like charges ________ PLEER  LET’S HAVE A QUICK REVIEW The charges flow in a simple electric CIRCUIT _____________________ RICUCIT  LET’S HAVE A QUICK REVIEW Ohm’s Law shows the relations ship between __________, CURRENT voltage and resistance. CRURNET  LET’S HAVE A QUICK REVIEW ELECTRICITY is generated in ______________ power plants and transmitted from power stations into your homes. LECTEICRTIY Lesson 1 Nature’s Twin Forces  NATURE’S TWIN FORCES Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction ELECTROMAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION ELECTROMAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION  ELECTROMAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION Hans Christian Oersted In 1820, he discovered that a current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field ELECTROMAGNETISM  ELECTROMAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION Electromagnets An electromagnet is a coil of wire that uses an electric current to produce a magnetic field  ELECTROMAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION Michael Faraday In 1831, he discovered that electric current is generated in an electric conductor by moving or changing the magnetic field surrounding it ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION  PRE-TEST 1. Which statement BEST explains the working principle of an electric motor? A. when there is current in a coil of wire inside a U-shaped magnet, a force is exerted on the coil B. a magnetic field does not exert a force on a current - carrying conductor C. when the magnetic field around the coil of wire changes, an electric current is produced in the coil D. a coil without current will rotate if placed in a magnetic  REVIEW 2. While testing an electric motor that you made in school, you removed one of the dry cells, what happens to its commutator? A. it will turn slower B. it will move faster C. it will stop moving D. it does not change at all  REVIEW 3. When a current flows in a coil of wire, there exists a magnetic field inside the coil. Which of the following would NOT make the magnetic field inside the coil stronger? A. increase the current in the coil of wire B. put an iron core inside the coil C. reverse the direction of the current D. squeeze the loops of wire closer together  REVIEW 4. Which of the following describes the working principle of an electric motor? A. electrical energy ► mechanical energy B. thermal energy ► mechanical energy C. mechanical energy ► electrical energy D. chemical energy ► mechanical energy  REVIEW 5. Which of the following factors DOES NOT contribute to the strength of an electromagnet? A. the presence of an iron core B. the number of loops in a wire C. the amount of current passing through the wire D. the length of the conductor  PRE-TEST 1. Which statement BEST explains the working principle of an electric motor? A. when there is current in a coil of wire inside a U-shaped magnet, a force is exerted on the coil B. a magnetic field does not exert a force on a current - carrying conductor C. when the magnetic field around the coil of wire changes, an electric current is produced in the coil D. a coil without current will rotate if placed in a magnetic  REVIEW 2. While testing an electric motor that you made in school, you removed one of the dry cells, what happens to its commutator? A. it will turn slower B. it will move faster C. it will stop moving D. it does not change at all  REVIEW 3. When a current flows in a coil of wire, there exists a magnetic field inside the coil. Which of the following would NOT make the magnetic field inside the coil stronger? A. increase the current in the coil of wire B. put an iron core inside the coil C. reverse the direction of the current D. squeeze the loops of wire closer together  REVIEW 4. Which of the following describes the working principle of an electric motor? A. electrical energy ► mechanical energy B. thermal energy ► mechanical energy C. mechanical energy ► electrical energy D. chemical energy ► mechanical energy  REVIEW 5. Which of the following factors DOES NOT contribute to the strength of an electromagnet? A. the presence of an iron core B. the number of loops in a wire C. the amount of current passing through the wire D. the length of the conductor ELECTROMAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION Simulation – Faraday’s Lab ELECTROMAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION  ELECTROMAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION Faraday’s Law “The induced voltage in a coil is proportional to the product of the number of loops and the rate at which the magnetic field changes within those loops” APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION ELECTRIC MOTORS converts electrical energy into mechanical energy APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION Simplified diagram of an Electric Motor  ELECTRIC MOTOR supplies the magnetic field that electricity passes causes the armature to rotate here after Magnets as electricity passes through it leaving the commutator Armature metal ring divided into two separate halves, Commutator Comes from a and attached to battery or the coiled wire Power source electrical outlet ELECTRIC MOTORS  ELECTRIC MOTORS Fleming’s Left Hand Rule ELECTRIC MOTORS  ELECTRIC MOTORS Fleming’s Left Hand Rule  ELECTRIC MOTORS How do Electric Motors work? 1. Electricity passes from the power source to the commutator 2. The electric current flows to the armature, surrounded by magnets  ELECTRIC MOTORS How do Electric Motors work? 3. The armature rotates, opposing the magnetic field. The magnetic force creates a turning force that rotates the armature  ELECTRIC MOTORS How do Electric Motors work? 4. The commutator reverses the electric current each half- rotation to keep the turning force in the same direction, and the process is repeated many times. APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION ELECTRIC GENERATORS converts mechanical energy into electrical energy ELECTRIC GENERATORS  ELECTRIC GENERATORS Fleming’s Right Hand Rule ELECTRIC GENERATORS AC Generator  ELECTRIC MOTORS Fleming’s Left Hand Rule