Gr. 6 Competition, Predation, Herbivory & Parasitism PDF

CHAPTER 4: POPULATION AND ECOLOGY RECOMBINATION COMPETITION PREDATION HERBIVORY AND PARASITISM CAUSE OF POPULATION CHANGE Group 6th Presentation  t o r n s f o Identical Type: Intraspecific...

CHAPTER 4: POPULATION AND ECOLOGY RECOMBINATION COMPETITION PREDATION HERBIVORY AND PARASITISM CAUSE OF POPULATION CHANGE Group 6th Presentation  t o r n s f o Identical Type: Intraspecific Competition e a v e ” m t r i i e r s. Vie between members of “ V e o n g e t th i m p e identical species. c o o m s - Occurs when organisms vie for the same limited resources (food, water, space). Diverse Type: Interspecific Competition Vie between members of different species. Group 6th Presentation  Identical Type: Intraspecific Competition E.g. A group of hartebeest may “Vie” means to compete with obtaining limited compete or strive for biotic resources and the fittest something. one will survive. - Vie for the same limited resources (food, water, space). Diverse Type: Interspecific Competition E.g. Lions and hyenas both hunt zebra as prey then one of them becomes weaker and may forced to move out of the habitat (Competitive Exclusion). Group 6th Presentation  a l g i c Identical Population Control o l o ! E c c t Competition regulates (limiting) p a Im population sizes of species competing for the same resources. Species Distribution It strongly push species into the different - Vie for the habitats to specialize in specific same limited resources. resources (food, water, E.g. different bird species feed at varying space). heights in the same tree, reducing direct competition. Diverse Evolutionary Pressure Competition drives natural selection that organisms with beneficial traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. Traits e.g. great foraging skill. Group 6th Presentation  Group 6th Presentation The Interaction where one organism (predator) kills and consumes another (prey). p le: Exa m ow Predator-Prey Dynamics a r r Sp u se n g m o Population sizes of predators and prey h i eir catc ed t h often fluctuate together. to f e u n g. yo E.g. Increase/decrease in prey leads to more/less predators population. Adaptations Prey develop defenses (camouflage, speed), and; Predators develop strategies (ambush, speed).  Group 6th Presentation The Interaction where one organism (predator) kills and consumes another (prey). p e s Herbivory Ty of Although herbivores typically eat plants t i o n r e d a but still affects the plant population as P predation forms. E.g. Caterpillars feeding on leaves. Parasitsm A parasite can’t harm/kill the host but can exploit it over time. E.g. Ticks feeding on the skin/scalp of a dog.  Group 6th Presentation The Interaction where one organism (predator) kills and consumes another (prey). p e s Carnivory Ty of Predators hunt to kill and eat other t i o n r e d a animals. P E.g. Wolves hunting deer. Cannibalism It occurs when individuals of the same species prey on each other due to food scarcity. E.g. Cannibal Frog swallowing relatives.  Group 6th Presentation The Interaction where one organism (predator) kills and consumes another (prey). Coevolution o r e The predators and prey evolve in response to M f s o p e ct each other’s adaptations. as t i o n r e d a E.g. As prey develop better defense P mechanisms, as well as predators may evolve to a stronger hunter. Keystone Predators Some predator maintains the structure of an ecosystem. E.g. Sea otters can maintain kelp forest ecosystems by controlling sea urchin populations. Herbivory and Parasitism Chordodes formosanus The herbivore's consumption Praying of biotic Mantis Parasites materials (plants, algae, autotrophs, photosynthetic bacteria). While parasites benefit at the expense of another (host) without immediately harming or killing. Group 6th Presentation  Primary Consumers Herbivory and Insects Parasitism Mice The herbivore's consumption of biotic Cows materials (plants, algae, autotrophs, Herbivory photosynthetic bacteria). Horse Butterfly Impacts on Plants Ecological Role Can lead to plant defenses like Herbivory regulates plant thorns, toxins, or rapid growth population and influences energy rates. flow in ecosystems. Group 6th Presentation Herbivory and Parasitism The herbivore's consumption of biotic materials (plants, algae, autotrophs, photosynthetic bacteria). Folivores Types Frugivores These herbivores primarily of These animals mainly eat leaves. Herbivory consume fruits. E.g. Caterpillars, koalas, Herbivores E.g. bats, fruit-eating birds cows, and giraffes. like toucans, and primates. Group 6th Presentation Herbivory and Parasitism The herbivore's consumption of biotic materials (plants, algae, autotrophs, photosynthetic bacteria). Granivores Types Nectarivores These herbivores specialize of These animals feed on in eating seeds. Herbivory nectar from flowers. E.g. birds like sparrows and Herbivores E.g. hummingbirds and some rodents. certain species of bees. Group 6th Presentation Herbivory and Parasitism The herbivore's consumption of biotic materials (plants, algae, autotrophs, photosynthetic bacteria). Xylophages Types Rhizophages These herbivores feed on of These animals feed on the wood. Herbivory roots of plants. E.g. Termites and some Herbivores E.g. Some types of insects beetles. like rootworms. Group 6th Presentation Herbivory and Ways of Prasitism Damaging the host's structure Parasitism and metabolism. Increasing the host's chance of While parasites benefit at the expense of being preyed upon and causing another (host) without immediately additional co-infections. harming or killing. Their ecological role is to control the host. Chordodes formosanus Praying Mantis Parasites A horsehair worm living inside the body of a praying mantis. Considered an obligate parasite passing to the different hosts, it quickly exits when the praying mantis soaks in water. It does not harm the praying mantis. Group 6th Presentation  p e s Ectoparasitism Ty An Ectoparasites live on the o f Parasitism t e s surface outside the host. r a s i E.g. Fleas, ticks. P a Endoparasitism An Endoparasites live inside the host. E.g. Tapeworms, malaria parasites. Group 6th Presentation  Epiparasitism (Hyperparasitism) The parasite itself is parasitized p e s Ty by another parasite o f (Hyperparasite). Parasitism t e s r a s i E.g. Parasitic wasps lay eggs P a inside aphids and then larvae will feed after hatch. Social Parasitism One species exploits the social behaviors of another species, (insect colonies). E.g. Cuckoo ants invade other ant colonies and then kill other queens taking over the nest. Group 6th Presentation  Group 6th Presentation Causes of Population Change Group 6th Presentation 1. BIRTH RATE High birth rates increase population. Low birth rates lead to population decline. Group 6th Presentation 2. DEATH RATE High death rates cause population decrease. Lower death rates due to better healthcare can increase population. Group 6th Presentation 3. MIGRATION Immigration increases population in receiving countries. Emigration decreases population in countries people leave.  4. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Natural disasters and climate conditions can impact population through displacement or mortality rates. Group 6th Presentation  The Members Sharia Mae M. Eduarte Queenzy Mae A. Ramos Niña E. Castarilla Gwynne B. Valdez Khemmie Marie G. Ramos Donessa H. Villanueva Teofia Mae S. Lauronilla Hurricaine O. Derla - A sustainable future depends on understanding and balancing the delicate interactions within ecosystems to ensure the survival and growth of all species. Group 6th Presentation Group 6th Presentation THANK YOU - A sustainable future depends on understanding and balancing the delicate interactions within ecosystems to ensure the survival and growth of all species.