Grade 11 English Study notes PDF

Grade 11 Term 1 English HL Study Notes 1  Analysing Novels Introduction to a Novel When reading a novel, there are certain things that you should pay attention to in order to s...

Grade 11 Term 1 English HL Study Notes 1  Analysing Novels Introduction to a Novel When reading a novel, there are certain things that you should pay attention to in order to successfully identify the main elements of the novel as well as analyse and evaluate the key literary items. Novels take you to… Places you’ve never been. Times long ago. Times in the future. Into the hearts and minds of others. Novels can… Keep you company on a boring day. Make you laugh or cry. Help you understand your own life through the lives of others. Characteristics of Novels A fictional prose of work. Usually divided into chapters. Relatively long and often has a complex plot. Story develops through the thoughts and actions of its characters. To Understand… Who is telling the story? Consider their point of view. Where and when the story takes place. Who the main characters are. What the characters are like. 2  What happens in the story (the plot) Take note: When reading a novel, you should also understand… Theme: The author’s central idea or main message. Style: How the author expresses his or her ideas throughout the novel. Understanding the Novel In order to understand the story properly, you should also preview the following before beginning… The title and author. The front and back covers. The images on the front cover and other illustrations. Information about the author. Literary Elements #1 Setting: Time and Place Setting is the environments of where the story unfolds or takes place. Setting includes: The time and period in history. The place. The atmosphere. The clothing. The living conditions. The social climate. Understanding the Setting A story can take place in an imaginary place such as an enchanted castle, or a real place such as America or South Africa. 3  The time can be the past, the present or the future. The setting of the story is always important as it influences all aspects of the character’s lives, but especially the way they act and think. #2 Mood: Mood is the feeling or atmosphere that the writer creates for the reader. The author can use the setting to create the mood. The mood can be happy, sad, exciting or boring. As you read the novel, notice how the setting affects the mood of the story, and also how it affects the lives of the characters. #3 Point of View: The point of view is the narrative perspective from which the events in a story are told. The narrator is your guide. When you determine who is telling the story, you have discovered the narrative point of view. This is important as the narrator controls what and how much of the story is told. He or she also controls what information is shared as well as what shape the story will take. First Person Point of View: This means that the narrator is a character in the story and is describing the action in his or her own words. What is shared is limited to the character’s observations and thoughts. Third Person Point of View: Third person point of view is when the events and characters are described by a character outside the action. The narrator tells the story from the perspective of only one character. The reader only learns what this person feels and experiences. Third Person Omniscient Point of View: Here, the narrator is all-knowing and can see into the minds of more than one character. This type of narrative gives the reader access to all the characters. #4 Character Development: Characters are the people, animals or natural forces represented as people in the novel. Authors describe characters carefully and in a lot of detail. This is so that the reader learns how they look, what kind of people they are, how they act and behave in different situations and how they change throughout the story. Types of Characters 4  1. Main characters 2. Minor characters 3. Flat characters 4. Round characters Main characters – characters who the story revolves around the most. Minor characters – interact with the main characters and help move the story along. Flat characters – stay the same over the entire course of the story, even though their situation may change. Round characters – evolve as individuals, learning from their experiences and growing emotionally. The Main Character The main character is the most important character. The action of the plot and main conflict will revolve around him or her. This character is also known as the Protagonist in the story. The Protagonist The main character or hero in a narrative or drama, usually the one with whom the audience identifies with is the protagonist. He or she is often referred to as “the good guy” or represents good. The Antagonist The antagonist in a novel is the person, thing or force that works against the protagonist. The antagonist can be another character, a family, a society, a force of nature or even a force within the main character. Characterisation The way the author develops a character is called characterisation. Take note of the following things: Physical appearance and personality. Speech, thoughts, feelings and actions. Interactions with other characters. Direct comments by the author. #5 Plot: 5 The plot is the sequence of events or what happens in the story. Many plots contain a central problem – something that goes wrong. Parts of a Plot Plots usually progress through the following stages: 1. Exposition 2. Rising Action 3. Climax 4. Falling Action 5. Resolution Plot Diagram: #6 Conflict: The characters usually have a goal to achieve or a problem to solve. The struggle to achieve this goal or solve the problem is the conflict. There are different types of conflicts in a story. Conflict: External Forces 1. Character vs. man – another individual. 2. Character vs, fate – a problem that seems uncontrollable. 6  3. Character vs. nature – something in the environment. 4. Character vs. society – a group of individuals or norms. Conflict: Internal Forces (Takes place inside a character’s mind) 1. Character vs. character – a physical, mental or moral struggle faced by the central character. Conflict and Resolution By the end of the story, the character facing the conflict succeeds or fails. To identify the conflict, try to find events that caused the problem. Pay attention to how the story ends. Many stories end by resolving their conflicts. The way a problem is fixed or solved is the resolution. #7 Exposition and Rising Action: The exposition provides important background information and introduces the setting, characters and conflict. During the rising action, the conflict becomes more intense and suspense builds as the main characters struggle to resolve their problem. #8 Climax and Falling Action: The climax is the turning point in the plot when the outcome of the conflict becomes clear, usually resulting in a change in the characters or a solution to the conflict. After the climax, the falling action occurs and the conflict is – or is about to – be settled. #9 Resolution: The resolution is the ending. The story’s central problem is finally solved, leaving the reader with a sense of completion, although the main character may not feel the same way. #10 Tone and Style: Tone expresses a writer’s attitude. For example, the tone of a literary work may be one of anger, approval, joy, sadness or humour. The writer’s style involves writing elements such as word choice, tone, sentence structure and length, literary devices such as figurative language, symbols, dialogue and imagery. 7 Literary Devices #1 Imagery – Imagery is the use of words and phrases that create a picture in the reader’s mind. This has details that appeal to your senses – sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, which makes the writing come alive. #2 Figurative Language – Figurative language is a special way of using words which is not meant to be taken literally. It creates a picture in the mind of the reader and often involves comparison. #3 Diction and Tone – Pay careful attention to the language, choice of words and details the writer choses. They will give you clues about the writer’s tone. Other Techniques Suspense – excitement, tension, curiosity. Foreshadowing – a hint or clue about what will happen in the story. Flashback – interrupts the normal sequence of events to tell the readers about something that happened in the past. Symbolism – the use of specific objects or images to represent ideas. Surprise ending – a conclusion that the reader does not expect. #4 Theme – The theme is the central, general message, the main idea, the controlling topic about life or people. The author usually doesn’t tell you the theme directly. To discover the theme of a story, think big. What big message is the author trying to say about the world in which we live? What is the story telling me about how life works, or how people behave? The theme is revealed through the way the characters act and react. Many novels have more than one theme, some major and some minor. Adjectives 8  An adjective is a word that describes a noun. In other words, it tells us more about a particular person, place or thing. Adjectives also make it easy to understand which thing you are talking about. Adverbs: An adverb is a word that describes a verb. Just like adjectives, adverbs are used to add detail to a sentence. More specifically, adverbs tell us how, when, or where something happened. “The man stared deeply into her eyes.” In the example above, the word deeply describes how he was staring, so deeply is an adverb. In this sentence, it means he was staring in a deep way. If his staring had been weird, we could have said he was staring weirdly. Using Adjectives and Adverbs Adjectives and adverbs are both words that describe something, but for many people these words are also easy to mix up. Thankfully there are some simple rules that will help you know which is which and when to use them. Look at the: o Context o Ending o Placement #1 Look at the Context: If you’re not sure whether to use an adverb or an adjective, try to figure out what you are describing. Remember that adjectives are used to describe nouns, which means they can explain what kind of thing you have, how many things you have, or which thing you’re talking about. Adverbs, on the other hand, are used to describe verbs, which means they can explain how something happened, when something happened, or where something happened. #2 Look at the Ending: Many adverbs end in the letters “ly”. If you see a word that ends in “ly” there’s a good chance it is an adverb, not an adjective. #3 Look at the Placement: Here’s a good way to know where to put an adjective in a sentence. It will usually appear just before the noun it is describing. By contrast, an adverb will usually appear right after the verb it’s describing. 9  Unfortunately, placement doesn’t always tell you if something is an adjective or a verb. For example, is “sassy” an adjective or an adverb in the following image? Even though it’s right next to a verb (is), sassy is an adjective because it describes the magician. And while adjectives are usually close to the words they describe, adverbs can move around freely in a sentence. Common Adjectives and Adverbs Adjectives Adverbs Real Really Late Lately Hard Hardly Bad Badly Most Mostly Easy Easily Quick Quickly Slow Slowly Clear Clearly Hopeful Hopefully Good Well. 10 Adjectives that end in “ly”: What a lovely sweater! Ha, that’s a likely story. He is quite a silly man. That was a lively party! Her mistake proved rather costly. Adverbs that don’t end in “ly”: I was very excited to see him. She played well. Come here often? I think you acted too fast. Sometimes things just don’t work out. Conjunctions Conjunctions are connecting words that join two or more sentences, words, phrases or clauses into a single sentence. And, although, but, because, for, however, or, if, so, since, though, then, until, unless, whether, when, yet, while. Conjunctions are usually found in the middle of a sentence, however, certain conjunctions may be used to begin a sentence. For example: Although he felt ill, he went to school. Prepositions On is used with days: I will see you on Tuesday. The week begins on Sunday. At is used with noon, night, midnight, and with times of day: My ride leaves at noon. The show starts at 6p.m. In is used with other parts of the day, with months, with years with seasons…: He likes to read in the evening. 11  The days are long in December. The book was published in 2016. The leaves will bloom in Autumn Extended Time: To express extended time, English uses the following prepositions: since, for, by, from – to, from – until, during, (with)in. She has been gone since yesterday. (She left yesterday and has not returned) I’m going to Paris for two weeks. (I will spend two weeks there) The movie showed from August to October. (Beginning in Autumn and ending in October) The decorations were up from spring until fall. (Beginning in spring and ending in fall) I watch TV during the evening. (For some period in the evening) We must finish the project within a year. (No longer than a year) Place: To express notions of place, English uses the following prepositions: #1 To talk about the point itself: In #2 To express something contained: Inside #3 To talk about the surface: On #4 To talk about a general vicinity: At Examples: There is a wasp in the room. Put the present inside the box. I left your keys on the table. She was waiting at the corner. Higher Point: To indicate an object is higher than a point, English uses the following prepositions: over, above. He threw the ball over the roof. Hang that picture above the couch. Lower Point: To indicate an object is lower than a point, English uses the following prepositions: under, underneath, beneath, below The rabbit burrowed under the ground. The child hid underneath the blanket. We relaxed in the shade beneath the branches. The valley is below sea-level. Close to a Point: To indicate an object is close a point, English uses the following prepositions: near, by, next to, between, among, opposite. She lives near the school. There is an ice-cream shop by the store. 12  An oak tree grows next to my house. The house is between Elm Street and Maple Street. I found my pen lying among the books The bathroom is opposite that room. Articles The choice of article is actually based upon phonetic (sound) quality of the first letter in a word, not on the written representation of the letter. If the first letter makes a vowel-type sound, you use “an”; if the first letter would make a consonant-type sound, you use “a”. There are some exceptions to this rule, however. “A” goes before words that begin with consonants: A dog. A buffalo. A big carrot. A car. “An” goes before words that begin with vowels: An egg. An Indian. An orbit. An uprising. An apple. There are exceptions to the rules. Use “an” before unsounded “h”. Because the “h” hasn’t any phonetic representation and has no audible sound, the sound that follows is a vowel; so “an” is used. An honourable agreement. An honest mistake. When “u” makes the same sound as the “y” in “you”, or “o” makes the same sound as “w” in “won”, then “a” is used. A union. A united front. A used napkin. A U.S. ship A one legged man. A unicorn. 13 s Parts of Speech Name Function Clue Example Common Noun Naming word A, the There are apples, bananas and oranges in the basket. Proper Noun Names of people and Capital letter My friend Angela was places born in America Collective Noun A group or collection Lots of A troop of monkeys A pride of lions Abstract Noun Not visible/tangible Can’t see or feel it Angela’s kindness and generosity is admirable Pronoun Takes place of a noun Put in place of a noun Angela eats apples every day. She(Angela) enjoys them (the apples) Adjective Describing word The … girl/car The ripe apple was enjoyed by the hungry children Preposition Links nouns, pronouns, or Usually precedes a noun The boy put his bag on phrases to other words (small word) the table in the study within a sentence Article “a”, “an”, or “the” A, an… (indefinite) Lebo ate an apple (indefinite) “the” … (definite) Sipho wrote the standardized test (definite) Verb Doing word The boy can… We eat fruit, play sport, and drink lots of water to John… keep healthy Adverb Tell you more about the Explains when, where or He ate fast (how) at verb how something is done lunchtime (when) at school (where) Conjunction Joining word Joins two words, phrases She ate a huge hamburger or clauses although she wasn’t hungry 14  Nouns There are 4 types of nouns: 1. Common Nouns 2. Proper Nouns 3. Abstract Nouns 4. Collective Nouns Common Nouns Names given to everyday objects. Usually identified by the “a” or “an” before them. Examples: A desk, an apple, a dog. Two nouns together are known as a compound noun. Examples: kitbag = kit + bag. Football = foot + ball. Proper Nouns Always begin with CAPITAL LETTERS Given to people, places, days and months. Examples: Jane, South Africa, Wednesday, July. Titles of films and books are proper nouns. E.g. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Educational subjects are proper nouns, E.g. Maths, Science, Philosophy. Collective Nouns A word for a group of items, animals or people A pride of peacocks/lions A school of fish A range of mountains A swarm/hive bees A brood/hatch of chickens A canteen of cutlery A herd of cattle/elephants A nest of birds/eggs A cloud of smoke A litter of kittens, puppies, cubs A plague of diseases/locusts A gathering/circle of friends 15 A school of whales/dolphins A cloud of smoke A crew of sailors A swarm of locusts/flies A pocket of oranges/potatoes A family of relatives A troop of monkeys A punnet of strawberries A host of angels A flock of sheep/birds A patch of vegetables A constellation of stars An aviary of birds A bunch of bananas/grapes A flight of stairs Abstract Nouns Refers to something we can’t see, touch or measure, often an emotion or feeling. You can give it to someone, but not in a bag. For example: love, honour, respect, courage, ambition. Nouns that end in “ing” are not abstract – they are gerunds. For example: Caring, loving, forgiving. Pronouns A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun in a sentence. You can’t just use the pronoun she every time you’re talking about Miranda. Take a look at the following example: 16  Most of the time you’ll probably know if the if a pronoun sounds right or wrong. Pronouns that replace subjects Pronouns that replace objects _______ can do it! Look at ___________. I Me You You She Her He Him It It We Us They Them Notice that “you” and “it” can replace subjects or objects. It is not always so easy to tell which pronoun to use. For example, people are often not sure if they should say “Sam and me stole the money” or “Sam and I stole money”. 17  What about a sentence like this? Sierra made fun of him and I. This sentence has two pronouns, so we’ll need to check both of them. First, we’ll try the sentence with just the pronoun “him”. Sierra made fun of him sounds right, so the pronoun “him” is correct. Next we check to see if “I” is correct. Sierra made fun of I sounds wrong, so we have to replace “I” with “me”. Now we know that this sentence is correct: Sierra made fun of him and me. Verbs You can test if a word is a verb by asking “Can you…?” or you can place a pronoun in front of it: Can you play We play The Three Tenses: 18  Present (today) Past (yesterday) Future (tomorrow) Finite Verbs A finite verb can stand on its own and does not need an auxiliary (helping) verb. A finite verb must have a subject, number (singular or plural) and tense. Together with the subject, it makes a complete sentence. E.g. They play. She sings It indicates number. E.g. The boy (one) plays soccer. The boys (many) play soccer. It has tense. E.g. Today I sing. Yesterday I sang. Tomorrow I will sing. Infinitive Verbs When a verb is preceded by “to”, it is known as an infinitive verb. E.g. To sing, to argue, to play. The infinitive can’t stand alone. It must be preceded by a finite verb. E.g. She needs to work. They start to play. Reading and Responding Reading is divided up into three steps: Step 1: Pre-reading: This prepares us for reading. In order to get a good overview of what the text will be about we analyse the following parts: Cover, title, illustrations, table of content, blurb, headings, chapters and index. Step 2: During reading: This is what we do while we are reading. Understand the meaning of unfamiliar words. We visualise what we are reading. We reread the text to gain a good understanding. We make references from the writing. Step 3: Post reading: These are some of the things you do after you have read the text. Look up the meanings of words that you don’t understand. 19  Form your own opinion about the writing piece. This means that you draw on your own conclusions too. Make a summary. Discuss and evaluate different interpretations of the writing. Descriptive Writing Reading: When you are writing about something from your imagination and your own creativity, if you include more detailed descriptions about the people or places, your writing becomes more effective. In order for your writing to be effective, the picture in your mind about abut your story needs to be clear, by being descriptive and precise with your ideas they come alive in the reader’s head. To be a successful writer, you must carry the descriptiveness throughout your whole passage. It is a good tip to use your own personal experiences as source material when writing a descriptive piece, you do not have to describe everything word for word, but it is useful when it comes to having a theme or base for your story. Writing: Similes – A simile is a figure of speech, it is when two things are compared to one another to give something more description but are not the same. It most often starts with the phrase like or as. Metaphors – These are like concentrated similes. In a metaphor two things that are not similar are compared but instead of saying one is like the other, the metaphor goes a step ahead and makes one thing become another. Useful Tips: Making use of a simile in your descriptive writing is a great tool, but if you use it too much it can lose its effect. For example, the statement ‘The young child was as good as gold’. It has a simile in it but this comparison is used so often that not many people when reading this think of the precious nature of gold. When you overuse a simile like this it becomes a cliché, and depending on them too much can make you look like a lazy writer. Also remember to make use of one point of comparison in between two objects in the case that the simile used is pulling attention towards the quality of the first object. 20  Lastly, if you use too many similes in a paragraph it tends to slow down your writing. Use them lightly unless you are trying to create a sense of calmness. Descriptive Writing Techniques: By describing things effectively, this will help get your readers more involved. If your writing is more descriptive you have a better chance of convincing your readers. Remember how important it is to make your writing clear; include detail by concentrating on different senses. Take Note: You do not have to describe or make reference to all the senses. Good descriptive writing relies on providing the exact words to communicate what is on your mind. Make use of dynamic and effective adverbs and verbs instead of slowing down your description by having too many adjective and similes. Top tips for Proofreading: Proofreading is a very important part of the writing process. You must learn to get rid of any careless mistakes to make sure you get good marks. We will look at spelling, punctuation, emotion, language, linking words and structure. Spelling: Always make sure your spelling is correct. Remember the basic words you have used. Remember the usual errors you make, and make a note of going back and looking at those specific words. Punctuation: Punctuation can enhance your meaning. Think of the apostrophe, remember the full stops and capital letters. Remember quotes and direct speech. Put the right punctuation in the correct place. Emotion: Don’t forget to describe and express feelings and emotions where it is needed. Your descriptions must be strong and interesting. Try not to bore your reader: be original and unique. Language: Get rid of any errors in your writing. Think about the tense and concord. Try to avoid the usual similes that most people know and use, things like vague and weak words should be avoided. Try not to repeat the same words and remember the length of your sentences, as well as having incomplete sentences. Linking Words: These are guidelines for the readers, as they are very in allowing your reader to follow your train of thought. Firstly Thus 21  Yet Secondly Therefor Finally Then However In addition Furthermore But Certainly Surely Structure: Lastly, think about the structure of your writing. Think of your story like an essay. Have a gripping introduction, clear, unified, supporting paragraphs in the body and a smart and witty conclusion. Don’t forget to provide a clear progression of thought, events, actions, etc. also with the help of linking words. Your writing must flow from the introduction to the body to the conclusion. Transactional Writing The Newspaper Report A news report is a passage that is written in formal, factual language about an event or occurrence that is newsworthy. The title of the report is bold and eye catching and there is usually a sub heading written below. In the first paragraph, the whole report is made into a summary. The next paragraph is more descriptive and is supporting what was stated in the opening paragraph. 22  Columns are also used in a report, the report must be unbiased and very informative. Direct speech must be included. The source and the author of the report is usually given, and the article covers who, what, when, where, how. The paragraphs are short and the first person is never used. Instead, the third person is used like he, she, it, they. Example of a Newspaper Report The Investigative Report When an investigation takes place, a report has to be filed out. The report has to summarize the details about the incident, the recommendations are made and a conclusion is given and the date and a signature must be put on the report. Guideline to Writing the Report The person must be addressed. The report must have a title. Terms of reference. Procedure. Findings. Conclusion. Recommendations. 23 Example of a Newspaper Report The Review A review is an in-depth examination. A review can deal with many subjects but, in most cases, you have to write a review on books, music videos, movies, stage performances and restaurants. Elements of a Review Elements Features 1. Headline This must be grabbing. Be clever with your choice of words. 2. Introduction This should be short and interesting, try to make a general statement about the topic. 3. Background information Information that will help the reader have a clear understanding of the review. 4. Summary Give an outline on the plot, the main points, the characters. Reference to the topic. 24  5. Core Here you can give an overall opinion and state whether it is positive, negative, or both. 6. Conclusion End it with looking neat and witty. Example of a Review The Diary A diary is a personal account of something that has happened, experiences and observations. You can also refer to a diary as a journal. When writing a diary entry you will start with the date and the day at the top of the entry. You can write in the first person and in most cases the past tense is used. Your diary entry is personal, so you can use colloquial and informal language. It is important to be honest and sincere. Guideline on Writing a Diary Entry You do not have to start your diary entry with “Dear Diary” – that is an old fashioned way of writing. In some cases, you have to write your diary entry as if you are another person. When doing this you must not write new or make up information, you will have to stay in character and write referring to your set work. 25 Example of a Diary Entry The Advertisement An advert is a public notice that has been paid for. It can be on any print or media, on the radio or on the TV. Flyers, posters and brochures are also forms of advertising. These are usually on one page and also promote a product or a service. It is intended to appeal to a mass group of people and is also intended on persuading the target market to buy or approve of a particular product. Bold lettering is used to capture the reader’s attention, along with the use of images and bright colours. Tip: When creating an advert, flyer or a poster the best way to make it effective is to use the AIDA principle as explained below. The AIDA principle: A is for attention. You must attract your audience’s attention. I is for interest, which you must gain from your audience. D is for desire. You must appeal to the needs and desires of your audience. 26 A is for action. They buyer must be prompted to act and have the urge to act. Example of a Poster The Dialogue This is a form of writing and is used for creating conversations between two or more people. It is also used in script writing and in interviews. Below you will be shown how to write out a formal interview. Writing an Interview An interview is a dialogue that can be between two or more people, one person is asked questions and responds with relative information. A person can also be interviewed by a panel of people. The layout of the interview is question and answer. The speaker’s name is followed by a colon and written on the left hand side of the page. When a dialogue is written, it is written in direct speech and has no inverted commas. Because the interview is personal it is written in the first person. For example: o Sam: When did you get married? o Dave: I got married yesterday. 27  When the interviewer starts the interview, he or she will give background information on the person being interviewed. In the body, the interviewer will ask relevant questions regarding a specific subject or topic and the person being interviewed replies to these. Questions and Responses The questions that the interviewer asks must be knowledgeable and must be carefully prepared. The questions must be well structured and must be able to gain information from the interviewee. Questions must be referring to a specific topic, and some questions can be linked to a previous answer. Questions should appear to be spontaneous and the answers must be ore substantiated by facts or opinions. The tone will depend on the relationship between people having the interview and the topic they are speaking about, and lastly, the choice of words can also be formal or informal. Writing Literary Essays A literary essay is neither a summary nor a synopsis of the plot of the “story”. It is an expression of the insights to which one has formed about the narrative, supported by appropriate quotations and references, in order to make a point. Generally the essay topic will be presented in the form of a statement or question. Usually, one would be asked to respond by constructing an argument in which one agrees or disagrees. Literary essays are not creative essays so one must be careful to include only what the essay topic requires and omit all irrelevant details. Assessment Standards: Knowledge, Skills and Values Knowledge of prescribed texts (content and meaning). Recognise and explain how the selection and omission of information, influence meaning. Recognise and explain the impact of figurative, rhetoric language and a wide variety of literary techniques and styles referring to the meaning of a text e.g. inversion, metaphor, simile, personification metonymy, onomatopoeia, symbolism, hyperbole, contrast, sarcasm, caricature (poke fun at), irony, satire, paradox, anti-climax and pun. Explain the author/narrator/character’s point of view and support it with evidence from the text. Supply and motivate, convincingly, personal responses to texts. Explain the socio-cultural and political values, attitudes and beliefs e.g. views on sex, class, age, power struggles, human rights, inclusivity, and the environment. 28  Explain the extent to which bias, prejudice and discrimination appears in the text. Plan the writing process according to a specific purpose, target audience and context. Find, disclose, select, organise and integrate appropriate information. Develop and organise cohesive ideas. Show the use of advanced writing strategies and techniques. Think about, analyse and evaluate your own work and present the final product. Use vocabulary correctly in a wide variety of texts. Use well-structured sentences meaningfully and functionally. NB: Remember to go through all content to prepare you for your test/exams 29