GOV 312 U.S. Foreign Policy Exam Review Sheet PDF

Review Sheet, First Midterm Exam, GOV 312L: U.S. Foreign Policy Spring 2025 Course Module 1: Introduction to International Politics 1. What is the international system? What are the two main components of the international system? Explain the differences be...

Review Sheet, First Midterm Exam, GOV 312L: U.S. Foreign Policy Spring 2025 Course Module 1: Introduction to International Politics 1. What is the international system? What are the two main components of the international system? Explain the differences between actors and structure in the international system. - The international system is a complex, global mix of people, organizations, ideas, and rules that focus on political, economic and social connections. - Actors – individuals or groups that share common purposes and/ or identity and have similar goals - Structure – arrangement that connects, orders, and influences the actors within the system and allocates power (formal laws and informal norms, distribution of capabilities) 2. What does it mean to “think systemically?” - Groups or individuals must analyze and consider the interactions of each part as well as the whole in order to come to a solution. 3. What is structure? What are some examples of structure in the international system? How can structure influence international outcomes? - Structure is the framework of a system. (Q1) - Examples include power distribution/ polarity, international institutions, economic systems and globalization, and norms and laws. - Structure can influence international outcomes by constraining state behavior, shaping alliances and conflicts, affecting economic development, and determining crisis responses. 4. How does structure in the international system constrain behaviors of international actors? Discuss some examples of how structure constrains actors’ behaviors. - Power dynamics, economic dependencies, enforcement of rules and norms - In the UN, P5(+1) have permanent membership on the Security Council and the right to veto, so they have more power and can influence decisions in directions that benefit them, while smaller countries must agree. 5. How does structure constitute actors by influencing their identities and interests? Discuss some examples. - International norms shape state identities (democracy and non-proliferation norms) - Membership in institutions shapes national interest (EU and NATO) - Economic structures influence development (capitalist versus socialist, globalization and trade agreements) - International recognition and legitimacy influence state behavior (statehood and sovereignty and tear group versus freedom fighters). 6. Define anarchy and describe its significance in international relations. - Since no supranational authority enforces rules, states must rely on themselves for survival, which leads to power accumulation and security alliances. - Creates a level of uncertainty and competition and threatens cooperation 7. What is the prisoner’s dilemma? How does it illustrate some of the challenges associated with reaching cooperative agreements in international relations? - A game theory scenario that demonstrates how rational actors, pursuing their self- interest, can end up with worse outcomes than if they had cooperated. It highlights the tension between individual rationality and collective benefit. - Temptation vs exploitation and cooperation vs defection - Shows why cooperation between states is difficult, even if it would be mutually beneficial 8. According to the reading, what are the most prominent actors in the international system? How can these actors be differentiated? - States, great powers, domestic groups, international organizations, multinational corporations, transnational activists, non-governmental organizations, individuals - Actors are differentiated by their functions, levels of influence, and decision-making power. 9. What components of the international system contributed to the completion of the Iran nuclear accord? What components of the international system undermined this agreement? - The UN helped facilitate the agreement through multilateral negotiations. P5+1 used their power and offer to lift economic sanctions against Iran. - Trump withdrew from the Accord in 2018 – changes in state leadership and political shifts, regional power rivalries, and security dilemmas and mistrust. - Anarchic nature of international relations allows states to unilaterally alter or abandon agreements. Module 2: The US Foreign Policy Apparatus and the National Interest 1. What is foreign policy? What are the differences among the beliefs, capabilities, interests, and actions (behavior) of political actors? - Official actions and/ or statements by the government directed at some foreign audience (governments of other states). 2. What are the main components of the foreign policy bureaucracy in the United States and what are their main responsibilities? - US government officials (president, state department, department of defense), foreign audiences - They manage diplomatic relations, national security, military interventions, and economic strategies. Each component has its specific responsibilities but also works collaboratively to achieve U.S. foreign policy objectives.  - Promoting the beliefs, capabilities, interests, and actions/ behavior of the US and influencing foreign entities 3. What is the national interest? - National interest guides and motivates US foreign policy. It comes from and defines the collective identity of Americans. - Subject to domestic political conflict – institutions help determine - Security, economic, ideational values 4. According to the Brands reading, The Emerging Biden Doctrine, what is the Biden Doctrine? What are the major threats to U.S. interests according to the Biden Administration? How does the Biden Doctrine seek to address these threats? - The Biden Doctrine shows Biden’s priorities of traditional alliances and multilateralism, aiming to restore America’s leadership role globally. It seeks to balance competition with China and Russia while addressing transnational issues like climate change and pandemics. This approach reflects a commitment to democratic values and international cooperation. - Threats include Great power competition (China and Russia), transnational challenges (climate change, pandemic, and cyber threats), authoritarianism. - The Biden Doctrine seeks to address these threats through strengthening alliances, economic engagement to counter China, and promoting democratic values. 5. How does President Trump see the nature of the security threat presented by terrorism? How does Trump’s counter-terrorism strategy differ from President Bush? - Trump sees terrorism as the primary security threat - He focuses more on restricting immigration to prevent potential terrorist from entering the US - He’s skeptical of military intervention and regime change (differing from the Bush administration). Module 3: Grand Strategy I and Isolationism 1. What is grand strategy? Does it have any relationship with domestic partisanship? - Grand strategy is the intellectual architecture the provides the foundation for foreign policy. - Partisanship affects differing views on US global role, variations in threat perceptions, policy shifts between administrations, and Congressional divisions on foreign policy. 2. What are the components of grand strategy? How can they be used to differentiate among varieties of grand strategy? - Big ideas about core principles of international political order, main threats, content of national interests, arguments about best policy means to achieve goals, engagement vs isolationism, alliances and partnerships, and identification of primary domestic political hurdles. 3. What are some of the central policy claims and arguments contained in Obama’s West Point Speech? In what ways, is this a statement of Obama’s grand strategy? - Obama emphasized selective use of military force, multilateral action and international cooperation, promotion of democracy and human rights, economic tools and development aid, and addressing emerging threats like climate change, cyber threats, and pandemics. - Liberal internationalism – multilateralism, democracy promotion, economic interdependence, collective security 4. What is isolationism? What are some historical examples of isolationism? - Leveraging geographic isolation to minimize military threats against the US, limiting foreign entanglements between US government and other states. Limit institutionalized relationships and participation in wars. - Washington’s Farewell Address, republican successors to Wilson in 1920s, during and after the Cold War 5. What is Restraint and what are its primary interests and goals? What are the critiques that advocates of Restraint use against Liberal Institutionalism and Primacy? - Grand strategy with primary interests in prevention of great power war but in a good position, reduce military spending and troop deployments, scale back alliance obligations gradually - Critical grand strategy, critiquing Clinton, Bush, and Obama for overusing military power to promote democracy (Iraq and Afghanistan). - Says that liberal internationalism overextends the US power, burden sharing failure (everyone else is a freeriding on US military), failure of regime changes and nation building - Says that primacy uses unnecessary military spending, provokes rivalries, and encourages endless wars 6. According to the Ashford reading, what are some of the policy successes associated with Restraint? - Restraint could lead to more sustainable and effective foreign policy outcomes by avoiding pitfalls of overextension and unnecessary conflicts. 7. Which domestic groups in the U.S. support foreign policies associated with Restraint? - Libertarians and noninterventionists – believe military interventions are a waste of resources and a violation of individual freedoms, reduce military spending, endless wars violate civil liberties - Progressive democrats and anti war activists – oppose wars of choice, believe in redirecting military spending towards domestic social programs, advocate for diplomacy, multilateralism, and peace building - Realist and conservative foreign policy thinkers – believe military overreach is counterproductive, favor offshore balancing, U.S. resources should focus on domestic economic competition (e.g., with China) rather than policing the world  - Populists and “America First” conservative – oppose nation building and costly overseas interventions, economic nationalism over military commitments abroad, criticize US involvement in NATO and foreign aid as unnecessary burdens Module 4: Grand Strategy II: Liberal Internationalism and Primacy 1. What is Liberal Internationalism? What are its main interests and goals? What is the main critique of Liberal Internationalism? - Grand strategy that advocates the use of military power and international institutions to pursue a liberal international order. - Believes American threats are global, security is collective and achieved multilaterally and based on western values, and promotes American intervention - Main critique is that it can be too expensive and perceived as imperialism - overextension and costly military interventions, naïve assumptions about democracy promotion, free- riding by allies, economic globalization can harm US workers, and ignoring power politics and great power consumption 2. What are some historical examples of Liberal Internationalism? - Woodrow Wilson – collective security system through League of Nations, self- determination, democracy, free trade, open navigation of the sea – how to enforce the system? Couldn’t secure domestic support 3. According to the Ikenberry reading, The Next Liberal Order, what lies at the heart of the crisis of Liberal Internationalism? What should the US do to maintain the liberal international order? - Crisis – the post WWII liberal order is collapsing, relative decline of US hegemony, great power competition destroyed global institutions, globalization has failed to accommodate those left behind by free trade - Solution – appreciate the successes of liberal order, alternatives are worse, acknowledge the shortcomings, allow states more room to accommodate those left behind, return to original aim of post WWII order (FDR), collective security and protection, renew and strengthen alliances 4. What is Primacy? What are its main interests and goals? What is the main critique against Primacy? - Grand strategy that focuses on unilaterally establishing American hegemony over all rivals - Believes that American interests abroad are global, security is achieved unilaterally, reliance on military power - Main critique is that it can lead to overreach and isolation – unaffordable and overextends US resources, leads to endless wars and military overreach, provokes great power rivalries, encourages free-riding by allies, undermines US soft power and international legitimacy 5. Discuss how the foreign policy of President George W. Bush epitomized a grand strategy of Primacy. What role does democracy promotion play in President Bush’s version of Primacy? - Clear willingness to use military force, skepticism of international institutions, democracy promotion, preserve military dominance, shock of 9/11 - Democracy promotion – justification for military intervention, “Freedom Agenda” and rhetorical commitment to human rights, linking democracy to war on terror 6. What are some of the principles associated with President Trump’s “America First” foreign policy? - Centrality of economic means, neomercantilism, importance of domestic industry, call for protection, border restrictions, call to redistribute wealth from the world to the US 7. What is neomercantilism and how did it shape U.S. grand strategy during the Trump Administration? - An economic policy that emphasizes export promotion, import restriction, and government intervention to achieve a favorable balance of trade and strengthen national economic interests. It involves measures such as high tariffs, trade barriers, and subsidies to protect domestic industries. - Trade protectionism - tariffs on imports, aiming to protect US manufacturing and reduce trade imbalances - Economic nationalism – prioritize American economic interests unilaterally - Renegotiation of trade agreements – revise trade deals, shift from open-door globalism to economic nationalism 8. How did President Trump reorient U.S. participation in multilateral organizations? How did the Trump Administration use military tools to implement US foreign policy? - Withdrawing from multilateral agreements and institutions, undermining trade agreements and alliances, hostility toward global institutions - Military strikes and covert operations, expanding defense spending and nuclear strategy, withdrawal of troops (yet continues military presence), hardline policies on China and Iran 9. How does the grand strategy of the Trump Administration fit into broader grand strategy categories? - America First is a combo of isolationism and restraint - Not liberal internationalism – resistance to globalization, promoting individual liberty - Not primacy – haven’t seen militarism in foreign policy 10. What are the main goals and assumptions of President Biden’s grand strategy? - Biden focuses on global threats that require US global interests, the reemergence of great power competition (rise of China, confronting Russian invasion), restoring multilateralism (Paris Climate Accord, WHO, NATO), leading a coalition of democracies, less focus on counterterrorism 11. How does President Biden’s foreign policy fit with broader grand strategy categories?  - Liberal internationalism – multilateral institutions and alliances, selective engagement, cooperative security, and democracy promotion Module 5: The President in Foreign Policy 1. What are the constitutional foundations of presidential leadership in foreign policy making? - Article II Section I – “the executive power shall be vested in a president” - Article II Section II – “Commander in Chief of the Army, and Navy,” and “He shall have the power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make treaties… [and] shall appoint ambassadors - Memo from Jefferson to Washington 1790 – “transaction of business with foreign nations is executive altogether; it belongs, then to the head of that department, [except certain portions to the Senate]” 2. What are the central challenges facing the President in managing the foreign policy bureaucracy? - President must coordinate all agencies to be on the same page so they don’t communicate inconsistent information - Bureaucratic fragmentation and interagency rivalries, balancing civilian and military influence, Congressional oversight and political pressures, intelligence and information gaps 3. What is the problem of bureaucratic coordination? How did a lack of coordination between different actors within the foreign policy bureaucracy affect the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990? - Interagency rivalries, conflicting signals to foreign actors, slow or inefficient decision making, policy inconsistencies - Mixed messages in runup to First Persian Gulf war undermines diplomacy and contributes to failure to deter Saddam’s invasion of Kuwait - Glaspie told Saddam that the U.S. had "no position" on Iraq’s dispute with Kuwait, which Saddam may have interpreted as a green light to invade. This message contradicted other U.S. warnings that aggression would be met with consequences. - The State Department emphasized diplomacy and maintaining ties with Iraq. The Pentagon viewed Iraq as a growing military threat. The CIA underestimated Saddam’s willingness to invade. - Saddam invaded Kuwait, believing the U.S. would not intervene. The U.S. responded with Operation Desert Storm, launching a military campaign to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait in early 1991. 4. How does competition between different agencies within the foreign policy bureaucracy affect US foreign policy? How was this displayed in the competition between the State Department and the Defense Department following the invasion of Iraq? - The State Department’s Approach - Nation-Building and Diplomacy - The Defense Department’s Approach - Military-Centric and Rapid Transition  - Led to fragmented policy execution, security issue/ failure to stabilize Iraq, damaged the US’s reputation and weakened international partnerships 5. How does the competition over resources between foreign policy agencies affect US foreign policy? - Agencies with more budgetary power and political influence (e.g., the Department of Defense) can shape policy by driving decisions that align with their goals, even if those goals conflict with other agencies’ priorities. - Turf wars - agencies refuse to cooperate, making it harder to implement coherent, unified policies 6. Does war expand presidential authority? How do the different constituencies of the President versus members of Congress affect this dynamic? - War elevates importance of national goals, different constituencies (less likely to be skewed), move closer to the president’s position, Congressional uncertainty about optimal foreign policy choice also strengthens executive that possesses “informational” advantage 7. What is an Authorization to Use Military Force (AUMF)? According to the Golan-Vilella reading, what are some of the legal and political challenges created by the 2001 AUMF that justified military force against Al Qaeda and the continued use of the 2001 AUMF as the legal basis to use military force against ISIS? - A legislative measure passed by Congress granting the President the authority to deploy military forces against specific targets or in particular regions - The 2001 AUMF doesn’t explicitly say ISIS, but they argued it fell under “associated forces” of al-Qaeda since terrorist organizations were evolving. - Expanding executive authority? Threat to democratic process? 8. According to the Goldgeier and Saunders reading, how have constraints on presidential authority in foreign policy eroded and what factors have caused this erosion? - Polarization limiting bipartisan cooperation within Congress, diminishing foreign threat - Congressional acceptance with little protest, expansion of executive power, weakening of institutional checks 9. What are some of the controversies associated with using executive orders in the implementation of foreign policy, particularly over immigration? What political challenges encourage the President to pursue such a policy strategy? How does the battle over immigration policy illustrate tensions between the executive and legislative branches? - Executive orders give the president the ability to bypass Congress and enforce something that they want to be put in place. - November 2014, President Obama’s executive order on immigration would have provided temporary legal status to 4-5 million undocumented immigrants in the US. - The order was blocked in court by states arguing the President overstepped - President Trump issued two different versions of an executive action restricting immigration from certain Muslim majority countries deemed to have high levels of  terrorist activity. - Both orders were blocked in court claiming the orders were unconstitutional because they discriminated based on religion Module 6: Congress in Foreign Policy 1. What role does the Constitution designate for Congress in foreign policy? - Article I Section VIII – “to declare war… the raise and support Armies… to provide and maintain a Navy… make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces” - Article II Section II – “to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senate present concur” 2. What is the War Powers Act? How has the War Powers Act changed the balance of power over foreign policy between the executive and legislative branches? - Congressional attempt to reign in presidential war-making power after Vietnam War – notification requirement, 60 day limit, congressional power to end engagement - Presidents have challenged its constitutionality (Commander in Chief), designed to reassert Congress's constitutional role in declaring war, is it even effective? 3. How does Congress shape foreign policy? - Partisan composition – divided government (president’s party does NOT hold both chambers) generates Congressional oversight - Power of the purse, declaring war/ authorizing military action, treaty ratification and international agreements, oversight and investigations, trade policy and economic sanctions, diplomacy and foreign aid, confirming key foreign policy officials, passing resolutions and expressing policy views 4. What is partisanship? How does partisanship affect congressional action on foreign policy? Describe some examples of congressional oversight over foreign policy. - Partisanship – ideological identification of a politician, pushes what leans closer to their viewpoint - Congressional oversight – call more hearings, engage in public criticism, pass legislation that restricts presidential action, set conditions on spending bills to implement policy 5. What is divided government? How does it influence foreign policy? - Divided government - president’s party does NOT hold both chambers - Causes more conflict and congressional oversight – electoral incentives increase when opposing party controls, presidential info advantage (more likely to share info with own party, leads to opposition increasing oversight to offset) 6. How does Congress shape public opinion over foreign policy? - Public criticism of president (hearings and media), oversight in hearings (presence or absence of divided government shapes number of hearings), agenda setting (altering how media covers) 7. Identify the principal components of the Weissman argument about the role of Congress in shaping the use of military force. What examples does he cite as illustrating Congressional failure to uphold its constitutional responsibility with respect to the use of military force? - Strong critique of congressional inactivity on decisions to use military force (shift of deference to president after 9/11), - Congress’s declining role in war decisions, failure to use War Powers Resolution, lack of serious oversight and debate - Libya (US intervention without authorization), Syria (expanding war on terror without new authorization), Yemen 8. According to the McKeon and Tess reading, how might Congress reassert its role in foreign policy? - Reassert constitutional responsibilities (tariffs and trade deals, new AUMF), public oversight through hearings, budget legislation Module 7: The American Public and US Foreign Policy 1. What are some of the components of a domestic model of (international) politics? What are some domestic factors that shape the making of US foreign policy? - Distribution of political interests, regime type, economic factors (distribution of income, level of economic development, or inflation rates) - Interests – what nonstate actors and political officials want - Institutions – the rules that determine how domestic actors settle policy 2. How does the model of a two-level game help us understand how domestic political factors can shape the content of US foreign policy? - International Level (Level I) – The U.S. negotiates with foreign governments, allies, and international organizations. - Domestic Level (Level II) – Policymakers must ensure that their agreements gain domestic political approval from Congress, interest groups, the public, and other stakeholders. - Congressional constraints, public opinion and elections, interest groups and lobbying, bureaucratic and partisan politics 3. What are some of the domestic nonstate groups that can influence US foreign policy? What are their foreign policy interests? - Interest groups, economic firms, media, political parties, individuals 4. How do domestic institutions influence foreign policy decisions by mediating political conflict and bargaining among different domestic groups? - Responsiveness – willingness of politicians to take the views of voters into account - Selection – voters do a good job of selecting leaders 4. What is the “rally around the flag” effect? What is “war fatigue”? What does it mean to describe the American public as “casualty-phobic?  - Rally around the flag - tendency for the public to rally behind the president and the cause of war at times of perceived crisis - War fatigue - tendency for public support for American military intervention to decline overtime - Casualty-phobic - as casualties mount, support decreases (Korean, Vietnam, and Iraq wars, immune to damage control, long term apprehension of future military force) 5. What are some of the ways in which we might differentiate among different foreign policy interests held by US voters? - Material vs ideational concerns over globalization and trade, military force, internationalism, foreign groups 6. What are some of the factors that explain which nonstate actors are likely to be most effective in shaping the foreign policy choices of the US government? - Access to policymakers, financial resources, organizational capacity, public support and opinion, expertise and credibility, coalition building and alliances, timing and political opportunity, political and ideational alignment, legal and institutional channels 7. According to the reading, what is a public good? What is the free rider problem and how does it relate to the provision of public goods? - Public good - non excludable and non rival (national defense, clean air, public parks) - Free rider problem - when individuals or entities can benefit from a public good without paying for it or contributing to its provision, leads to underfunding 8. How does the free rider problem relate to foreign policy and the provision of something like national defense? - Lack of incentive for contribution, under provision of defense - Government has to collect taxes to ensure that everyone contributes - NATO – the US occasionally called on European NATO members to increase their defense spending 9. How do special interest lobbying groups solve the free rider problem? - Selective benefits (discounts, services, access), mobilizing membership and political activity, political action committees and campaign contributions, information campaigns, public good and membership dues, voter and political influence, create a sense of urgency, leveraging collective action INN@UT Module #1: The First Week of Foreign Policy in President Trump’s Second Term 1. What were the major themes of President Trump’s inauguration speech? What foreign policy agenda items were prioritized? - America First, fusion of foreign and domestic, critiquing internationalism - Tightening the boarder, drill baby drill, trade and tariffs, territorial expansion 2. How did Trump fuse foreign and domestic policy in his inauguration speech?  - “Common sense revolution” – national emergency at the southern border, Remain in Mexico, Mexican drug cartels = foreign terrorists 3. What did Trump do through executive orders in the first week of his second term to restrict immigration across the southern border with Mexico? - Declares national emergency at southern border - Defense Departments resources to supplement DHS - Deploys troops to southern border - Continued construction of border wall - Limiting border crossing and immigration; increasing deportations (Remain in Mexico, Halt “Catch and Release” for those requesting political asylum, Indefinite end to resettlement of refugees, Designates drug cartels as foreign terrorist organizations) 4. How did President Trump tie his intention to increase domestic energy production to domestic policy priorities? - Economic growth and job creation, deregulation and market freedom, national energy emergency - Revision of energy policies as solution to inflation, reduce or eliminate federal support for electric vehicles, withdraw from Paris Climate Accord 5. What was Trump’s message on international trade and tariffs? How might higher tariffs affect consumer prices? What is the overarching policy goal of Trump’s trade policy? - Policy goal – redirecting global wealth toward the US - Study sources od trade deficit, immediate tariffs increase during transition but brief pause now, external revenue service, reciprocal tariffs and higher consumer prices - Higher tariffs can lead to increased costs for imported goods, which are often passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices, can lead to reduced purchasing power and potentially lower overall economic growth 6. What did President Trump say about territorial expansion in his inauguration speech? How would action such as retaking the Panama Canal be a significant break with previous U.S. foreign policy? - Trump plans to take back the Panama Canal and assert US dominance - Could strain diplomatic relations, challenge international agreements, and potentially lead to geopolitical tensions, especially with nations like China that have vested interests in the canal's operations. 7. What is an executive order and how do U.S. presidents use executive orders to bypass Congress? - Presidential guidance to Executive Branch officials on how US laws should be interpreted and implemented, can be used to fill in political gaps - Doesn’t require Congressional approval, but can be subject to legal challenges 8. What do Trump’s executive orders on the World Health Organization, Paris Climate Agreement, and the Global Tax Accord say about the Trump administration’s attitude toward international agreements? How is this reflective of his America First foreign policy strategy?  - He is withdrawing to show that his priority is America and that he is skeptical of multilateral agreements. INN@UT Module #2: The Border Crisis and US Immigration Policy 1. How do Democrats and Republicans talk about the border crisis in different ways? - Republicans – invasion and national security issue - Democrats – humanitarian concerns 2. Describe the trends in border encounters over the last three presidential administrations. How do the number of border crossings during the Obama administration and first Trump administration compare to each other? How does the number of border crossings during the Biden administration compare to that of Obama and Trump administrations? - Obama – general decline in border encounters, combination of stricter enforcement measures, prioritized removal of threats - Trump – initial decrease, then significant surge in 2019, implemented stringent immigration policies, Remain in Mexico, aiming to deter illegal crossings - Biden – substantial rise in border encounters, policy shifts and reversal of certain Trump era restrictions, more lenient immigration enforcement 3. What role did the state of Texas, particularly Governor Greg Abbott, play in bringing the issue of immigration and the southern border to national prominence? - Operation Lone Star (Texas National Guard and Department of Public Safety to the border), legislative actions (illegal immigration = state crime), resource allocation, migrant relocation program (to sanctuary cities), healthcare policy (financial impact of illegals) 4. Which groups of immigrants are classified by the Department of Homeland Security as legal, foreign-born residents? - Naturalized citizens - Children who derived citizenship from one or more parents - Persons granted lawful permanent residence - Persons granted asylum - Persons admitted as refugees - Persons admitted as resident nonimmigrants (students and temporary workers) 5. Which groups of immigrants are classified by the Department of Homeland Security as unauthorized immigrants without permanent legal resident status but possessing temporary legal status to reside in the United States? - People with Temporary Protects Status (TPS) - DACA - Those awaiting ruling by immigration court - Unauthorized people with pending requests for lawful permanent residence - Humanitarian paroles 6. What percent of unauthorized immigrants have no legal status and what percent have some form of temporary permission to reside in the United States? - Temporary status – 40% - No legal status – 60% 7. Briefly describe the following programs that give unauthorized immigrants temporary legal permission to reside in the United States – Temporary Protective Status (T.P.S), Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), asylum seekers waiting for a ruling by an immigration court, CBP One program, and humanitarian parole. - TPS - provides temporary legal status and protection from deportation to immigrants from certain countries experiencing armed conflict, natural disasters, or other extraordinary conditions - DACA – protects certain undocumented immigrants who were brought to the U.S. as children from deportation - Asylum seekers – individuals who arrive in the U.S. and apply for asylum can remain legally in the country while their case is pending in immigration court. - CBP One – a mobile app-based system that allows certain migrants to schedule appointments at legal U.S. ports of entry to seek asylum or parole - Humanitarian parole - allows individuals to temporarily enter the U.S. for urgent humanitarian reasons or significant public benefit 8. How did President Trump’s recent executive orders change US border policy? Briefly describe the implications of declaring a national emergency at the border, eliminating the “catch and release” policy, reinstating the “Remain in Mexico” program, halting the admission of refugees, ending the CBP One program, terminating humanitarian parole programs, and classifying drug cartels as terrorist organizations. - National emergency – enables the reallocation of federal funds and resources to bolster border security measures, including the deployment of military personnel and the construction of additional physical barriers - Eliminating catch and release – individuals apprehended at the border are detained until their court proceedings, aiming to reduce absconding and ensure compliance with legal processes - Remain in Mexico – requires asylum seekers to stay in Mexico while their U.S. immigration cases are processed, intending to deter frivolous asylum claims and manage border congestion - Halting admission of refugees – doesn’t let individuals fleeing persecution globally in, citing concerns over national security and the need to reassess vetting procedures, significant implications for resettlement programs - Ending CBP One – cancellation of scheduled appointments and the program's shutdown may lead to increased unauthorized crossings and strain border management efforts - Terminating humanitarian parole – affects vulnerable populations, including those from countries experiencing crises, and eliminates a pathway previously used for emergency relief  - Drug cartels = terrorist - classification enables the U.S. to apply more stringent measures against these groups, including sanctions and enhanced law enforcement actions, aiming to disrupt their operations and financial networks 9. What is birthright citizenship and how is it described in the 14th amendment of the US constitution? How does President Trump’s executive order on birthright citizenship attempt to change the interpretation of this clause? - "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." - Executive order attempts to undo 14th Amendment by denying citizenship to people born in the United States to certain groups of immigrants (principally unauthorized), tries to ground legal reasoning in different interpretation of clause, “and subject to the jurisdiction thereof”