GNED 05 Purposive Communication Midterm Reviewer PDF

FOR MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT COPY GNED 05: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION MESSAGE – This is the encoded and decoded...

FOR MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT COPY GNED 05: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION MESSAGE – This is the encoded and decoded information in the communication process. COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL CONTEXTS: MEANINGS AND PURPOSES CHANNELS – Both a route travelled by the message Instructor: Helen Grace C. Dejongoy and the means of transportation. (Verderber 1999) Two basic channels of a face-to-face communication: CHAPTER I: THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS AND ITS COMPONENTS Sound Channel – Verbal Cues Light Channel – Non-Verbal Cues COMMUNICATION - It is one of the most essential aspects of our NOISE – Anything that interferes with communication. lives. Barriers that prevent the communication process to be - The process of sharing meaning in any effective. context. External Noise – sights, sounds, and other - A systematic process in which people stimuli in the environment that draws interact with and through symbols to create the participants’ attention away from and interpret meanings. (Wood, 2003) the communication Internal Noise – thoughts and feelings that intervene with the communication process. Ex. Daydreaming Semantic Noise – unintended meanings aroused by certain symbols that prevent comprehension. FEEDBACK – Responses or replies being made by the receiver of the message. Shows how the message sent is heard, seen, and understood. COMMUNICATION LEVELS, FUNCTIONS, FOR MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT COPY PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS The communication process includes: LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION CONTEXT – The setting in which the communication VERBAL COMMUNICATION – encompasses occurs. any form of communication involving Physical Context – refers to where the words, spoken, written, or signed. communication takes place, factors that affect the communication process. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION – includes (WHERE) body language, such as gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, and Social Context – the relationship that exists posture. The sound of our voice, between and among the participants. including our pitch, tone and volume (WHO) are also forms non-verbal communication. Historical Context – the background provided by the previous encounter or INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION – communication between the occurs within the person, this is participants. Something that the sometimes referred to as cognitive or participants have in common. (WHAT) personal communication or “self-talk”. Psychological Context – includes the moods INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION – and feelings each participant brings to communication that occurs between the communication. (HOW) two persons who establish a communicative relationship. Cultural Context – includes the beliefs, values, and norms, that are shared by a large PUBLIC COMMUNICATION – a speaker group of people (WHY) sending message to an audience. It could be a direct, face-to-face message PARTICIPANTS – The people communicating, delivery of a speaker to an audience, or everybody involved in the communication or it could be indirect, using radio or conversation. The sender or source and the decoder or television. receiver. FOR MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT COPY OR MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT COPY FOR MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT C  FOR MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT COPY FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION We communicate to meet needs. Communication between people with differing cultural We communicate to enhance or maintain our identities sense of self. OTHER-FOCUSED ORIENTATION – our tendency to We communicate to fulfill social obligations. view our culture as the normal or the standard We communicate to develop relationships. one, referring their culture as the “other” or “different” one. We communicate to exchange information. We communicate to influence others. ETHNOCENTRISM – our tendency to view our culture as superior to other cultures PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION Communication is purposive. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE – Communication is continuous. the ideal goal where the speaker has the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in Communication messages vary in conscious various cultural contexts. encoding. Communication is relational. CROSS-CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS Communication has ethical implications. CONTEXT Communication is learned. HIGH-CONTEXT CULTURE – much of the meaning comes from non-verbal and contextual cues COMMUNICATION ETHICS LOW-CONTECT CULTURE – much of the meaning Speaks with sincerity generated within an interaction comes from the verbal communication used Does not knowingly expose an audience to falsehood or half-truths that can cause TIME MONOCHRONIC CULTURE – views time as valuable FOR MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT COPY significant harm commodity and punctuality very important Does not premeditatedly alter the truth Present the truth as she or he understands it POLYCHRONIC CULTURE - Their concept of time is Raises the listeners level of expertise by free flowing, and changes depending on each situation. Distractions and interruptions are a supplying the necessary facts natural part of life, and have to be taken in Employs message that is free from mental as stride. well as physical coercion CONFLICT Does not invent or fabricate information CONFLICT-AS-OPPORTUNITY – conflict is normal Gives credit to the source of information. and a useful process and subject to change through negotiation CHAPTER II: THINKING ABOUT CULTURE CONFLICT-AS-DESTRUCTIVE – views conflict as unnecessary, detrimental, and must be CULTURE – the ongoing negotiation of learned and avoided. Confrontations should be disciplined patterned beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors. to discourage such destructive behaviors CULTURE COVERS: CONFLICT MANAGEMENT Nationality DOMINATING STYLE – Forcing one’s will on another to satisfy individual desires regardless of Ethnicity consequences Race Dis/ability INTEGRATING STYLE – necessitate a great deal of Religion open discussion about the conflict to reach a Class solution that satisfies everyone involved. Sexual Orientation Gender COMPROMISING STYLE – demands that everyone Region must give up something to reach a solution. FOR MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT COPY R MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT COPY FOR MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT CO  OBLIGING STYLE – involve giving up one ' s position FOR MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT COPY to satisfy another's. PREJUDICE – refers to any irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual AVOIDING STYLE – People avoid the conflict entirely orientation. by failing to acknowledge its existence CHAPTER III: VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE DIMENSIONS OF CULTURE (Geert Hofstede) The use of culturally-appropriate language is a way INDIVIDUALISM – values independence, individual of conforming to another culture's acceptable choices, and decisions are expected expressions, terms, images, and standards of behavior and thoughts COLLECTIVISM – values interdependence, people are Culture is the fifth language skill in addition to members or larger wholes listening, speaking, reading, and writing LOW POWER DISTANCE – preference for equality of LINGUISTIC VARIATION is a characteristic of all status and power between members of languages, and all varieties have their own rules and institutions systems. FACTORS THAT DISTINGUISH SPOKEN FROM HIGH POWER DISTANCE – expects and accepts WRITTEN LANGUAGE unequal power between superiors, subordinates 1. The actual situation or context 2. The purpose of communication MASCULINITY - Those that strive for maximal distinction between what women and men are expected to do. Strives for material success VARIETIES OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE FEMININITY - Emphasizes the quality of life, concern INTERACTIONAL – Aims to develop relationships for the weak, and permits overlapping of roles. between interlocutors FOR MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT COPY UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE - Extent to which people REFERENTIAL – providing the listener some in a culture feel threatened by uncertain of information referring to objects or abstract concepts unknown situations. Such situations are avoided by maintaining strict codes of behavior EXPRESSIVE – showing the speaker's judgments or and belief in absolute truths feelings about a person, event, or situation TRANSACTIONAL – getting information or making a BARRIERS TO INTERCULTURAL deal. It has a specific purpose and is driven by COMMUNICATION needs and wants rather than sociability PHATIC – engaging in small, plain talk. The speaker ANXIETY – When you are anxious because of not and listener use minimal amount of language to knowing what you are expected to do, it is only natural engage in the conversation. to focus on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction WRITTEN LANGUAGE ASSUMING SIMILARITY INSTEAD OF The most striking difference between the spoken and DIFFERENCES – When you have no information about written language is in the vocabulary use a new culture, it might make sense to assume there are no differences, to behave as you would in your home COLLOQUIAL NEUTRAL LITERARY cultures Daddy Father Parent Get out Go away Retire ETHNOCENTRISM – Negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one ' s own culture. Go on Continue Proceed Believing in cultural superiority. Chap Fellow Associate Guys Friends Comrades STEREOTYPES – Used to refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed membership FOR MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT COPY OR MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT COPY FOR MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT C  FOR MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT COPY WAYS ON HOW TO CHOOSE APPROPRIATE CHAPTER IV: EVALUATING MESSAGES AND LANGUAGE IMAGES 1. Notice and reflect on disrespectful language, MESSAGE - one of the elements that gives information thoughts, and actions and ideas to its intended receiver or audience. 2. Respect people of different races This is the information conveyed by words, other signs, and symbols. 3. Use language that includes LGBTQIA+ people 4. Avoid exclusionary, gender-specific language 5. Avoid using explicitly religious terms in mixed THE PURPOSE OF MESSAGES religious company INFORMATIVE – used to share or convey information 6. Avoid expressions that devalue people with that should be clear, straight to the point, and physical or mental disabilities easy to understand. It is designed to influence 7. Refrain from language that groups people into understanding; to make it clearer and more developed. one large category PERSUASIVE – These occur when a person tries to POLITICAL CORRECTNESS – promotes equality by convince another person or group to take demonstrating an understanding that all people certain specific actions. It should be as specific and groups are valuable to society regardless as possible and the purpose should be of race, culture, religion, gender, or sexual observable and measurable. orientation. GOODWILL - These are messages that used to show a sense of kindness, friendliness, gratitude, regret, sympathy, appreciation, NON – POLITICALLY POLITICALLY congratulations, and invitations. FOR MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT COPY CORRECT CORRECT Housewife Domestic Engineer Economically deprived Slum Area area Foreign food Ethnic cuisine Lazy Motivationally Deficient Dustman Sanitation Engineer Insane Reality challenged Stupid Intellectually impaired Shoplifting Irregular shopping Sex change Gender reassignment Unemployed Economically inactive CULTURAL APPROPRIATION OF IMAGES is the adoption of the iconography of another culture, and using it for purposes that are unintended by the original culture or even offensive to that culture's norms CULTURAL SENSITIVITY is an attitude and way of behaving in which you are aware of and acknowledge cultural differences FOR MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT COPY R MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT COPY FOR MA’AM HEY’S STUDENTS USE ONLY. DO NOT CO