Communication Basics PDF

The Basics of Communication  INTRODUCTION Communication comes from the Latin word communis, meaning commonness. It is a two-way process by which information is exchanged between or among individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, and behavior. It is a learn...

The Basics of Communication  INTRODUCTION Communication comes from the Latin word communis, meaning commonness. It is a two-way process by which information is exchanged between or among individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, and behavior. It is a learned skill.  INTRODUCTION Developing your communication skills can help all aspects of your life, from your professional life to social gatherings and everything in between.  INTRODUCTION The ability to inform accurately, clearly, and as intended, is a vital life skill and something that should not be overlooked. It is never too late to work on your communication skills and by doing so improve your quality of life. WHAT’s THE WORD?  What’s the Word? Directions: Think of a word/s that you can associate with the word “COMMUNICATION”. Afterwards, create a definition based on the words provided. WHAT WENT WRONG? Video Commercials (Discussion) What went wrong in the communication of the family members? What could have worked better in their communication? COMMUNICATION: DEFINITION  COMMUNICATION Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another, whether this be vocally (using voice), written (using printed or digital media such as books, magazines, websites, or emails), visually (using logos, maps, charts or graphs), or non- verbally (using body language, gestures and the tone and pitch of voice).  COMMUNICATION Communication is the process of sharing meaning in any context. Communication as a systematic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings. (Wood, 2003)  COMMUNICATION The abilities to use, transmit, comprehend, and respond to symbols are uniquely human capacities that set us apart from any other creatures on earth. Communication, therefore, is one of the most essential aspect of our lives.  COMMUNICATION Human communication is dynamic, symbolic, and interactive culture-bound process of exchange of messages. Communication is the heart of human relationships.  WHAT IS LANGUAGE?  LANGUAGE Language is one of the most important factors in communication. It is the written symbol of spoken word. Without the use of language, the world is boring, full of tension and discomfort.  LANGUAGE Language in communication is essential in our complex world. It brings about social interactions, pleasures and more comprehensive knowledge of life and its complexities. It is impossible to establish communication without the use of language, its usage and meaning which results to effective learning.  LANGUAGE Confucius once said, “Without knowing the force of words, it is impossible to know a man.” His view explains that society continues to exist because of proper language.  LANGUAGE Language is a French word which means “tongue”. Lingua or tongue is a vital organ in human speech. The vocal sound produced by the tongue is used to communicate ideas. COMMUNICATION: ELEMENTS ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 1. PARTICIPANTS are the communicators who are both the senders and the receivers. The sender is the speaker. A sender stats with an impulse he/she wises to express and then must encode that idea into symbols (words) and signs (facial expressions) while the receiver is the listener, the receiver must decode the symbols and signs of the message sent through the channel. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 2. CONTEXT refers to the interrelated conditions of communication. It is consists of such factors. 2.1. Physical Milieu – where the communication takes place, the time of the day, the environmental conditions (like temperature, lighting, and noise level), distance between or among communicators and the seating arrangement. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 2.2. Social Milieu – the nature of relationships existing between or among communicators (what and how messages are formed, shared, and understood would depend on whether the interaction takes place among family members, friends, work associates and strangers. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 2.3. Psychological Milieu – communicators’ moods and feelings (the same joke that amuses you when in a bantering mood makes you explode angrily when in hostile mood). 2.4. Cultural Milieu – beliefs, values, and norms shared by a large group of people (interaction is very much easier with someone of your own race and with one who has adapted to and imbibed your culture. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 2.5. Historical Milieu – the background providedby the previous communication incidents between or among the communicators and which affects understandings in the current exchange. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 3. MESSAGE are symbols and signs which are actually transmitted. All messages are carried by a channel (such as face-to-face, over the phone, e- mail, etc.) ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 4. CHANNEL is the means of accessing the messages whether via visual channel (refers to the light waves that carry non-verbal symbols like facial expressions, gestures, movements) or via the auditory channel (refers to the sound waves that carry the verbal symbols such as words and vocal cues like tone, rate, pitch, and volume). ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 5. NOISE are the distractions that interfere with the accurate transmission and reception of a message. 5.1. External Noise – sights, sounds and any other distractions in the environment like passing of an attractive man or woman, nonstop music or cigarette smoke from a crowd. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 5.2. Internal Noise – distractions within the communicator such as physiological or biological nooise like hearing loss or illness and psychological noise like daydreaming or worrying. 5.3. Semantic Noise – unintentional meaning caused by certain symbols, ethnic slurs, profanity and vulgar speech like "his woman" where "woman" is misinterpreted as "mistress" ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 6. FEEDBACK signifies verbal and/or non-verbal responses of the receiver while the sender is sending a message. Feedback improves communication.  FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION 1. PHYSICAL NEEDS Physical needs include needs that keep our bodies and minds functioning. Communication, which we most often associate with our brain, mouth, eyes, and ears, actually has many more connections to and effects on our physical body and well-being. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION 2. INSTRUMENTAL NEEDS Instrumental needs include needs that help us get things done in our day-to-day lives and achieve short- and long- term goals. We all have short- and long-term goals that we work on every day. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION 3. SOCIAL NEEDS Social or relational needs include needs that help us maintain social bonds and interpersonal relationships. Communicating to fill our instrumental needs helps us function on many levels, but communicating for social/relational needs helps us achieve the social relating that is an essential part of being human. Communication meets our relational needs by giving us a tool through which to develop, maintain, and end relationships. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION 3.1. Inclusion – the need to belong to personal relationship be it formal or informal 3.2. Desire for Control – each one’s desires to have an influence on others and to feel a sense of domination or power over the world. 3.3. Affection – the desire for others to care for us and a desire to care for others. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION 4. PRACTICAL NEEDS Practical or Identity needs include our need to present ourselves to others and be thought of in particular and desired ways. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION 4.1. Physical – food, water, air, rest and reproduction 4.2. Safety – protection of our wellbeing 4.3. Social – inclusion or feeling of belongingness, desire for control and affection 4.4. Self-esteem – the belief in our own self as a worthy and valuable individual FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION 4.5. Self-actualization – the desire to become the best person or the desire to develop our potential to the maximum.  CATEGORIES OF COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS  CATEGORIES OF COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS A. THE SENDER’S STANDPOINT 1. Information – refers to data shared every time a sender communicates something to another person. 2. Instruction – facts plus some organizing or interpretative principles.  CATEGORIES OF COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS 3. Persuasion – a message designed to alter a person’s beliefs or behavior. 4. Entertainment – amuses or gives pleasure.  CATEGORIES OF COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS B. THE SOCIETY’S STANDPOINT 1. Surveillance – the function served by mass media when they monitor and report what is happening in the environment 2. Correlation – the function provided by a mass media when they interpret what is happening.  CATEGORIES OF COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS 3. Socialization – the function played by media in teaching members of society what their roles are and how things work. 4. Entertainment – the primary function of mass media as a source of enjoyment or pleasure.  CATEGORIES OF COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS C. THE RECEIVER’S STANDPOINT 1. Personal Identity Function – provides individals an understanding of who they are. 2. Social Integration Function – the way in which communication is used to meet our need to belong.  CATEGORIES OF COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS 3. Cognitive Function – the ability to use symbols and internalize speech. 4. Escape Function – the use of communication as means to relax.  THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS COMMUNICATION PROCESS DEFINING THE DEFINITION  Defining the Definition Directions: Based from your overall understanding of the lesson, list down at least five (5) definitions of communication. Do this on a ¼ yellow pad paper. COMMUNICATION ANALYSIS  Communication Analysis Directions: Read the situation and answer the questions that follow. Do this on a whole yellow pad paper; write your answers only.  Thank you! See you next meeting.  THE MODELS OF COMMUNICATION  MODELS OF COMMUNICATION Models of communication are conceptual models used as representations to elaborate the human communication process. 1. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL  1. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL In 1948, Shannon-Weaver Model of communication was created by Warren Weaver. An article was published entitled “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” in Bell System Technical Journal which later known as Shannon-Weaver Model of communication or “mother of all models”. 1. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL (Concepts) Sender (Information Source) – one who sends the message and chooses the channels. Encoder (Transmitter) - refers to the machine that transmits the message. Channel – the medium used to send message. Decoder (Receiver) – refers to the machine that converts the signal into message.  1. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL (Concepts) Receiver (Destination) – the person who gets the message or the place where the message must reach. The receiver provides feedback according to the message. Noise – the physical disturbances like environment, people, etc. which does not let the message get to the receiver as what is sent, in short the barriers of communication. 2. BERLO’S COMMUNICATION MODEL 2. BERLO’S COMMUNICATION MODEL David Berlo in 1960 derived his Sender-Message- Channel-Receiver (SCMR) model of communication from Shannon Weaver’s Model of Communication (1949). He pointed out factors affecting the individual components in the communication, making the communication more effective and efficient.  2. BERLO’S COMMUNICATION MODEL (Concepts) Sender – the originator of the message. Encoder – the transmitter which converts the message into signals (the way message is changed into signals, for example sound waves). Decoder – the reception place of the signal which converts signal into message. Decoding is done by the receiver when he gets the message.  2. BERLO’S COMMUNICATION MODEL (Concepts) Receiver – the recipient of the message from the sender. He usually gives feedback to the sender in order to make sure that the message was properly received. Noise – the message is transferred through a channel, which can be interrupted by external noise like horn sounds, thunder and crowd noise. Thus, the receiver can get an inaacurate message. This is why feedback from the receiver is important in case the message is not properly received. 3. SCHRAMM MODEL  3. SCHRAMM MODEL The Osgood-Schramm model is a two-way street with a sender and a receiver. Schramm Model emphasizes that communication is circular rather than linear, meaning that it required two participants taking turns sending and receiving a message.  3. SCHRAMM MODEL In addition, Wilbur Schramm added the “Field of Experience” which emphasizes on the commonality, mutual interest and same experience or level of two parties involved in the communication process.  3. SCHRAMM MODEL (Concepts) Sender – person who encodes (converts) and sends the message. Message – the content being conveyed between the parties. Receiver – person who decodes (interprets) the message.  3. SCHRAMM MODEL (Concepts) Field of Experience – commonality, same interests of two parties. Semantic Barriers – the backgrounds, beliefs, experiences, and values that influence how the sender conveys a message, and how the receiver interprets it. In the Osgood-Schramm Model, the sender can deliver one message and then the receiver, getting a message.  LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION  LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION Levels of communication refers to the interaction of an individual in his/her everyday life. LEVEL 1: INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION This refers to communication with yourself whether you are talking to yourself aloud or in the privacy of your own brain. Examples: thinking, writing, daydreaming, speaking aloud or doing monologue LEVEL 2: INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION This is commonly called the dyadic communication. This involves two groups of people who share the roles of sender and receiver. Examples: listening, teamwork, leadership INTRAPERSONAL VS. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION  LEVEL 3: SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION Builds on the foundation if interpersonal communication skills and interpersonal relationship often develop between dyads of group members. Examples: an active class session, conducting a meeting LEVEL 3: SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION  LEVEL 4: PUBLIC/MASS COMMUNICATION This is one-to-many communication. This refers to that kind of communication where one person delivers his remarks to those remaining members called the audience. Examples: meeting de avance of the politicians, broadcasting the news on air LEVEL 4: PUBLIC/MASS COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION ETHICS  ETHICS All forms of communication involve ethical issues. Ethics are values that have been instilled in us, we have knowingly accepted them and govern our actions. Our ethical value system is our basis for our decision-making and our basis for communication ethics.  ETHICS In all communication situations there are ethical considerations. These relate to considerations of what is fair and unfair, right and wrong; it means communicating in a way that conforms to moral standards.  COMMUNICATION ETHICS We all acknowledge that “a speaker who uses language that degrades or injures human personalities by exaggeration, pseudo truths, twisting of words and name calling is clearly acting unethically.” (Berko, 1995) TEN BASICS OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION Johnson (2015) developed the Ten Basics of Ethical Communication using principles learned in Straight Talk and Nonviolent Communication as well as best practices for small group work in general, with a little common sense added in: TEN BASICS OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION 1. Seek to elicit the best in communications and interactions with other group members. 2. Listen when others speak. 3. Speak non-judgmentally. 4. Speak from your own experience and perspective, expressing your own thoughts, needs, and feelings. TEN BASICS OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION 5. Seek to understand others (rather than to be right or more ethical than thou). 6. Avoid speaking for others, for example by characterizing what others have said without checking your understanding, or by universalizing your opinions, beliefs values, and conclusions, assuming everyone shares them. TEN BASICS OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION 7. Manage your own personal boundaries. Share only what you are comfortable sharing. 8. Respect the personal boundaries of others. 9. Avoid interrupting and side conversations. 10. Make sure that everyone has time to speak, that all members have relatively equal air time if they want it.  IN THE MIDDLE OF THE ADVERTISEMENT  In The Middle of The Advertisement Directions: Create a group of five (5) and choose one (1) commercial being shown in the television and make an analysis about it. Make sure that your analysis contains the following: 1. The level of communication 2. The process of communication 3. The functions of communication 4. The elements of communication  Thank you! We have a quiz next meeting. 