Globalization Lecture Notes PDF

Week 1 Lecture 2: The Rise of the Atlantic World and the Global Connections Guiding Questions: \- What were the motives which shaped the European colonization of the Americas? \- Which factors aided the European conquest of the Americas? Periodization \- Ancient -stone age, bronze age, iron age...

Week 1 Lecture 2: The Rise of the Atlantic World and the Global Connections Guiding Questions: \- What were the motives which shaped the European colonization of the Americas? \- Which factors aided the European conquest of the Americas? Periodization \- Ancient -stone age, bronze age, iron age \- Medieval(dark ages) -- early, high and late \- Modern -- \- and modern period Rise of the Atlantic world (connection across the Atlantic ocean, started in 1492, columbus arrival in america) \- growing role of Europe in seafaring in the 1490s \- discovery of America, navigation off southern African coast and arrival in India \- the Americas (later australa was brought t global economy \- the Columbian exchange part of larger european discovery, part of seafaring age Eurasia and africa old world, Americas new world (bring things like diseased between the two worlds, exchange of ideas) Europeanseafaring motivations \- Christianity \- Conquered Spain from muslims (1492) Spanish and portegeous empire \- Merchant spirit to trade with outside world \- Renaissance -- achievement and knowledge (social development) \- Balance of trade: Europeans dependent on trade from Chinese, Europeans seek gold as payment for products. \- Wealth: legends of gold in Africa and elsewhere abundant Technological development: \- European take the lead in technology \- Chinese had disinterest in conquering other parts of the world \- Magnetic compass \- Improved ship designs (early modern period had many long ships) \- Gunpowder and cannon (helped european civilizations conquer other parts of the world) Columbus -- messenger of king and queen pf spain \- Newly discovered lands from " \- Spain was dominant power in the early modern period and Portugal \- Discovering Americas, brought complications between spain and Portugal \- Spain and Portugal sign a treaty dividing the world between them \- Portugal -- all land east of the line \- Spain -- all land west of the line (americas \- Treaty of Tordesillas June 7 1494 \- Given monopoly on discovery navigation and trade Portugal \- 1497 -- vasco da Gama reached India (in their territory east) \- 1519 -- Ferdinand Magelln (southern trip and across America and claimed brazil for Portugal (showed the world was spherical, circumnavigated the globe, thought the world was flate before 1519) \- Coast of east Africa was given to Portugal, Indian port of gao (rich) Port of Macao Chinese Spain \- Given the phillipines until 1898, lost them to the United States \- Spain had the pacific islands and the bulk of Americas \- The pope helped to rule which catholic power held which American territory British French and dutch \- British were successful bc they produced lighter faster ships than Catholic adversaries (British were protestant, spain and Portugal catholic adversaries) 1588 british won a ship battle against spain (British start exploiting Spanish controlle areas\ \ the British and dutch the french vied for dominance in the high\ \ the dutch enteres the fray after winning independence from spain (INDIA A DUTCH COLONY UNTIL.. \- The dutch ousted the Portuguese from Indonesian islands Company rule \- Dutch/British east india company (government funding colonization projects for spain, but individuals funded voyages and colonization for Dutch and British \- Company rule (employ natives, done by 17 - 18 century \- Individuals profited for Dutch and British (Spain's government profited in contrast) \- British don't stop with colonization of India 8/30/2024 Guiding question: how did the discovery of the new world shape early modern globalization From mid 15 century -- great transformation across Europe, unknown world \- Discovered greater world, exploration of Africa America and asia (south and south east) Spain(castilla) and Portugal begin great empires Conquest and colonization \- Spain gained control of Americas \- English and Portuguese controlled important trading centers and ports in asia and African coast (smaller territories than spain) \- Europeans affected but did not dominate civilizations. Until 1750s (industrial revolution), were not directly dominate (before, Asian and muslim were dominate). Technological advantage 1750s and on Triangular trade pattern \- Triangular in the Atlantic world \- Rum from new England to west Africa, pick up captives and bring to Caribbean (sugar islands) Division of global economy, mercantilism \- Europeans good at manufacture of goods and shipping, more profitable than labor, raw material and market in the rest of the world. Lots of profit from trade. Mercantilism \- Europeans monopolize shipping, manufacturing, ect. The rest of the world are consumers and laborers. \- Wealth drawn from America, Africa and asia. Silver form the new world (Potosi), which Spain had previously received and got rich from \- Spice and tea plantations from south asia. Silver from Americas caused inflation in asin and China, Japan, ottoman empire. Helped Europeans get products at cheaper rates \- Japan participated in silver production, before great isolation in 1600s. (silver mines) \- The trade and global connections were more pronounced than we thought. Early modern connection even before 15 centure Columbian Exchange \- The old world (afro-euro-asia) met the new world (Americas) \- Americo ves puchi named after the Americas \- Exchange of ideas, plants, animals, diseases \- Over 12 million enslaved Africns and migrants from the Old World to the New World \- New diseases were introduced to native people with no immunities. Food and fiber crops were introduced to Eurasia Old to new world diseases \- Sailors from old world brought in diseases \- Small pox, measels, mumps, whooping cough, chicken pox, influenza, typhus \- 90 percent of the native population killed. \- Some populations in the Caribbean islands were totally wiped ouy \- Central Mexico population reduced from 18 to 1 million \- Peru population reduced from 11 million to 700,000 \- Read the primary source (broken spear) How and why were Old World diseases instrumental in the conquest and colonization of the America \- Alliances between native Americas and Europeans formed to fight other native americans \- Europeans wouldn't be able to defeat the million strong native American populations, but because of the many natives killed, Europeans were able to easily conquer and colonize Encomienda \- The native survivors f the diseases were recruited into labor, encomienda system \- The Spanish crown granted colonists land, and were told to demand labor and tribute from natuve Native give labor to Europeans, Europeans teach Christianity, ect \- Conqista, accept Christianity or be expelled/killed. Muslims and jews migrated to Americas Old world to new world crops \- Wheat barkey rye. Sugar bananas and citrus fruit. Rice and cotton. Horses cattle sheep goats and pigs (natives previously domesticated alpacas) \- Atlantic slave trade. Rice growers from Africa were brought to Americas and enslaved New world to old world diseases \- Arthritis \- Tuberculosis \- Syphilis (killed many people) New world to old world crops \- Maize(corn), cassava and various beans and squash \- Sweet poptato, pawpaw, pineapple \- Tomato avocado guava and chilli \- Peanits, rubber cacao (taken to Africa and Asia for cultivation) \- Important crops led to population explosion \- Rubber cultivation in congo, atrocities from Belgium colonists. 17 century cholera outbreak high death toll. People were developing immunities King of Kongo notes \- Portuguese slave trading causing serious disruption in Kongo, prompting Afonso to request help in controlling the activities of Portuguese merchants \- Portuguese natives take Afonso's people, the natives. Country is being depopulated. Doesn't want slave trade in the kingdom. \- White men kidnap the free men of the kingdom (even noblemen) and brand them. They say they bought them. \- Passed a law that white men cannot buy goods unless it is confirmed that the goods are captives, not free men. \- Seemed like Afonso opposed only slave trading with freemen, consented to captive slave trade. John Barbot: An agent for the French Royal African Company \- John barbot voyages to African west coast, 1678 and 1682. People sold by africans are captives \- African kings order people to be sold for slaves indiscriminantly \- People sell themselves to prevent starvation \- Slaves were treated very inhumanely/barbarous \- Barbot thinks that being bought and brought to the Americas is less deplorable than the African slaves who remain in their native country, since western slave masters want their slaves to live longer and be more useful. Also exposed to Christianity \- Barbot's slaves refused to eat. Talks about which slaves are bought by Europeans 9/4/24 Response paper : use examples from primary sources and one example from the lecture Colonization: new political institutions \- Europeans who conquered Americas brought political institutions like what they have in Europe. \- Rules made in spain and Portugal and then imposed on colonized people \- Iberia born men held all administrative positions. \- Divided latin America into 2 provinces Centralized government system, latitudes given to church leaders estate owners and villagers affect native populations (less power than anyone) Colonization religion and art \- Europeans brought Catholicism as leading force in society, undermined traditional reigion. Wanted to stop dangerous cultural practices. \- Built cathedralas. Economic framework: watch video Europeans, Spanish Portuguese 2 kinds of economic activity existed \- 1) the village or smalltowm economy: natives and mestizos (Indian and Spanish ancestry) produced corn for largely local needs. Mestizos above natives, but below Europeans \- Export economy: for profit for spain and portugalm mining operations in the Andes. 16,000 tons of silver were produced in andes rgion annually by 1650s. large amount of silver produced affected economy of Eurasia \- Expert economu promised large created by Spaniards or Creoles (Europeans born in new land) \- Spanish monarchy grant land, have right to recruit and have labor \- Hacienda: a large estate where natives were granted to a Spaniard planter, inhabitants pay tribute in goods and textiles plus labor. In Europe, lord, feudal lord, serfes. \- Natives could evade working or paying tribute, and so many natives dying caused Encomienda as a system to fail Bc encomienda failed, needed labor from Africa. \- Tobacco and sugar plantations need labor, natives not suited. \- Natives were already present and subdued militarily, but they evaded. Also lacked skills and faced diseases \- Missionaries said natives who are Christian don't have to do encomienda/labor. \- Enslavement of the natives fiercely resisted by the natives and the church \- Why did colonizers not go back to Europe and get labor from indentured servants. Indentured servants are "cultural undesireables" (gypsies, jews, and prisoners, lower class populations, lack of skills and protected by legal contracts \- Slavery was racialized (white and Christian could not become slaves, only indentured servants \- Why africans \- Why not africans at the beginning \- Countries that participate in Atlantic slave trade \- The slave coast (Senegambia to angola) \- Divided into regions Long march to the coasts \- The losing army in African state wars were captured and sold to Americas \- States that refused to fight, army captured and sold to Americas \- Captives walked in caravans to forts sometimes 1000 miles away. Only half survived the death march \- 60 forts along the west central African coast Slavery in the Americas was different than anywhere in the world \- The family that adopts you after you become a slave (kin), maintain your last name \- Slavery in America, you lose all your rights, First response paper: \- One example from lecture, rest from primary sources \- What new things did you learn about Africa, and how did they shape your understanding of early modern globalization? \- Primary sources from week 1 to week 3 \- Citations in Chicago \- Quote lectures as :week 1 lecture 2, ect 9/6/24 Next week start talking about Africa \- New economy framework \- Indentured servants are not suited legally for the labor demand, protected by contracts \- Forced labor was racialized, \- African labor was stronger and more skillful, no legal repercussions \- Majority of arican slaves brought to south America, (5% in america), similar climate made for easier adjustment and somewhat resistnt Slavery in Africa before the Atlantic connections \- Mediterranean and eurasion civilizations all had some orm of slavery Long march to the coasts \- Branded and put in underground dungeons Middle Passage: Conditions on board th ship \- The horrible, awful middle lef of a three part voyage \- Slaves chained together and crammed into spaces sometimes less than five feet high. 3 or 4 hundred slaves packed on board \- Little centilation, human waste, horrific odors \- Tight packing, belly to back chained in twos, wrist to ankle, naked \- Loose packing, shoulder to shoulder \- Men and women seperaed, men at bow, women at stern \- Fed once or twice a day, brought on deck for limited time. (fresh air is very important) Middle passage: \- Journey 6-8 weeks \- Due to high mortality rate, cargo was insured. Can get money when slaves drown, but not death from diseases \- Common to throw slaves overboad when sick or facing food shortages \- Covert resistance: attemped to suicide, jump overboard, refusal to eat \- Watch Amistad \- Slave mutinies very common Middle passage statistice: \- 10-16 million africans forcibly yransported across Atlantic from 1500-1900 \- 2 million died during middle passade (10-15% \- Another 15-30% died during march to the coast \- For every 100 slaves that reached the New World, another 40 died in Africa or during the middle passage \- Catastrophic, depopulated many areas, west, Swahili coast Arrival in Americas \- 40 % in carribbean \- 40 % in brazil \- 10 percebnt in latin america10 percent in British north America Abolition of the Atlantic slave trade: \- How enlightenment shaped abolition of the slave trade \- Enslaved person played the role of resistance more than anyone else WK 3 Lecture 1 Africa Dark continent? 1963: Hugh Revor-Roper "perhaps in the future thre will be some African history to teach, But at present there is none; only the history of Europeans in Africa. The rest is darkness," Early modern period only knew about coastal Africa. European powers rely on africans to rule Africa on their behalf. Recording past Africa: \- African societies did not have written record, almost no formal record \- Rely on traveler accounts, archaeological remains (prove word of mouth stories true) \- Familiy histories told by word of mouth \- Official history keepers (Djeli/Jali) \- Primary source from Djeli Mamoudou Kouyate, the epic of... \- Play 24 string instrument while telling history. \- Oral history can be embellished/forgotten. History focused on the elites (kings, generals), not ordinary people Myths and Facts Diversity \- Huge deserts -- sahars and Kalahari \- Extensive mountains in the east \- Grassland below Sahara and the South \- Tropical rainforest \- Diverse weather and climate \- Religion : savana and up islam. Central and southern Africa Christian. Some native religions Languages: \- Over 2000 languages spoken. \- 4 basic language families: Racial diversity: \- Global interactions contributed to Africa's racial diversity \- Indian, arab, mongol. European muslims came to Africa African states and empires \- Elaborate states and political institutions of sub Saharan Africa focused on Africa \- Western Soudan \- Central and eastern African \- Southern African \- North African ottoman empire during early modern period Themes: \- Geography \- Societies and states \- Outside contact Western Soudan (west Africa) \- Kingdoms arose in the region of the southern sahara and the grassland below \- Trade- tributes from merchants \- Ghana was the earlier of west Sudanese kingdoms \- Capital: kumbi saleh (important cities of Gao, Sijilmasa, taodine, Timbuktu \- Complex relationship with muslim world (leaders not muslim, but they employed muslims) relied on muslim world for taxation \- Muslim scirbes in courts \- Muslimsources of horse for military expansion Rise of Mali \- 13^th^ century Ghana kingdom fell \- Mali was better developed and relied on trade and connection with Islamic world (most advanced during this time) \- federation \- Relied on agriculture (rice basins, Senegambia) \- Mali adopted Islamic bureaucrats and popularized the role of the Arabic script \- In the constitution of 1236 in oral form (unprecedented) \- Mande Charter -- Bill of Rights Kourokan Fouga 1236 "Mansa" Musa Keita \- Read primary source \- Succeeded Mansa Sakura (slave in royal house who became emperor) \- Mansa means king \- Pilgrimage to mecca in 1334-1335 Rise of Songhai \- Mali declines by 1400 \- Songhai 1591, less land mass than Mali \- Songhai lost territories that Mali controlled along the coast \- Rather depending on alliances with local lords, the kings of Songhai built armies that owed loyalty to them, some of them slaves \- African invasion and internal rebellion. \- Loose federation, had poweful army to rule directly, direct administration. \- Destroyed by north africans Wk 3 Lecture 2 Ghana and mali were relying on trade with Islamic world. Shift in trade routes to Atlantic ocean \- Trans-sahara slave trade, people captured and sold to arab world \- When Europeans arrived, trade routes shifted to the western coasts Mali and Songhai contact with European. (small access to westafriican coast) Europeans wanr ro spread Christianity, but couldn't make much impact before colonization (islam domoinated) Some africans showed interest in Christianity in order to get guns, but Europeans in general did not have anything else of value to trade in Africa. (African goods superior, better iron). Later offered distilled alcohol, firearms, and textiles from india, cowrie shells (form of currency, though dominate way of trade is bartering) Arrival of europenas created new ethnic identities (afro-europeans along west African coast, became wealthy traders and middlemen, point of contact before natives) Central Africa interior \- Cameroon, congo, ect. Tropical rainforest. Navigable rivers. heavy rain, poor soils, dense forest canopies, mean agriculture is difficult, can't support large population. \- Tsetse zone (sickness in animals, certain livestick and horses can't survive) \- Oil palm, kolanut, seafood, salt (supplied plants to savannah regions) \- Cassava and corn from Atlantic, increased populations Political units (central Africa) \- Mainly villages between 30 to 200 adults \- Wide range of relationiships between various villages \- Common linkages: marriage alliances, common language, religious cult \- Communities held together by a temporary war leader Kingdom of Congo and outside contact \- Centralized societies along the central areas raided the small societies. \- Savanna clearings in the forest developed kingdoms \- 1484, Portuguese Diogo Cao left 4 Franciscan monks in kingdom to preach and convert Congolese people into Christians. \- King of kongo Manikongo Nzinga sent people to portugul to learn Portuguese and Christianity, wanted to protect his borders. Wanted people to convert to Christianity to get guns \- King joso and queen convert to Christianity. Congolese did not convert to Christianity or at best mixture with African traditional religion. \- Portugal failed to convert congo \- Portuguese left legacy, took uninhabited islands and were later made into slave plamntations (sugar). Experiment before start of the slave trade Interior east Africa and Swahili coast \- Dominated by Swahili people (afro-arabians), most speak Swahili \- Centers of manufacturing and scholarship \- Controlled the trade between east African interior and the lands of the western Indian ocean rim, their influence extended to the gold fields of great Zimbabwe \- Islamic rivalry, business Indian ocean world \- Swahili found the insian ocean world dominated by Muslims \- Trade rivalries wit \- Portuguese want to convert Swahili to Christianity, control east African coast for around 200 years, control zambezi river (ivory and slaves from he interior) \- Portuguese could only gain control because they gained control of African goods The Omani empire in east African \- Swahili appeak to oman to flush out the Portuguese \- 1696 siege of Mombasa and omani imperial control (expelled Portuguese and then stayed) \- Yarubi dynasty (spread islam \- 18^th^ century the Busaids (slave trade and Week 3 Lecture 3: States and Societies of Africa Use footnote, not in text citation: week 3 lecture 3 References for primary sources on canvas Chicago style Master major themes Swahili in east Africa \- Sahili arab and bantu. Muslim, trade \- Dominated the Indian ocean(Malindi, pate, Mogadishu,Mombasa, ect rich city states \- Portuguese bombard cities until subdued (sack of kilwa 1505 Lorenco de Almeaida \- Portuguese control Zambezi river, trade between Indian ocean and interior east Africa (ivory and slaves from the interior) \- Plantations in east central Africa, Portuguese used captives to cultivate sugar. Plantations in Omar took slaves from east Africa \- Indian ocean slave trade and Atlantic s \- City states along eat coast continue to rebel against Portuguese (oman attacks mumbasa and takes control of east Africa \- 1696 siege of Mombasa and omani imperial control \- 18^th^ century the busaids dynasty and oman government in Zanzibar \- British have issue with busaids dynasty who were slave and ivory traders \- Trans sahara slave trade end and Atlantic slave trade begins (change in trade routes \- Being in east African coast is more lucrative than Pakistan, so omani empire relocated to be at the center of trade \- (Swahili, omani, Portuguese, then british States and societies of southern Africa (not \- The bantu speaking black people came to southern Africa during the seventeenth centure, the dutch arrived at the same time. Segregation based on white supremacy (racial heierarchy, \- Black people had no right to say no to apartheid because they were not there before the dutch? Dutch land in cape of good hope Terrain climate and settlement \- Climate: namib and halahari deserts \- Named is dryest place snd uninhabitable for humans \- Jalahari is less dry and supports foragers, some pastoralists \- To the east, the climate grows wetter as one approaches the Indian Ocean \- Natal is quite wet, wet enough to support intensive farming and cattle breeding The Cape \- In the south around the cape of good hope, there is a meditterean climate \- Weather has winter rains, temperaye weather, and conditions reminiscent of outhern California \- Suitablr for grapes, wheat, apples, and other temperat climate crops \- Diseases of sub-saharan Africa did not thrive in the cape \- Before suez canal in Egypt, the cape is the main route to Atlantic and Indian ocean \- 1652 dutch outpost on cape of good hope to get food stuff and continue their voyage miscalculation. They were disappointed because the africans in the cape were not farmers. \- Dutch wanted to cultivate drops The Khoisan (Khoikhoi san) \- Distinction between San (foragers) and Khoikhoi (pastoralist) \- Europeans wanted to distinguish between san and Khoikhoi \- Lived in small decentralized chiefdoms rather than large states, so dutch were able to subue them and force employ them as slaves for the farms the dutch cultivate \- Ovambo farmers herero and nama cattle-herders already occupy the northern half of present-day Namibia (forgotten genocide by german during ww2, experimenting on africans \- Xhosa, zulu, Ndebele, swati \- Related people, Tswana and sotho The southeastern lowveld : the Nguni people \- Grography -- higher rainfall, hillier with numerous calleys and waterways \- Nguni people( xhosa nelson mandela) \- Arable land for agriculture and grazing \- Low population and smaller sizes of herds \- Chiefdoms of the Nguni were generally smaller \- Initiation ceremonies and age regiments \- British and dutch fought endless wars with xhosa zulu Sotho and Tswana \- The central highvels to the east of the Kalahari \- Tswana, northern sotho and southern sotho peoples The dutch and the great trek \- 1652 the durch met the Khoikhoi (pastoralists) and san (foragers) people, employing th Khoikhoi as indentured slaves \- Ethnicities in Africa were not strct, but the Europeans needed ethnicities to rule \- Dutch couldb't buy food from the Khoikhoi or san \- Trekboers -- dutch moved with their heard, families and slaves and trekked like Khoikhoi \- Dutch brought slaves from Madagascar and Indonesia \- Mixing of the dutch and Khoikhoi/san called Griqua/bastards \- Boers met the xhsa in the east \- Met the sotho, Tswana and herero in the north (dutch tried to trick them like they did with the khoi khoi who had small settlements, but these communities were bigger and organized) The British arrive in 1795 \- British took control f the cape in 1805 (CAPE VERY IMPORTANT BECAUSE EVERY SHIP GOING FROM EUROPE TO INDIA/ASIA) \- 1807 slave trade abolished. Dutch were practicing slave trade in \- British aboloish slave trade in Africa, but brought many indentured servants from india asia Overview: \- How did geography and natural resources contribute to the development of the distinct societies in Africa \- How did trade allow Africa to assume key role in globalization during the early modern period \- How does the African tradition of oral history challenge the concept of history as a formal written record Week 4 lecture 1 Islam and muslim expansion. What are the basic tenents of Islam 3 important islam empires 25 percent ofworld population aremuslim Less than 18 percent of muslims are arabs Majority lives outside arabia or the middle east Majority in Africa and asia Origin \- Islam started in arabian peninsula \- Sedentary agriculturalists and Bedouin nomads (preislamic arabia) \- Trade at Mecca and Medina \- Polytheists Christians and jews before \- Muhammad Five pillars of islam \- Shahada (attestation, only believe in oneness of god, believe in mohammad as a prophet and other prophets) \- Christians pray to jesus, muslims think jesus was a prophet \- Salat (daily prayers 5x day) \- Zakat (give alms to poor, compulsory to anyone who can afford it) \- Fasting (observe holy month of ramadan) \- Hajj (pilgrimage to mecca) Is jihad a pillar of Islam \- Not a pillar of islam. Jihad means striving. Muslim life is about jihad because everyone is striving to better themselves \- Greater jihad -- (inner self) Trying to better yourself and improve your life \- Lesser jihad -- defense \- Rules of engagement (must not kill children, elderly, non combatants, no prisoners of war. Compare to crusades that destroyed cities with no rules of engagement Was Muhammad a Warlord \- Muhammad fought in many battles. Muslim army had many less people than the Meccan army \- Offensive battles: the battle of Mut'ah 629. Romans executed muslim emmisaries,so they went on the offensive \- The conquest of Mecca -- raised a large army to attack Meccans. First there was a treaty between mecca and medina, mecca broke the treaty so muhammad's army attacked. Mohammad showed lots of mercy towards the defeated mecca army, so they defeated warriors supported mohammad \