Global Nutrition 2018 PDF

Indicators of Forms of Malnutrition NUT 681 Dr Lama Mattar 1. Undernutrition: lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough food, not eating enough food containing substances necessary for growth and health, and other direct and indirect causes. 2. Stunting in children und...

Indicators of Forms of Malnutrition NUT 681 Dr Lama Mattar 1. Undernutrition: lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough food, not eating enough food containing substances necessary for growth and health, and other direct and indirect causes. 2. Stunting in children under five: a form of growth failure which develops over a long period of time in children under five years of age when growing with limited access to food, health and care. It is known as ‘chronic undernutrition’, although this is only one of its causes. It is associated with cognitive impairments such as delayed motor development, impaired brain function and poor school performance, as it often causes these negative impacts. 3. Wasting in children under five: children who are thin for their height because of acute food shortages or disease. Also known as ‘acute malnutrition’ It is characterized by a rapid deterioration in nutritional status over a short period of time in children under five years of age. Wasted children are at higher risk of dying. There are different levels of severity of acute malnutrition: moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) and severe acute malnutrition (SAM). 4. Micronutrient deficiencies: caused by a lack of intake, absorption or use of one or more vitamins or minerals. Excessive intake of some micronutrients may also result in adverse effects. Several micronutrients that remain issues globally including iron, zinc, vitamin A, folate and iodine, as they are the most difficult to satisfy without diverse diets. One general indicator of micronutrient deficiencies is anaemia, as this syndrome is caused by the deficiency of many of them, and its effects are exacerbated by several diseases 5. Moderate and severe thinness or underweight in adults: a body mass index (BMI) less than 18.5 indicates underweight in adult populations while a BMI less than 17.0 indicates moderate and severe thinness. A BMI less than 16.0 is known to be associated with a markedly increased risk for ill health, poor physical performance, lethargy and even death; this cut-off point is therefore a valid extreme limit. 6. Overweight and obesity in adults: the abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. BMI is a simple index of weight-for-height that is commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults. Overweight and obesity are major causes of many NCDs, including non- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease and stroke. They also increase the risks for several types of cancer, gallbladder disease, musculoskeletal disorders and respiratory symptoms. 2025 Targets for Nutrition Global Nutrition Targets 2025 Policy Brief Series – WHO 2014 Under-5 Stunting Children aged 0–59 months who are more than 2 standard deviations (SD) below the median height-for-age of the WHO Child Growth Standards Target: 40% reduction in the number of children under 5 who are stunted Global Nutrition Targets 2025 Policy Brief Series Anaemia in women of reproductive age Prevalence of anemia is 1) percentage of pregnant women whose hemoglobin level is less than 110 grams per lite rat sea level or 2) percentage of non-pregnant women whose hemoglobin level is less than 120 grams per liter at sea level Target: 50% reduction of anemia in women of reproductive age Global Nutrition Targets 2025 Policy Brief Series LOW Birth Weight Infants born in each population and over a given period who weigh less than 2,500 grams Target: 30% reduction in low-birth weight Global Nutrition Targets 2025 Policy Brief Series Under-5 overweight Children aged 0–59 months who are more than 2 SD above the median weight-for-height of the WHO Child Growth Standards Target: No Increase in childhood Obesity Global Nutrition Targets 2025 Policy Brief Series Exclusive Breastfeeding Infants 0–5 months of age who are fed exclusively with breast milk. Target: Increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months to at least 50% Global Nutrition Targets 2025 Policy Brief Series Under-5 Wasting Children aged 0–59 months who are more than 2 SD below the median weight-for-height of the WHO Child Growth Standards Target: Reduce and maintain childhood wasting to less than 5% Global Nutrition Targets 2025 Policy Brief Series Salt Intake Mean population recommended intake is 2g/day Target: A 30% relative reduction in mean population intake of salt intake Global Nutrition Targets 2025 Policy Brief Series Adult raised blood pressure Raised BP is defined as BP, systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg, aged 18 or over Target: A 25% relative reduction in the prevalence of raised blood pressure or contain the prevalence of raised blood pressure, according to national circumstances Global Nutrition Targets 2025 Policy Brief Series Adult: overweight, obesity, and diabetes Adult overweight: BMI ≥25 kg/m² ; Adult obesity: BMI ≥30 kg/m² Adult diabetes: Diabetes is defined as fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L, on medication for raised blood glucose or with a history of diagnosis of diabetes, aged 18 or over Target: Halt the rise in obesity and diabetes Global Nutrition Targets 2025 Policy Brief Series  Possible Solutions?  Outcomes for children & women achieve a 40% reduction in the number of children under-5 who are stunted; achieve a 50% reduction of anaemia Immediate in determinants women of reproductive achieve a 30% reduction inage; low birth weight; Underlying ensure that there is no determinants increase in childhood overweight; increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months up to at least 50%; reduce and maintain childhood Enablin wasting g to less than 5% environment Guerrero, S. Sustainable Development Goals & UNICEF’s New Nutrition Strategy. UNICEF.  achieve a 40% reduction in the number of children under-5 who are stunted; achieve a 50% reduction of anaemia in women of reproductive achieve a 30% reduction inage; low birth weight; ensure that there is no increase in childhood overweight; increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months up to at least 50%; reduce and maintain childhood wasting to less than 5% Guerrero, S. Sustainable Development Goals & UNICEF’s New Nutrition Strategy. UNICEF.  Objective 1: To prevent undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and overweight in early childhood (i.e. the first five years of life). achieve a 40% reduction in the number of children under-5 who are stunted; Objective 2: To prevent undernutrition, micronutrient achieve a 50% reduction of anaemia in deficiencies and overweight in middle childhood and women adolescence (i.e. 5–19 years of age). of reproductive achieve a 30% reduction inage; low birth Objective 3: To prevent undernutrition, weight; ensure that there is no micronutrient deficiencies, and overweight in women increase in – including during pregnancy and breastfeeding – childhood overweight; increase the rate of and low birth weight in newborns. exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months up to at least 50%; Objective 4: To provide children with severe wasting reduce and maintain childhood and other forms of life-threatening acute wasting to less than 5% undernutrition with timely and quality feeding, treatment and care. Guerrero, S. Sustainable Development Goals & UNICEF’s New Nutrition Strategy. UNICEF.  Objective 1: To prevent undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and overweight in early childhood achieve a 40% reduction in the (i.e. the first five years of life). number of children under-5 who are stunted; Support food fortification Objective 2: To prevent undernutrition, achieve a 50% reduction of anaemia in programs micronutrient deficiencies and overweight in women of reproductive middle childhood and adolescence (i.e. 5–19 Support maternal nutrition achieve a 30% reduction inage; low birth years of age). weight; programs ensure that there is no increase in Support Objective 3:child and To prevent adolescent undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and overweight in nutrition childhood overweight; increase the rate of programs women – including during pregnancy and exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months up Support child breastfeeding – and wasting low birth weighttreatment in to at least 50%; reduce and maintain childhood newborns. programs wasting to less than 5% Objective 4: To provide children with severe wasting and other forms of life-threatening acute undernutrition with timely and quality feeding, treatment Guerrero, S. Sustainable Development and care. Goals & UNICEF’s New Nutrition Strategy. UNICEF.