Global Lesson 27 Lat Amr Rev. PDF

AIM: How did Enlightenment ideas influence the Latin American & Caribbean Revolutions for independence (1801-1820s)?  I. Haitian Revolution, Caribbean (1791-1804) A) Toussaint L’Ouverture – born enslaved in St. Domingue (Haiti) & later...

AIM: How did Enlightenment ideas influence the Latin American & Caribbean Revolutions for independence (1801-1820s)?  I. Haitian Revolution, Caribbean (1791-1804) A) Toussaint L’Ouverture – born enslaved in St. Domingue (Haiti) & later freed; ½ million enslaved on plantations 1. 1791-1801: He joined, then led, the slave revolt that ended slavery in Haiti 2. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas 3. 1802 - Napoleon imprisoned L’Ouverture (he died in 1803) & sent French troops to regain control over Haiti & reinstate slavery  Haitian Revolution Con’t B) Jean-Jacques Dessalines – led revolution after L’Ouverture 1. He declared independence from France in 1804 & became Haiti’s 1st leader under new constitution 2. He renamed St. Domingue Haiti, an Indigenous Arawak word meaning “mountainous land” 3. Haiti = First nation in the Americas ruled by Black leaders 4. First nation to abolish slavery in the Americas C) Haiti faced much political & economic opposition from European nations & the U.S.  II. Latin America Under Spanish & Portuguese Rule (1492-early 1800s) A) Direct Colonial Rule - Spain & Portugal appointed European born men to run the colonial govts. B) Lat. Amr. colonies paid high taxes & supplied silver, sugar & other raw materials to the Spain & Portugal  III. Class Structure in Spanish Colonies A) Peninsulares – born in Spain, top govt. officials & landowners B) Creoles – born in America, Spanish ethnicity, military officers & landowners C) Mestizos – mixed-race Indigenous & European D) Mulattos – mixed-race African & European E) Enslaved people from Africa & those born into slavery in the Americas F) Indigenous people – 1. Genízaros were Native Americans bought or sold into slavery by Spanish colonists in present day southwest  IV. Latin American Revolutions & French Revolution (1804-1814) A) Creoles (American-born, landowners) 1. Educated in Europe & learned Enlightenment ideas 2. They wanted political power in Latin America B) Peninsular War - France occupied Spain & Portugal & replaced their kings with Napoleon’s family members 3. Weakened Spain’s control over Latin American colonies – Creoles revolted b/c felt no loyalty to Napoleon’s puppet govt 4. Portuguese royal family fled to its Brazilian colony V. South American Independence & Revolutionary Leaders (1802-1820s) A) Simón Bolívar 1. Venezuelan born creole, wealthy landowner, educated in Europe 2. Led Pan-Americanism Movement – wanted to create united Latin American states 3. Obtained independence for: Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, Ecuador, Peru –> formed Gran Colombia (1819-30) 4. Expanded creole army to include Mestizos & Indigenous troops to fight Spanish troops  South American Revolutions con’t B) José de San Martín 1. Argentine creole, wealthy, educated in Europe 2. Fought for independence for southern Spanish colonies 3. Joined his army w/ Bolívar to gain independence for: Argentina, Chile & Peru (1812-22)  VI. Mexican Revolution for Independence (1811-21) A) Padre Miguel Hidalgo (priest) 1. Mestizos & Indians led peasant revolution for Mexican independence 2. Grito de Dolores – Hidalgo rang church bells to gather revolutionaries 3. 1821 - Creoles joined revolution for independence after liberal group gained control of Spain b/c they feared losing status & privileges (i.e., landownership & political power) 4. Agustín de Iturbide, a creole, proclaimed himself emperor  VII. Brazil & Central American Independence (1821-22) A) Brazil’s Independence 1. Portuguese king fled to Brazil during Peninsular War against Napoleon 2. 1815 – Brazilian King returned to Portugal after Napoleon’s defeat 3. 1822 – Brazilians petitioned king for independence & installed Dom Pedro, son  Central American Independence con’t B) Central American Independence 1. 1821 - New nations declared independence from Spain & Mexico 2. 1823 – finalized independence from Mexico after Iturbide was overthrown 3. Formed new nation => United Provinces of Central America 4. Eventually became separate independent nations: Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador & Costa Rica  VIII. Impact of Latin American Revolutions A) “Consent of the Governed” – creole landowning class maintained control of new govts. B) Dictatorships & military coups have shaped politics in Latin America – populism v. elites C) Economic Policies – favored wealthy elites 1. Result - Large wealth gaps 2. Demands for ranching & farm land has resulted in deforestation of rain forests D) Race – colonial European ideology of white supremacy continues to influence discrimination against Indigenous & Black Latin Americans 2024-25: Explore Latin American Atlas 2024: Venezuela’s Contested Election 2021: Chile’s New Constitution  2013: Columbia, Venezuela, Peru, Mexico 1) How does the video show recent opportunities & challenges facing Latin America? 2) How do the videos show links to the colonial past? 3) What did you find surprising, interesting, upsetting or confusing about the situations shown in the video?