Atlantic Revolutions AP World History Past Paper PDF

Atlantic Revolutions AP World History: Unit 5 (1750-1900) Learning Objective Topic 5.2 Explain causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments People around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social cu...

Atlantic Revolutions AP World History: Unit 5 (1750-1900) Learning Objective Topic 5.2 Explain causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments People around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory (nationalism). This was sometimes harnessed by governments to foster a sense of unity. Historical Developments Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of systems of government and various ideologies, including democracy and 19th-century liberalism. Historical Developments Colonial subjects in the Americas led a series of rebellions inspired by democratic ideals. The American Revolution, and its successful establishment of a republic, the United States of America, was a model and inspiration for a number of the revolutions that followed. The American Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the Latin American independence movements facilitated the emergence of independent states in the Americas. Historical Developments The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers, as reflected in revolutionary documents— including the American Declaration of Independence during the American Revolution, the French “Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen” during the French Revolution, and Bolívar’s “Letter from Jamaica” on the eve of the Latin American revolutions— influenced resistance to existing political authority, often in pursuit of independence and democratic ideals.  Today’s Essential Question How did the rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought influence revolutions and rebellions against existing governments?  Atlantic Revolutions Timeline American Declaration of Independence 1776 British recognition of American Independence 1783 U.S. Constitutional Convention 1787 Tupac Amaru revolt in Peru 1780s Outbreak of French Revolution 1789 Haitian Revolution 1791-1804 French “Reign of Terror” – execution of Louis XVI 1793-1794 Napoleon’s rise to power 1799 High point of Napoleon’s empire 1810-1811 Hidalgo-Morelos rebellion in Mexico 1810-1813 Wars of Spanish Independence 1810-1825 Final defeat of Napoleon 1815 Independence of Brazil from Portugal 1822  Comparing Atlantic Revolutions Shared a set of common ideas Atlantic basin = world of intellectual and cultural exchange Ideas that animated the Atlantic revolutions derived from the European Enlightenment Ideas were shared via: newspapers, books, pamphlets At heart was radical notion that human political and social arrangements could be engineered and improved by human actions Conventional and long-established ways of thinking (i.e. divine right of kings, state control of trade, aristocratic privilege, authority of a single church, etc) came under attack The American Revolution American Revolution (1775-1789) Launched the Declaration of Independence in 1776 Generated a federal constitution in 1787 Joined thirteen formerly separate colonies into a new nation First in a series of upheavals in the Atlantic world But what really changed? It was a movement to preserve the existing liberties of the colonies rather than create new ones. American Revolution (1775-1789) Britain needed money after its war with France which ran up their national debt British authorities looked to make up these losses in the American colonies through the use of taxes and tariffs Britain was exercising its imperial power without offering the American colonies representation in the British parliament American colonists were upset & armed with ideas of the Enlightenment (popular sovereignty, natural rights, consent of the governed) – they went to war By 1781 they had prevailed with help from the French (who were ironically still a monarchy themselves)  American Revolution (1775-1789) For much of the 17th and 18th centuries, the British colonies in North America had a great deal of autonomy The British gov’t had its own internal conflicts which allowed N. American colonies to be dominated by the wealthier property-owning settles – gave them something close to self-government. Colonists came to regard such autonomy as a birthright and part of their heritage No one wanted to break away b/c British Empire provided many advantages (protection in war, access to British markets, etc) – few drawbacks  Things Were Pretty Good in the US (all things considered) Class distinctions were real and visible (small class of wealthy “gentleman” still pretty much ran everything) Even so, the large availability of land (after kicking the Native Americans off of it), scarcity of people, and absence of both a titled nobility and a single established church meant that social life was more open than in Europe No legal distinctions differentiated clergy, aristocracy, and commoners as they did in France All free men enjoyed the same status before the law – excluding black slaves & white women Made for less poverty & more economic opportunity, fewer social differences/conflicts than in Europe Documents of the Enlightenment: The Declaration of Independence Causes of the American Outcomes of the American Revolution. Revolution.  How “Enlightened” was the American Revolution? Make a choice and be prepared to defend it with evidence! Consider: who gained rights from this revolution? Who was excluded? Very Enlightened Not Enlightened The French Revolution 1789  French Revolution (1789-1815) French soldiers returned from assisting America full of republican enthusiasm France was also bankrupt from assisting the Americans in their war against Britain King Louis XVI (not to be confused with Louis XIV – the Sun King) – knew there needed to be tax reform so he called the Estates General which contained representatives from the three “estates” or legal orders Three estates = the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners First two estates = 2% of the population, everyone else fell into the “commoners” category Second Estate Third Estate First Estate 1. Who makes up most of the population in pre-revolutionary France? 2. Who paid most of the taxes in pre-revolutionary France? 3. How might someone use these pie charts to argue that land ownership in pre-revolutionary France was unfair? 4. What is unfair about the tax system in pre-revolutionary France?  How does this cartoon summarize one of the causes of the French Revolution? Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen In 1789, representatives of the Third Estate formed their own special group called the National Assembly, claiming the sole authority to make laws for the country A few weeks later they drew up the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen which declared that “men are born and remain free and equal in rights.” Articles: 1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. 2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. 3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation. 4. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law. 5. Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society. Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law. 6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents. 7. No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law. Any one soliciting, transmitting, executing, or causing to be executed, any arbitrary order, shall be punished. But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay, as resistance constitutes an offense. The Tennis Court Oath  French Revolution (1789-1815) French Revolution was driven by sharp conflicts within French society Members of the nobility resented the monarchy’s efforts to subject them to new taxes The growing middle class (doctors, lawyers, merchants) resented the rights of the aristocracy, from which they were barred These gave the French Revolution a much more violent, far-fetching, and radical character than the American Revolution  Pariser Poisarden (ca. 1794) illustrates the role of women during the insurrectionary days of the French Revolution. Here a Parisian fishwife strides forward, hand-in-hand with a young, aristocratic woman, possibly an early Marianne figure, driven by a menacing harpy representing the anger and violence of working class women.  In France, censorship of the press was a major issue throughout the 19th century, Descente dans les ateliers de la liberté de la presse (1833) is a good example of the extent to which the king and his officials went to silence the criticism from the press, here Louis-Phillippe, himself, is shown stopping the mouth of the printer. Storming the Bastille  Reign of Terror In 1793, King Louis XVI and his queen, Marie Antoinette were executed – shocked traditionalists across Europe This began the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794 – led by Maximilien Robespierre and his Committee of Public Safety Tens of thousands deemed enemies of the revolution lost their lives on the guillotine Eventually Robespierre himself was arrested and guillotined, accused of leading France into tyranny and dictatorship BTW: Marie Antoinette never said “Let them eat cake.”  French Revolution vs. American Revolution French Revolution also differed from the American Revolution in the way its influence spread U.S. became a world power at the end of the 19th century France spread through conquest under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte (1799-1814) Napoleon is credited with taming the revolution Napoleon preserved many of the more moderate elements such as civil equality, secular law code, religious freedom, and promotion by merit He kept the revolution’s emphasis on social equality but dispensed with liberty Created Europe’s largest empire seen since the Roman Empire Napoleon was eventually brought down by resistance from Russia and Britain Causes of the French Outcomes of the French Revolution. Revolution.  Comparisons Practice How did the French Revolution differ from the American Revolution? American Revolution French Revolution  How “Enlightened” was the French Revolution? Make a choice and be prepared to defend it with evidence! Consider: who gained rights from this revolution? Who was excluded? Very Enlightened Not Enlightened Haitian Revolution  Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) French Revolution had huge influence on the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later Haiti) Saint Domingue was richest colony in the world, produced 40% of the world’s sugar and 50% of the world’s coffee Slave labor force made up majority of the population Whites were divided between very well-to-do plantation owners, merchants, and lawyers and poor whites (petits blancs) – 1/3 of population was gens de couleur libres (free people of color) – many of them with mixed-raced background. France controlled the Western part of the island French plantation owners learned about the events of the French Revolution Slavery in The conditions on the island were the worst in the world. Saint The death rate of enslaved Africans was Domingue around 50%. Most died of overwork in the sugar, coffee and indigo plantations. Torture of slaves who resisted was common. Most enslaved Africans had memories of freedom in Africa. The Social Classes of Saint Domingue Grand Blancs - Rich white landowners wanted greater 1 autonomy for the colony and fewer economic restrictions Petit Blancs - White on trade. non-landowners who sought equality of citizenship for all 2 whites. Gens de Couleur (Libre) Free people of color who 3 wanted equality for everyone, regardless of race. Enslaved People of African Descent - Wanted an end to 4 slavery and to gain freedom and equality.  Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) Principles of the revolution meant different things to different people: – grand blancs (rich white landowners) wanted greater autonomy for the colony and fewer economic restrictions – petits blancs sought equality of citizenship for all whites – Both groups were adamantly opposed to the insistence of free people of color that the “rights of man” meant equal treatment for all free people regardless of race  Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) In 1791, triggered by rumors that the French king had already declared an end to slavery, slaves burned 1,000 plantations and killed hundreds of whites as well as mixed-race people Warring factions of slaves, whites, and free people of color battled one another Slaves were led by Toussaint Louverture – himself a former slave TL and his successor overcame internal resistance and defeated an attempt by Napoleon to reestablish French control  Slave Revolts Because enslaved Africans outnumbered whites 10:1, enslaved Africans were allowed to keep their African customs. Vodou (Vodon) was widely practiced among the slaves. This religion gave the slaves a form of cultural expression and rallying point for protest against their oppressors.  Former enslaved African who wanted to ensure the revolution took hold. Began organizing enslaved Africans into military units. Did not participate in the original uprising. Organized the military to fight the French, Spanish, and English. All three countries wanted to control the island and ensure failure of slave revolt. Toussaint L'Ouverture  Letter from Toussaint L’Ouverture, 1793 Brothers and friends. I am Toussaint L’Ouverture, my name is perhaps known to you. I have undertaken vengeance. I want Liberty and Equality to reign in San Domingo. I work to bring them into existence. Unite yourselves to us, brothers, and fight with us for the same cause, etc. Your very humble and very obedient servant. (signed) TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE, General of the Armies of the King, for the Public Good.  How did L'Ouverture beat the French, Spanish, and English? Joined forces with the Spanish army against the French. – rose to high rank within the Spanish army. When France abolished slavery, he switched sides. – Promoted to General in the French Army. Toussaint Louverture ruled the colony as the French governor-general. Forced the British troops to withdraw. – Defeated a mulatto group in the south in a bloody race war. What happened to L'Ouverture? Liberated the entire island from slavery but still demanded the production of sugar and coffee. – Wanted to rebuild the French/Haitian economy. Napoleon sought to return Saint Domingue to French control and reinstate slavery. Sent French forces to recapture the island. – L’Ouverture is captured and imprisoned in France.  How did Haiti gain its independence? Jean-Jacques Dessalines lead a revolt following the capture of L’Ouverture. Horrific war broke out where both sides resorted to mass murder. Because France could not re-supply their troops and suffered fever in their camps, Haiti wins the war in November 1803. Causes of the Haitian Outcomes of the Haitian Revolution. Revolution.  How “Enlightened” was the Haitian Revolution? Make a choice and be prepared to defend it with evidence! Consider: who gained rights from this revolution? Who was excluded? Very Enlightened Not Enlightened Latin American Revolutions Latin American Revolutions  Latin American Independence Movements (1810 – 1825) Revolutions were shaped by events in North America, France, and Haiti Native-born elites in the Spanish colonies (known as creoles) were insulted by Spanish monarchy’s efforts during the 18th century to exercise greater power colonies Spain tried to subject them to heavier taxes and tariffs Creole intellectuals had become familiar with ideas of the Enlightenment: popular sovereignty, republican government, and personal liberty  New Social Hierarchies in New Spain New social hierarchies emerged based on race and birth location Peninsulares had the most power, land, and political authority – Looked to Spain for guidance but largely saw themselves as unique and independent Creoles were the children of peninsulares, born in New Spain A lack of Spanish women meant that mixed race children were also included in the social hierarchy, but below peninsulares and creoles Since they were born on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) “peninsulares” were most likely to have “purity of the blood.” Creoles in Latin America resented the power of the peninsulares. They were also white and felt they deserved upper level positions in the government.  Jamaica Letter Questions Read the excerpt from the Jamaica Letter and answer these questions on a sheet of paper: 1. What was the context in which this letter was written, and who was its intended audience? 2. List some of Bolivar’s grievances as described in the letter. 3. How does its content reflect social tensions inherent in the independence movements in Latin America? 4. How did Bolívar see Latin America’s ideal future? "Americans, under the Spanish system now in vigor, have in society no other place than that of serfs fit for work, and, at the most, that of simple consumers; and even this is limited by absurd restrictions, such as prohibition of the cultivation of European products; the mono of certain goods in the hands of the king; the prevention of the establishment in America of factories not possessed by Spain; the exclusive privileges of trade, even regarding the necessities of life; the obstacles placed in the way of the American provinces so that they may not deal with each other, nor have understandings, nor trade. In short, do you want to know what was our lot? The fields, in which to cultivate indigo, cochineal, coffee, sugar cane, cocoa, cotton; the solitary plains, to breed cattle; the deserts, to hunt the Bolivar's Letter from wild beasts; the bosom of the earth, to extract gold, with which that avaricious country was Jamaica, 1815 never satisfied."  Latin American Independence Movements (1810 – 1825) Revolution occurred after North American revolutions b/c settlers in Spanish colonies had no tradition of self-government such as that in North America Society was far more divided by class Whites were outnumbered by Native Americans, people of African descent, and those of mixed race All of this inhibited the growth of a movement for independence Instability caused by Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal forced Latin Americans to take action (Spanish king was deposed and the Portuguese royal family was exiled in Brazil) Latin American Independence Movements (1810 – 1825) Revolutions lasted twice as long because Latin American societies were so divided by class, race, and religion. In Mexico, the move toward independence began in 1810 in a peasant insurrection, drive by hunger for land and by high food prices and led by two priests: Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos Alarmed by the social radicalism of the Hidalgo-Morelos rebellion, Creole landowners, with the support of the Church, raised and army and crushed the insurgency Later the alliance of clergy and Creole elites brought Mexico to a more socially controlled independence in 1821 Such violent conflict among Latin Americans, along lines of race, class, and ideology, accompanied the struggle against Spain in many places. How “Enlightened” were the Latin American Revolutions? Make a choice and be prepared to defend it with evidence! Consider: who gained rights from this revolution? Who was excluded? Very Enlightened Not Enlightened Causes of the Latin American Outcomes of the Latin Revolutions. American Revolutions. Haitian Revolution Latin American Revolutions What do you think: which revolution was the MOST revolutionary? Historical Developments Newly imagined national communities often linked this new national identity with borders of the state, and in some cases, nationalists challenged boundaries or sought unification of fragmented regions. Call for national unification or liberation: Propaganda Movement in the Philippines Maori nationalism and the New Zealand wars in New Zealand Puerto Rico—writings of Lola Rodríguez de Tió German and Italian unifications Balkan nationalisms Ottomanism