Latin American Revolutions - PDF

Latin American Revolutions Turn in Activity #25, your in class activity we did this week and your Gallery Walk activity  The Impact of Napoleon 1.Greatest field General and Motivator only second to Alexander the Great of Greece 2. Impacted Europe with Nationalism in France and this...

Latin American Revolutions Turn in Activity #25, your in class activity we did this week and your Gallery Walk activity  The Impact of Napoleon 1.Greatest field General and Motivator only second to Alexander the Great of Greece 2. Impacted Europe with Nationalism in France and this caused other nations to build and improve military and economically and led to World War I! 3. Sold the Louisiana Purchase to the United States for cash to fight a war against Great Britain. Big win for America! 4. Europe would never be the same after Napoleon, he instituted new laws and helped to modernize Europe. The Congress of Vienna: European leaders met to organize plans to create Peace in Europe. Final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo against the Prussians and British, June 18, 1815 near Brussels, Belgium 1175-1783 1789-1799 1791-1804 1810-1818 1820 1821-1824 American French Columbia fights Venezuela, Haiti Argentina war for Revolution Revolution fights fights war for independence Peru, Ecuador independe and Bolivia independence and wins and then Brazil nce war and wins independence fights war for and wins independence from Spain independence independe from Spain and wins nce from independence France from Spain Brazil signs treaty and gains Independence from Portugal 1825 1810-1820 Mexico fights war for independence and wins independence from Spain  European Colonization European Colonization Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4 four European countries begin competing for control of North America and the world…. – Spain – England – France – Portugal This power struggle ultimately leads to several wars. Latin America- Mexico, Central America, and South America  Review- Age of Exploration Through imperialism, the Spanish had established colonies throughout the Imperialism- Americas domination of one Established the Encomienda system to country of the political, force the native population to work for economic, or cultural them life of another country The Spanish became incredibly wealthy or region through mercantilism, benefiting from the riches of their colonies in South and Mesoamerica Mercantilism- policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver  How did the social and ethnic structures in Spanish and French colonies lead to discontent? Creoles → resented being treated as second class citizens by the Peninsulares Mestizos and Mulattoes → angered that they were not treated as citizens and did not have the same power as whites Native Americans and Africans → angered by enslavement and inhumane treatment  Discontent The people of Latin America were frustrated with the social, racial and political system they were forced under for the past 300 years. The peninsulares controlled society while the natives were forced into slavery through the Encomienda system Enlightenment ideas reached Latin America through educated creoles who read the writings of Enlightenment thinkers and became inspired by the successes of the American and French Revolutions 1. Spanish practice of securing an adequate and cheap labor supply = FEUDALISM “granted” to deserving subjects of the King 2. Conquistador controlled Indian populations Required Indians to pay tribute from their lands Indians often rendered personal services as well. 3. In return the conquistador was obligated to protect his wards instruct them in the Christian faith defend their right to use the to live off the land 4. Encomienda system eventually decimated Indigeous population. There is still a need for labor so what does this lead to?????? 5. The King prevented the encomienda with the New Laws (1542) supported by de Las Casas, the system gradually died out. Cash Crops!!!! Coffee Cotton Tobacco Indigo France, England, Portugal, the Sugar Cane!!! Netherlands, and Spain get rich off of Cash Crops!  Sugar Cane required humidity and heat to grow! Caribbean climate was perfect for growing Sugar Cane, The island of Hispaniola became a brutal Slave colony led by French! Sugar Cane plantations: Hard work, Sugar Cane took 16-20 months to grow! Indigenous People and African Slaves did the work!  Catalyst for Change The people of Spanish-controlled Latin America saw the opportunity for rebellion when Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808 Napoleon made his brother Joseph king of Spain, and Latin American leaders saw that as a sign of Spain’s weakness. This was a bad move and a mistake! With Spain preoccupied with the French, the opportunity for them to demand independence from colonial rule had arrived. Did the Mulattos, Mestizos and freed slaves in the New World see an opportunity when Spain and France became occupied with wars????? What did the do? Now we will learn about some of the revolutions that took place in the New World.  Haitian Revolution Brothers and friends. I am Toussaint L’Ouverture, my name is perhaps known to you. I have undertaken vengeance. I want Liberty and Equality to reign in San Domingo. I work to bring them into existence. Unite yourselves to us, brothers, and fight with us for the same cause, etc.... Revolutionary Leader: Toussaint L'Ouverture Years: 1743-1803 Country: Haiti Colonial Power Fought: France Toussaint L’Ouverture used this letter to rally the blacks in San Domingo (Haiti), August 29, 1793.  Haiti’s Revolution Haiti was a profitable sugar colony for the French in the 1700s that relied on slavery Toussaint L’Ouverture, a self-educated former slave, helped lead a rebellion against the French forces and the enslaved Haitians were set free in 1789 —but Haiti was still a French colony In 1802 Napoleon sent troops to try to regain control of the colony, and this time L’Ouverture fought for full independence, but he was caught and shipped to France as a prisoner, where he died before Haiti became fully free in 1804 Who is then regarded as the “Father of the nation of Haiti”?? Who could we compare him to in the United States? Who is regarded as the “Father of the United States”? Why is the revolution in Haiti a significant part of history and a success story? Today, Haiti is a proud people and nation! But Today has dealt with government corruption, Poverty, Hurricanes and Earthquakes. Today the Island of Hispaniola is divided into the nations of the Dominican Republic and Haiti.  Mexico In Mexico, a creole priest named Miguel Hidalgo began a campaign to gain freedom from Spanish rule He inspired a ragged army of mestizos and Native Americans to march to Mexico City. They demanded freedom, an end to slavery and better living conditions for natives However, the creoles soon felt threatened that their way of life would be jeopardized by major social reforms Organizes an army of 90,000! Hidalgo was captured and executed less than a year after the revolution started Calls for reform continued until the Natives overthrew Spanish rule in the 1820s, though life did not change much for the Mexicans  South America An educated creole, Simon Bolivar , was inspired by the French and American revolutions. In 1810 he led an uprising in Venezuela. He was easily crushed. The George Washington of South America! However, Bolivar created a daring plan to cross the Andes and attack the Spanish at Bogota (Columbia). He won, and earned the nickname “The Liberator”. After his success in Columbia Simon Bolivar moved south into Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. He joined forces with Jose de San Martin, another creole general, and together they defeated the Spanish throughout South America. Brazil gains Independence from Portugal! Only Portuguese colony Prince Dom Pedro Dom Pedro I (English: Peter I; 12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834), nicknamed "the Liberator", was the founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil.... Pedro I chose the Brazilian side and declared Brazil's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822.  South American Failure After the wars of independence were over, Bolivar attempted to unite South America into one nation: Gran Colombia However, bitter rivalries made that impossible, and Gran Colombia split into various different countries Power struggles among rival leaders led to destructive civil wars, and the wars for independence left the people of South America with limited resources It would take decades for the nations of South America to create stable governments  Only in the Caribbean did Spain retain any of its American colonies Until its defeat by the United States in the Spanish-American War of 1898, Spain kept islands such as Cuba and Puerto Rico How did the Haitian Revolution impact and influence the United States purchasing the Louisiana Territory for France?  Results: Independence for ALL! Bolivia (1809-1825) led by Bolivar & de Sucre Argentina (1810-1817) led by San Martin Chile (1810-1817) led by San Martin & O’Higgins Colombia (1810-1819) led by Bolivar, de Sucre & Santander Mexico (1810-21) led by Hidalgo, Guerrero & Morelos Paraguay (1811) Venezuela (1810) led by Bolivar, de Sucre & Miranda Peru (1821) led by Simon Bolivar & San Martin Ecuador (1822) led by Simon Bolivar Brazil (1822) led by Dom Pedro  Haitian Revolution __________ Mexican Independence __________ South American Wars of Independence____________ Brazilian Independence ____________ A. Prince Dom Pedro declares independence from Portugal B. Toussaint L'Ouverture fought to end slavery and gain independence from France; Formed an army of former slaves and trained them to guerrilla warfare C. Simon Bolivar liberated Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador from Spain; Jose de San Martin liberated Argentina, Peru, and Chile from Spain D. Miguel Hidalgo, a Catholic Priest, led Independence movement against the Spanish Before the American Revolution, Britain followed a "hands-off" approach called 1 information , leaving the colonies to govern themselves mostly. Colonists Taxation without protested when they were taxed by Britain but had no say in Representation government—a concept known as 2. They formed Committees of Correspondence to share salutary neglect 3 and protest unfair taxes. The Tea Party was a famous protest enlightenment where colonists dumped tea into the harbor to oppose taxes. In response, Britain enforced harsh laws called the Intolerable Acts, leading to the meeting of the Continental Congress. Battles like Common Sense Lexington & Concord ignited the war. Influenced by 4 ideas and thinkers like John Locke 5 , Jefferson's Declaration of Independence reflected concepts of natural rights and government by the people. Thomas Paine's 6 further inspired colonists to seek independence from Britain.