Glimpse of History PDF Lecture Notes

Summary

This document provides a glimpse into the history of health from ancient times to the Middle Ages. It covers the development of public health practices in different civilizations and the major epidemics and diseases that have plagued human history. It also explores the shift in understanding the causes of diseases and the dawn of studying the biological environment.

Full Transcript

Sheena dark ages > - GLIMPSE OF HISTORY...

Sheena dark ages > - GLIMPSE OF HISTORY B. Middle Ages (500-1500 с. е.) Prior to 1700 CE 1. 500-1000 c. e. (Dark Ages): Growing spirituaa revulsion for Roman materialism and a A. Early Civilizations growth of spirituality; health problems were > - public considered to have both spiritual causes 1. Ancient Societies (before 500 b. c. e.) and spiritual solutions. health a. Prior to 2000 b. c. e.: Archeological findings provide evidence of sewage 2. Failure to take into account the role of the disposal and written medical physical and biological environment in the for a prescriptions. causation of communicable diseases anele resulted in many unrelenting epidemics in b. Circa 1900 b. c. e. : Perhaps the earliest written record of public which millions suffered and died. Babylonian - health was the Code of Hammurabi; healt a. Deadliest epidemics were from plague ("Black Death"); occurred in E scripture included laws for physicians and health practices. tearlies 543 c. e. and 1348 c. e. (this one c. Circa 1500 b. c. e.: Bible's Book of 0 killed 25 million; half of population = of London lost and in some parts of Leviticus written; includes guidelines for personal cleanliness O France only 1 in 10 survived). b. 1200 c. e.: More than 19,000 leper and sanitation. > A - 2. Classical Cultures (500 b.c.e.-500 c. е.). Do Domini houses. a. Fifth and sixth centuries b. c. e.: ↓ c. Other, epidemics of period: birth of Smallpox, diphtheria, measles, swimming Evidence that Greek men participated in games of strength Jesist influenza, tuberculosis, anthrax, and trachoma. and skill and swam in public facilities. d. 1492 c. e.:6Syphilis epidemic was b. Greeks were involved in practice of last epidemic of the period. community sanitation; involved in C. Renaissance and Exploration (1500-1700 c. obtaining water from sources far e.) away and not just local wells. c. Romans were community minded; 1. Rebirth of thinking about the nature of improved on community sanitation world and humankind. of Greeks; built aqueducts to 2. Belief that disease was caused by transport water from miles away; environmental, not spiritual. built sewer systems; created 3. Observation of ill led to more accurate regulation for building construction, descriptions of symptoms and outcomes of refuse removal, and street cleaning diseases; Observations led to first - > pertussis and repair; created hospitals as recognition of whooping cough, typhus, - infirmaries for slaves. scarlet fever, and malaria as distinct and separate diseases. the starta d. Christians created hospitals as charitable organizations. 4. 1662:E John Graunt published the > -. Benevolent Observations on the Bills of Mortality - e. 476 c. e.: Roman Empire fell, and 5. Epidemics (e.g., smallpox, malaria, and most public health activities ceased, plague) still rampant; plague epidemic killed 68,596 (15% of the population) in London in 1665. Sheena & America's 6. Explorers, conquerors, and merchants and 1875 SOME DISEASES THAT WERE IDENTIFIED their crews spread disease to colonists and DURING THE PERIOD: indigenous people throughout the New 1. Plague = Yersinia pestis World. 2. Leprosy = Mycobacterium leprae 1700 to 1848 3. Cholera = Vibrio cholerae 4. Tetanus = Clostridium tetani A. Eighteenth Century (1700s) 5. Dysentery = Shigella bacteria dysentery > - 1. 1790: First U.S. census. 6. Gonorrhea = Neisseria gonorrhea 2. 1793:EYellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia. 7. Diphtheria = Corynebacterium diphtheriae 3. 1796:- - Dr. Edward Jenner successfully 8. Pneumonia = Mycoplasma pneumoniae demonstrated smallpox vaccination. 9. Tuberculosis = Mycoplasma tuberculosis 4. 1798: Marine Hospital Service (forerunner 10. Typhoid fever = Salmonella typhi to U.S. Public Health Service) was formed. Historical Development of Germ Theory 5. By 1799: Several of America's largest cities, including Boston, Philadelphia, New York, 1. Pre-Germ Theory Beliefs: and Baltimore, had municipal boards of Before germ theory, diseases were often health. attributed to "miasma" (bad air), 1700 to 1840 imbalances in bodily humors, or supernatural causes. B. First Half of the Nineteenth Century (1800- 1848) 2. Key Contributors: 1. U.5. government's approach to health was 1. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1670s); 6laissez faire, non-interference First observed microorganisms using a 2. 1813: First visiting nurse in United States. microscope. 2. Louis Pasteur (1860s): Serend Half of Nineteenth Century (1848-1900) Demonstrated that microorganisms cause Modern er 1. 1849, 1854: London cholera epidemics. fermentation and spoilage. 2. O ↑ 1850: Modern era of public health begins. Developed pasteurization to kill germs in Lemuel 3. 1850:G Shattuck's report was published. liquids like milk and wine. Shattuck S 4. 1854:· Snow had pump handle removed Proved that microbes could be killed, L from Broad Street pump. > source of water which preventing diseases. John 5. 1863:E - causes cholera Pasteur proposed germ theory. 3. Robert Koch (1870s-1880): father, an 6. 1872: American Public Health Association founded. - are a Identified specific pathogens (eg, the bacterium causing tuberculosis). bonir e 7. 1875-1900: Bacteriological period of public Developed "Koch's Postulates to establish a health. ↳ bacterial agents were discovered causal link between a microorganism and a 6 8. 1876: Koch established relationship disease. Robert between a particular microbe and a 4. Ignaz Semmelweis (1840s): Koch particular disease.> - ex TB-mirobacterium : Promoted handwashing in hospitals to tuberculosis 9. 1900:O Reed announced that yellow fever reduce infections. Walter was transmitted by mosquitos. 5. Joseph Lister (1860s); need Pioneered antiseptic surgery using carbolic acid to sterilize instruments and wounds. Yellow Fever -> Mosquitos Sheena Health Resources Development Period (1900- 1. 1974: Nixon's unsuccessful attempt at 1960) national health care program. 2. 1974: A New Perspective on the Health of A. The Reform Phase (1900-1920) Canadians published. Pure Foods 3. 1976: Health Information and Health 1. 1902: First national-level voluntary health Act 1904 a - agency created. Promotion Act passed. published 20 - 2. 1906: Sinclair's The Jungle published. 4. 1979: Healthy People published. uptune - 3. 1910: First International Congress on 5. 1980: Promoting Health/Preventing Diseases of Occupation. Disease: Objectives of the Nation published. 4. 1910: 45% of U.S. population was in the 6. 1990: Healthy People 2000 published. cities. 7. 1997: Clinton's unsuccessful attempt at a 5. 1911: First local health department national health care program. established. Bioterrorism the deliberate release of viruses, 6. 1913: American Cancer Society founded. bacteria, or other germs (agents) used to cause Anthrax 7. 1917: United States ranked 14th of 16 in > - illness or death in people, animals, or plants. is used agent maternal death rate. to kill 8. 1918: Birth of school health instruction. Public health preparedness a full range of 9. 1918: First school of public health prevention, mitigation, and recovery activities universieppies established in United States. B. 1920s aimed towards preventing disease and reducing death rates in the event of an emergency or disaster. PHEP strategies expand upon day-to- O 1. 1922: Wood created first professional day public health best practices and build upon 2 preparation program for health education existing systems and partnerships. specialists. Medical preparedness has the knowledge and 2. 1930: Life expectancy in the United States capacities to effectively anticipate, respond and was 59.7 years. recover from the impacts of likely, imminent or C. The Great Depression and World War II current hazardous events or conditions. 1. 1933: New Deal; included unsuccessful "There is still a major rich-poor divide: people in attempt at national health care program. high-income countries continue to have a much 2. 1935: Social Security Act passed. better chance of living longer than people in 3. 1937: National Cancer Institute formed. low- income countries.” D. Postwar Years = > (may kulang 1/2 slides way ko napicturan) 1. 1946: National Hospital Survey and 1. Communicable Diseases Construction (Hill-Burton) Act passed. 2. Communicable Diseases 2. 1952: Development of polio vaccine. (e.g., lower respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, 3. 1955: Eisenhower's heart attack. diarrheal disease, malaria, and tuberculosis) 3. Poor Sanitation and Unsafe Drinking Water E. Period of Social Engineering (1960-1973) 1 out of every 5 deaths in children under 1. 1965: Medicare and Medicaid bills passed. the age of 5 years is due to a water-related disease. Period of Health Promotion (1974-Present) A. Late Twentieth Century Sheena approximately 80% of all illnesses in developing countries are linked to poor water quality and unsanitary conditions 4. Hunger 5. Migration and Health Ten Great Public Health Achievements- Worldwide 2001-2010 1. Reductions in Child Mortality. 2. Vaccine-Preventable Deaths. 3. Access to Safe Water and Sanitation. 4. Malaria Prevention and Control. 5. Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS. 6. Tuberculosis Control. 7. Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases. 8. Tobacco Control. 9. Increased Awareness and Response for Improving Global Road Safety. 10. Improved Preparedness and Response to Global Health Threats.

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