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GE 1: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS DURING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BRONZE AGE – Characterized by the widespread use of bronze, an alloy made primarily of copper and tin. It What are the roles of Sci...
GE 1: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS DURING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BRONZE AGE – Characterized by the widespread use of bronze, an alloy made primarily of copper and tin. It What are the roles of Science and Technology? represents a significant advancement in metalworking 1. Advancing Knowledge and Understanding technology. - Scientific research and technological innovations Smelting – extraction of metal from ores and contribute to expanding our knowledge and combining copper with tin to create bronze. (Alloy). understanding of the natural world. 2. Driving Economic Development SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION - Science and technology play a crucial role in driving Cuneiform economic growth, innovation, and competitiveness. - First writing system 3. Improving Health and Medicine - Utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols are - Scientific discoveries and technological carved on clay using wedge instruments. advancements lead to improve healthcare, disease - Keep records of things with great historical value prevention, and medical treatments. Uruk City 4. Enhancing Communication and Connectivity - Considered the first true city in the world - Technology facilities global communication, - Build only using mud or clay mixed with reeds, information sharing, and access to knowledge, producing sunbaked bricks – used to make houses contributing to increased connectivity. and walls 5. Addressing Environmental Challenges The Great Ziggurat of Ur - Science and technology provide solutions to - Mountain of God environmental challenges, including renewable - Sacred place only priests are allowed to enter energy, sustainable resource energy, sustainable - Showcase elaborate and intricate architecture resource management, and climate change mitigation. Irrigation and Dikes 6. Enabling Social and Cultural Transformation - Was built to answer the increase demand for food - Technological advancements shape social and - Used to bring water to farmlands cultural norms, behaviors, and interactions, leading to - Control flooding of the rivers societal transformations. - Considered as one of the world’s most beneficial engineering works STONE AGE – refers to a time when stone tools were Sailboats predominantly used by ancient societies for various purposes. - People wanted to discover faraway lands to settle It is a prehistoric era characterized by the absence of metal - Essential in transportation and trading tools and the reliance on stone implements for survival. Wheel Hand axe – used to butcher animals; to dig for tubers, - Wheels are not intended for transportation but for animals, and water’ to chop wood and remove tree farm work and food processes bark; and/or process vegetal materials. - Mill grains with less effort and less time Chopper – they used these stone tools for a variety of Plow purposes, including extracting meat and bone marrow - Humans evolve from food gatherers to farm from large animals. cultivators Scrapers – used on animal hides, wood, or bones. - Invented to dig the earth in a faster pace One the hide was removed from an animal, an end - Result in mass produce food in less effort and time scraper could take the hair off the skin’s outer layer Road and remove the fatty tissue from its underside. - To facilitate faster and easier travel Microliths – these were developed in the Mesolithic - Same technology with sunbaked bricks age because of the changing natural environment. - They also used black sticky substance like asphalt Normally a few microliths were ‘hafted’ (attached) to called bitumen a bone and wooden hafts to make larger tools. - Very useful during rainy season BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION Hanging Gardens of Babylon - One of the seven wonders of ancient world - Structure that contains several layers upon layers of gardens containing different species of plants - Built by king Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife Queen Amytis Code of Hammurabi - This code established laws and regulations for various aspects of society, promoting justice, fairness, and the rule of law. R.A. Gustilo | BS Psychology 1-C - It served as a foundation for later legal systems and - Served various purposes, including regulating work influenced the development of legal codes in other shifts, determining the length of religious rituals, and civilizations. indicating specific time intervals during the day. - Epic of Gilgamesh One of the oldest surviving works of literature in the world. IRON AGE – Characterized by advancements in metallurgy, - This epic poem explores themes of heroism, increased urbanization, and evolving social and political friendship, and the search for immortality, providing structures. It laid the foundation for the subsequent insights into ancient Babylonian culture, beliefs, and development of civilizations in the ancient world. values. Steel – a hard, strong, gray, or bluish-gray alloy of iron with carbon and usually other elements, used extensively as a structural and fabricating material. Hittie Empire – Battle of Khadesh - The Battle of Kadesh, sometimes called the first world war, featured one of the largest-ever chariot battles. - Competing Hittite and Egyptian interests in the region of Canaan. For the Egyptians, Canaan was crucial to the overall security and well-being of ancient Egypt. Persian Empire – Trade and Industry - Development and use of coins. Under the Achaemenid Empire, which was the largest and most powerful Persian dynasty, coins became more widespread and standardized. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION - The Persian Empire adopted the use of coins from Papyrus various conquered regions and facilitated their - Before, clay tablets were used, but clay tablets are circulation within its vast territories. fragile, heavy, and delicate to handle. - Papyrus was a plant that grew along the Nile River. ANTIQUITY PERIOD – rise of the Greek Civilization and the Egyptian process the plant to produce thin sheets. first scientists and philosophers were known. - Considered as the major accomplishment in record- keeping and communication. GREEK CIVILIZATION – Greece e is an archipelago in the Ink southeastern part of Europe. Known as the birthplace of - Made from combining soot with different chemicals western philosophy, some of the major achievements of the to produce ink of different colors. Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and - Should withstand elements of nature so that it can mathematics. More than coliseums and the Olympics, the preserve the record of history, culture and codified Greek civilization has contributed much to the world laws. especially in the fields of science and technology. Hieroglyphs - System of writing adapted from Sumerian as a result Alarm Clock of trade. - The ancient Greek’s alarm clocks used large - Written on walls of pyramids and other important complicated mechanisms to time the alarm. structures. - They made use of water (or sometimes small stones - Well preserved, can still be seen today. or sand) that dropped into drums which sounded the Cosmetics alarm. - Invented for both health and aesthetic reason. - Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm clock to - Egyptian wore kohl (soot/malachite mixed with signal the start of his lecture. His version used for mineral galena) around their eyes to prevent and even water vessels lined up vertically. cure eye diseases. Water Mill Wig - Watermills were also considered as one of the most - Ancient Egyptian times, wigs were worn for health important contributions of the Greek civilization to and wellness rather than aesthetic purposes. the world. - To protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptian - They were commonly used in agricultural processes from harmful rays of the sun. like milling of grains which was a necessary form of - Believed to be cleaner than natural hair because it food processing during that time. prevents accumulation of head lice. - They only required access to rivers or flowing water Water Clock/Clepsydra where a mechanism of a large wheel with small - Utilizes gravity that affect flow of water from one “buckets” of water attached to it could be installed. vessel to another. - Time keeping device. ROMAN CIVILIZATION – this empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west. It was R.A. Gustilo | BS Psychology 1-C considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during Anaximander – proposed that an indefinite and that period. boundless substance called "apeiron" was the source Because the Roman Empire was so large, other of all things and introduced the idea of natural laws civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms of governing the universe. legislation and codified laws. Aside from their Pythagoras – renowned for his mathematical and contributions in politics, a lot of discoveries and geometric contributions, including the Pythagorean inventions still relevant today can be attributed to the theorem. He also believed in the concept of the Roman Empire. harmony of the spheres and the immortality of the Newspaper – the first newspapers, known as gazettes, soul. contained announcements of the Roman Empire to Heraclitus – emphasized the concept of eternal the people. Made before the invention of paper, these change and believed that reality is in a constant state gazettes were engraved in metal or some stone tablets of flux. and then publicly displayed. Empedocles – proposed that all matter was composed Acta Diurna – Acta Diurna (Latin: Daily of four substances: earth, air, fire, and water. He also Acts, sometimes translated as Daily Public introduced the concept of the four forces—love, Records or poetically as Daily Gazette) strife, attraction, and repulsion—that govern the Bound Books or Codex interactions between these elements. - Record-keeping was much easier since paper did not Democritus – developed the concept of atomism, easily break, was lightweight, and did not occupy positing that all matter consists of indivisible and much space. indestructible particles called atoms. - As a result, civilizations became fond of record keeping, especially documenting historical events and SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS – primarily concerned with newly legislated laws. philosophical inquiry and the exploration of ethical and - Aside from Romans writing down information about metaphysical questions. history and politics, literature also changed form from Socrates – he is best known for his Socratic Method, clay tablets to parchment of paper. a method of questioning that aimed to stimulate - According to sources, Julius Caesar started the critical thinking and self-examination. tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a Plato – was a student of Socrates. He adopted book. Empedocles’ theory and coined the term element to - Later on, they were able to provide covers to protect describe the four substances. the papyrus. The earlier covers were made of wax but Platonic Academy were later on replaced by animal skin which proved Hippocrates to be stronger and longer-lasting. - Is not typically considered a Socratic philosopher. - With the papyrus pages bound together and covered Hippocrates was primarily known as a physician and by animal skin, the ancient Roman Empire was able is often regarded as the founder of medicine. to produce the first books or codex. - He is associated with the Hippocratic Corpus, a Roman Architecture – the development in the field of collection of medical writings attributed to him and engineering and architecture was fully supported and his followers, which focused on principles of medical funded by the Roman government so they were able ethics and the observation of symptoms and diseases. to implement major projects such as large churches (cathedrals and basilica, aqueduct coliseums, CHINESE CIVILIZATION – is considered to be the oldest amphitheaters, and even residential houses. civilization in Asia. Also known as the Middle Kingdom, Roman Numerals China is located on the far east of Asia. It was famous among - Roman devised their own number system specifically other ancient civilizations because of its silk trade. Not a great to address the need for a standard counting method amount was written about ancient China partly due to its that would meet their increasing communication and distance from the other civilizations. Despite its less popular trade concerns. status among the early civilizations, one cannot discredit the - The Roman numeral is no longer widely used today significant contributions of Chinese civilization to the world. due to its inherent limitations, quite a number of Silk enthusiasts would still use it over other more popular - Silk is naturally produced by silk worms, the Chinese number systems, like the Hindu-Arabic system, due were the ones who developed the technology to to its aesthetic and historical value. harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing. PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS – they laid the foundation - The production of silk resulted in the creation of a for Western philosophy by exploring fundamental questions product for trade. The silk trade opened China to the about the nature of reality, the origin of the universe, and the outside world, making way for cultural, economic, principles that govern the natural world. and scientific exchanges. Thales – considered one of the philosophers and is - It bridged the gap between the western world and the known for his focus on the primary element of water middle kingdom. as the fundamental substance from which everything Tea Production is derived. R.A. Gustilo | BS Psychology 1-C - Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling - Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the first water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves. It compound microscope. With this device, people were was believed that the first tea was drunk by Chinese able to observe organisms that were normally unseen emperor. by the naked eye. - Tea production was developed when an unknown - The microscope was key in discovering new means in Chinese inventor created a machine that was able to preventing and curing various illness. shred tea leaves into strips. Telescope - Today, tea production developed by the ancient - The invention of the telescope, an optical instrument Chinese may have resulted in making tea as one of that helps in the observation of remote objects, was the most popular beverages in the world. great help for navigators during the Middle Ages was Great Wall of China also known as the Age of Exploration. - The Great wall of China is said to be the largest and - Together with the telescope, the invention of the most extensive infrastructure that the nation built. It compass, oars, and rudders made sea travelling easier was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and and safer (Helen, 1989). control the boarders of China. - Made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and other materials, it showcased the extent of Chinese War Weapons engineering technology at that time. - People developed cross bows and low bows so that - Today, with some sections already in ruins, the Great they could attack the enemies at long ranges, keeping Wall still continues to be a world attraction due to its themselves safe with the protection of walls and historical significance and architectural grandeur. fortresses. Gunpowder - Additionally, in close-range had-to-hand combat, - It was developed by Chinese alchemist who aimed to soldiers should wear something to protect achieved immortality. themselves, a need addressed by the creation of iron - They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate, body armors. but instead of creating an elixir of life, they - However, body armors were heavy and limited their accidentally invented a black powder that could movements. The problem was eventually solved by actually generate large amounts of heat and gas in an the invention of the chainmail. instant. - Ironically, instead of prolong life, gunpowder is MODERN: RENAISSANCE PERIOD – The booming world widely used to propel bullets from guns and cannons population during the 19th century onwards demanded that which cause countless death. more goods be produced at faster rate. People needed efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger MIDDLE AGES (MEDIEVAL PERIOD) – the start of the distance. Middle Ages was marred by massive invasions and Machines that required animals to operate migrations. Wars were prevalent during this time. As such, must thus be upgraded. Faster and easier great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry, means to communicate and compute should navigation, mass food and farm production, and health. be developed to establish connections The wars have resulted in population between and among nations. decline, but during the latter part of the All these needs resulted in the development period, there was a significant rise in of industries. However, due to massive population. Trade and commerce among industrialization, the modern times again nations increased, which resulted in greater faced more complicated problems. Food demands for transportation technology. processing and medicines posed some of the Some of the most innovative minds came bigger challenges since health was of great from this period. concern. Printing Press Pasteurization - Johannes Gutenberg was able to invent the printing - Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist, and press, a more reliable way of printing using a cast chemist, found a way to solve the problem. He type. invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy - He utilized wooden machines that extracted juices products to kill the harmful bacteria. Through this from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of process, milk could be stored and consumed for a the letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into a longer period. piece of paper, which then made an exact impression - It also prevented illness caused by harmful bacteria. on paper. Other contributions of Pasteur to science, technology, - The printing press was invented to address the need and medicine included his works on molecular for publishing books that would spread information asymmetry, fermentation, and vaccination. to many people at a faster rate. This invention also Petroleum Refinery made works accessible to individuals who could not - Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by even write. refining petroleum. Kerosene was later on referred to Microscope R.A. Gustilo | BS Psychology 1-C as the “illuminating oil” because it was used at first to Medical Incubator provide lightning to homes. - Its main purpose was to maintain conditions suitable - After some time, it was applied for heating purposes. for a newborn, usually a pre-term baby. The development of kerosene established the - Other breakthroughs in Philippine medicine petroleum refinery industry. At present, petroleum is attributed to Dr. Fe del Mundo include her works on widely used in powering automobiles, factories, and the immunization and treatment of jaundice and the power plants, among others. BRAT diet for curing diarrhea. Telephone Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System – in 2010, - Governments needed some kind of communication the Department of Science and Technology-Industrial system which would allow them to administer their Technology Development Institute (DOST-ITDI) was states well. able to introduce the mosquito Ovicidal /Larvicidal - Important day-to-day decisions must be discussed Trap System, also known as OL Trap. This trap and addressed at the faster time possible. system is made of natural ingredients that are lethal - Thus, the development of the telephone by Alexander to mosquito but safe for humans and the Graham Bell was one of the most important environment. inventions at that time. Ejeepneey Calculator - The jeepney dominated Philippine streets and is - Although an earlier version of the calculator had considered as the primary mode of transportation of already been developed, circumstances in the modern most Filipinos. times required a faster way to compute more - However, the diesel-powered jeepney produces large complicated equations. quantities of black smoke, and usually a major - Computing devices must also be easy to carry since contributor of noise pollution due to its primitive they would be utilized on a day-to-day basis. The exhaust system. creation of modern calculators did not only pave the - To counter these disadvantages, the electric jeepney way for easier arithmetic calculations, but also (Ejeepney) was developed. This modern type of resulted in the development more complex processing transportation utilizes electricity instead of the more machines like the computer. expensive diesel. It is environmentally-friendly since it does not emit any smoke and noise. PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS – ingenuity of Filipinos despite the lack in resources. Discoveries and inventions were built GE I: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS from indigenous materials or created to adapt to the harsh environment. What is Intellectual Revolution? The Philippines is known to be one of the - Refer to Greek speculation about the “nature” in the most vulnerable countries in terms of natural period before Socrates (roughly 600 to 400 BCE) disasters. “pre-Socratic) or “non-theological” or “first Many discoveries and inventions made by philosophy” the Filipinos were therefore built from - Showed how society was transformed by science and indigenous materials or created to adapt to technology. the harsh tropical environment. Salamander Amphibious Tricycle Claudius Ptolemy - H2O Technologies headed by Dominic N. Chung and - Famous Greek philosopher and astronomer Lamberto Armada, together with Chief Designer - Stated that the planets, the sun, and the moon moved Victor “Atoy” Llave, was able to invent the in a circular motion around the Earth. Salamander, an amphibious tricycle that can cross not Existence of days and nights only flooded streets but also rivers and lakes. Geocentrism/Geocentric Model - It may also be utilized to travel from island to island. - “Geo” means Earth Since the Philippines is an archipelago, the - A superseded description of the Universe with Earth Salamander is a useful invention that has a lot of at the center potential. - The Sun, Moon, Stars, and Planets all orbited the SALt Lamp Earth - A young Filipina inventor Aisa Mijeno was able to Copernican Revolution (1473-1543) invent a lightning system that utilizes a material - Nicolas Copernicus abundant in the Philippines-saltwater. - A Polish mathematician and astronomer - She invented Sustainable Alternative Lightning - Developed his model of Sun-centered universe (SALt) lamp, an environmentally-friendly light (heliocentric model) source that runs on saltwater. The SALt lamp is safer - Explained the daily and yearly motion of the sun and as it poses no risk of fire and emits no toxic gases. stars in the universe. - Aside from people who live in coastal areas, it may Heliocentrism/Heliocentric Model also benefit those from far-flung barrios because they - “Helio” means Sun can make their own saltwater by mixing two tablespoon of salt and a glass of tap water. R.A. Gustilo | BS Psychology 1-C - The center of the solar system is not the Earth, but The Law of Ellipses – explains that planets actually the Sun are orbiting the sun in a path described as an - Started the birth of modern astronomy/scientific ellipse. revolution/transformation of society’s thoughts and The Law of Equal Areas – describes the beliefs speed at which any given planet will move Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) while orbiting the sun. The speed at which - Danish astronomer and nobleman, who observed and any planet moves through space is record the positions of celestial bodies. constantly changing. - His precise and extensive data became a valuable The Law of Harmonies – compares the resource for Johannes Kepler, who used it to develop orbital period and radius of orbit of a planet his laws of planetary motion and provide further to those of other planets. Unlike Kepler’s evidence for the heliocentric model. first and second laws that describe the 1572 Super Nova motion characteristics of a single planet, the - Tycho’s Supernova third law makes a comparison between the - It was a supernova explosion that Tycho Brahe motion characteristics of different planets. observed and documented, leading to a profound shift Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) in the understanding of the universe. - He was credited with significantly improving the 777 Stars design of the telescope and using it to make - Extensive observations of stars, including his groundbreaking astronomical observations. cataloging of 777 stars, provided valuable data that - Although he did not invent the telescope, he made contributed to the advancement of astronomy and our important modifications that allowed him to study knowledge of the celestial sphere during his time. celestial objects in unprecedented detail. Parallax Galilean Telescope - The effect whereby the position or direction of an - Moon’s Surface: Gelileo observed that the moon’s object appears to differ when viewed from different surface was not smooth, as was commonly believed positions at the time. - He observed that nearby celestial bodies, such as the - He observed craters, mountains, and other features moon, would exhibit larger parallax effects compared that suggested the moon was a dynamic, imperfect to more distant stars. body. - Brahe’s observations of parallax, though limited due Galilean Moons to the technological constraints of his time, provided - Jupiter’s Moons: Galileo discovered the four largest important insights into the relevant distances and moons of Jupiter, now known as the Galilean moons positions of celestial objects. (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callistro). Parallax: an everyday example – “you’ll - This observation provide evidence that celestial notice finger seems to jump from one bodies could orbit a planet other than Earth. position to another against the distant Controversy background. The ‘jump’ is due to the - These findings, published in his influential work different views from each eye, and your “Sidereus Nuncius” (Starry Messenger). Ignited both brain uses this difference to gauge how far awe and controversy across Europe. away objects are. This is an everyday - In 1632, he published “Dialogue Concerning the Two example of parallax at work in binocular Chief World Systems,” which openly advocated the vision.” heliocentric model and questioned the geocentric Geo-Heliocentrism beliefs held by the Catholic Church. This placed him - Brahe’s observations and measurements of planetary at odds with the Inquisition, resulting in a trial and positions led him to conclude that the planets, house arrest. including the Sun, revolved around the Earth. John Ray (1627-1705) - This aligned with the geocentric model, which was - He introduced the concept of “species” as a distinct the dominant cosmological view of the time. category of living organisms, contributing to the - It is conceptually a geocentric model, or more development of the modern concept of species in precisely geoheliocentric biology. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) - Formulated three fundamental laws of planetary - Linnaeus “Father of Taxonomy” is known for motion that revolutionized our understanding of the developing the modern system of biological solar system. classification (taxonomy) and binomial - Described the elliptical orbits of planets, the equal nomenclature; in which each species is identified by a areas law, and the harmonic relationship between a generic name (genus) and a specific name (species) planet’s orbital period and its distance from the Sun, Binomial Nomenclature laying the foundation for modern celestial mechanics. - The new system of categorization was first published Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion in his 1753 work Species Plantarum, which also introduced the nomenclature for all ferns and flowering plants. R.A. Gustilo | BS Psychology 1-C Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) - Vesalius dissected many human cadavers over his career, taking meticulous notes and sketching the anatomy of each subject. - Pioneered modern human anatomy with this work “De Humani Corporis Fabrica.” BASIC TERMINOLOGIES USED Arteries – (oxygenated) away from the heart. Veins – (deoxygenated) back to the heart. Cappillaries – are the smallest blood vessels in the body, responsible for exchanging nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues. Pulse – beat of the heart and the movement Charles Darwin (1809-1882) of blood through the arteries at various - Charles Darwin, an English naturalist biologist, and points of the body. geologist, published his book, On the Origin of William Harvey (1578-1657) Species. In this book, Darwin introduced the theory - William Harvey was a pioneering physician who of evolution. discovered and accurately described the circulation of Natural Selection blood in the human body, fundamentally - Populations pass through a process of natural transforming our understanding of cardiovascular selection in which only the fittest would survive. physiology. - He stated that organisms can adapt to their Isaac Newton (1643-1727) environment and would gradually change into - His correspondence with Edmond Halley led to the something that would be more competitive to survive, publishing of Principia Mathematica (1687), his most a process known as evolution. well-known work. It is recognized as the foundational Freudian Revolution work of contemporary science and describes his - In the past, the field of psychology was always contributions to the laws of motion, orbital dynamics, classified under philosophy. Psychology was tidal theory, and the theory of universal gravitation. considered more of an art rather than a science. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Newton’s Laws of Motion - In the past, the field of psychology was always 1st Law A body in motion remains classified under philosophy. Psychology was in motion or a body at rest considered more of an art rather than a science. remains at rest, unless acted - In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to upon by a force. change people’s perception of psychology with his 2nd Law Force equals mass times revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis. acceleration: F = m*a Psychoanalysis (Psychoanalytic Theory) 3rd Law For every action, there is an Psychoanalysis – a method for treating mental illness equal and opposite reaction. and also a theory which explains human behavior. Freud’s Elements of Personality: Abraham Maslow o Id – is the primitive and instinctive - Generally regarded as the founder of humanistic component of personality. It Psychology, he worked as a psychologist. The operates on the pleasure principle. hierarchy of needs he developed, which holds that o Ego – is the part of the id which has satisfying one’s basic bodily requirements comes been modified by the direct before fulfilling one’s potential, is his most influence of the external world. It significant contribution to the humanist movement. operates reality principle. o Superego – incorporates the values and morals of society, which are learned from one’s parents and others. It operates on the morality principle and motivates us to behave in a socially responsible and acceptable manner. R.A. Gustilo | BS Psychology 1-C developed different modes of transportation, whether terrestrial or maritime. 1. Balangay - Early Filipinos have also developed different modes of transportation, whether terrestrial or maritime. The most famous among it, is the balangay, a wooden watercraft, the oldest of which was discovered in Butuan in Mindanao. - The development of the balangay did not only showcase the advanced engineering skills of the early Freud’s Iceberg Model of the Mind Filipinos but also their cutting-edge navigation - The conscious mind with the ego at its helm is the knowledge as these boats did not only traverse rivers visible tip of the iceberg. Beneath the surface, the but oceans as well. larger unconscious realm houses the primal instincts 2. Rice Terraces – a complicated engineering feat was of the id and the moral compass of the superego, achieved by the natives of the Cordilleras when they steering our actions and reactions in subtle and built rice terraces by hand. Through there terraces, complex ways. the people were able to cultivate crops on the Freud’s Psychosexual Stages mountainsides in cold temperatures. Banaue Rice Terraces - They incorporated an irrigation system that uses water from the forests and mountain tops to achieve an elaborate farming system. - Cordillera Rice Terraces have been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1995. COLONIAL PERIOD - The colonial period in the Philippines refers to the time when the Philippines was under the control and influence of foreign colonial powers. - It is a significant era in Philippine history that greatly shaped the country's culture, society, economy, and political landscape. Despite criticism, Freud continued to work on refining his theory and in fact tried to explain how psychoanalysis can be a clinical method of treating some mental disorders. Soon enough, people were able to understand the concepts of psychoanalysis, which eventually resulted in classifying psychology as a science. GE 1: NATION BUILDING The development of science and technology in the Philippines has already come a long way. Many significant inventions and discoveries have 1. SPANISH COLONIAL been accomplished by or attributed to Filipinos. - Colonization by the Spaniards provided the This chapter tackles how the development of science Philippines with modern means of construction. and technology affect the development of the Walls, roads, bridges, and other large infrastructures Philippines as a nation. were built using some of the engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards. PRE-COLONIAL TIMES - In addition, the Spanish government developed health - Scientific and Technological development in the and educational systems that were enjoyed by the Philippines began in the pre-colonial period. Even principalia class. before the Spaniards came to the Philippine islands, 333 Years of Spanish Reign – The early Filipino settlers were already using certain Philippines was colonized by Spain in 1565. plants and herbs as medicines. During this time, the Philippines underwent - Systems of farming and animal-raising were also significant changes, including the implemented. Moreover, early Filipinos had also introduction of Christianity, the establishment of Spanish administrative R.A. Gustilo | BS Psychology 1-C structures, and the integration of Philippine fermenting the leaves to release the indigo pigment, society into the global trade network through which could then be used to color fabrics. the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade. 4. Tobacco Manila Observatory - The Spanish colonial government established a - It was founded on October 24, 1865, by the Jesuit tobacco monopoly, known as the "Tabacalera," scientists and missionaries who were present in the which granted exclusive rights to the production and Philippines under Spanish rule. trade of tobacco. - The observatory's primary purpose was to study and - This monopoly allowed the Spanish authorities to record meteorological and seismic data, as well as control and profit from tobacco production. astronomical observations, for scientific and practical - The high taxation and control of the tobacco purposes. industry by Spanish authorities led to unrest and Father Federic Faura revolts among tobacco farmers. - Issuing one of the earliest documented typhoon - The "Tobacco Revolt" of 1887 in the Ilocos region is warnings in the Philippines. an example of resistance against the tobacco - In 1882, Father Faura and the Manila Observatory monopoly. successfully predicted the arrival of a typhoon, allowing residents and authorities to take precautions Spices and Tropical Products – the Spanish colonizers and make necessary preparations. introduced a variety of spices to the Philippines as part of their efforts to establish trade networks and cultivate valuable AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS | “primary Agricultural commodities. Spices such as cloves, cinnamon, and black Exporting Economy” pepper were among those introduced. Agricultural Crops – products such as rice, Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) sugarcane, indigo, and tobacco were - Is a spice that was introduced to the Philippines cultivated and exported to meet the demand during the Spanish colonial period. of the international market. - Clove was used for its aromatic and medicinal Spices and Tropical Products – the properties. It was used in traditional remedies and Philippines was known for exporting spices cuisine in the Philippines. such as cinnamon, cloves, and black pepper, Cinnamon as well as tropical fruits like bananas and - Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum or Cinnamomum pineapples. cassia) was one of the spices introduced to the Natural Resources – timber, abaca (a type of Philippines by the Spanish colonizers. banana used for fiber), and other natural - It was highly prized in European markets for its resources were also exported to support distinctive flavor and aroma. various industries. Abacá Manila Hemp – the Philippines became a - Abacá (Musa textilis) is a native plant to the major exporter of Manila hemp (abaca), Philippines, and its fiber was highly valued for its which was used for making ropes and strength and durability. cordage. - The Spanish colonizers recognized the potential of abacá fiber for various applications, including rope- AGRICULTURAL CROPS making. 1. Rice – was a major agricultural product and a staple Manila Hemp – abacá fiber, known for its food crop. It was cultivated by local communities and exceptional strength and resistance to saltwater, was played a fundamental role in ensuring food security used to make high-quality ropes, cordage, and twines. for the population. These products were crucial for maritime activities, 2. Sugarcane such as ship rigging, sail-making, and securing cargo. - The cultivation of sugarcane led to the establishment and expansion of the sugar industry in the 2. AMERICAN COLONIAL Philippines. - The American occupation modernized almost all - Large plantations, known as haciendas, were aspects of life in the Philippines. established to cultivate sugarcane on a commercial - They established a government agency, the Bureau of scale. Science, for the sole purpose of nurturing 3. Indigo development in the field of science and Technology. - is a plant that is historically significant in agriculture due to its use in producing a deep blue dye. Science and Technology advance rapidly due to: - Indigo dye has been used for centuries to color 1. Extensive public education system textiles, fabrics, and clothing. It was highly valued 2. Scholarship for higher education for its rich blue color and was in demand for various 3. Science and research organizations cultural and economic purposes. 4. Science-based public services - The indigo plant (Indigofera tinctoria) was grown, and the leaves were harvested and processed to University of the Philippines extract the blue dye. The dyeing process involved R.A. Gustilo | BS Psychology 1-C - The University of the Philippines was founded on Science and Technology (DOST) to enhance research June 18, 1908, during the early years of American and development efforts, technological innovation, colonial rule. and science education. - It was established through Act No. 1870 of the Balik Scientist Program: The administration Philippine Commission, also known as the launched the Balik Scientist Program to encourage "University Act.” Filipino scientists and researchers abroad to return to - This marked a significant step in the reorganization the Philippines and contribute to local research and of higher education in the Philippines. development initiatives. Bureau of Health Fidel V. Ramos - Responsible for implementing various public health STAND – Science and Technology Agenda for initiatives aimed at addressing disease, improving Development sanitation, and promoting general well-being among Republic Act No. 8439 – also known as the Magna the population. Carta for Scientists, Engineers, Researchers, and - These initiatives were influenced by modern Western other Science and Technology Personnel in approaches to public health. Government – it aims to promote the welfare and professional growth of scientists, engineers, 3. JAPANESE COLONIAL – during the Japanese researchers, and other science and technology colonial period in the Philippines (1942-1945), which personnel working in government agencies. occurred during World War II, there were limited Joseph Estrada contributions in the area of science and technology Clean Air Act (Republic Act No. 8749): This due to the challenging circumstances of the time. legislation aimed to address air pollution and promote It's important to note that the Japanese clean air in the country by regulating emissions from colonial period in the Philippines was vehicles, industries, and other sources. marked by challenges, including wartime E-Commerce Act (Republic Act No. 8792): It conditions, military control, and occupation. provided a legal framework for electronic The focus of the Japanese administration transactions and electronic commerce in the was primarily on military and strategic Philippines, aiming to promote the use of electronic objectives rather than long-term scientific means for business and trade. and technological advancements. Gloria M. Arroyo Establishment of the Commission on Information POST-COLONIAL PERIOD and Communications Technology (CICT): The - After achieving independence from the colonizers, CICT was created in 2004 to oversee and promote the the Philippines, under different administrations, development of the information and communications continued to pursue programs in science and technology sector in the Philippines. technology. Biofuels Act: In 2006, the Biofuels Act was signed - Each leadership had its own science and technology into law, promoting the development and use of agenda. However, it is important to note that some biofuels as alternative sources of energy. Philippine presidents posted more developments in Development of Indigenous Technologies: The the field than others. DOST initiated projects to develop and promote indigenous technologies, particularly those that can benefit marginalized communities. Ferdinand Marcos Sr. Mindanao Super Region: The Arroyo Presidential Decree No. 78 series of 1972 administration emphasized the development of - Pertains to the reorganization of the Weather Bureau Mindanao as a "Super Region," which included in the Philippines. initiatives to enhance agricultural productivity and - The full title of the decree is “Reorganizing the modernize farming practices through the application Weather Bureau into the Philippine Atmospheric, of science and technology. Geophysical and Astronomical Services Benigno Aquino III Administration (PAGASA) and for Other Purposes.” Disaster Risk Reduction and Management: The NSTA (National Science and Technology administration utilized science and technology for Authority) – originally established in 1958 as the disaster risk reduction and management, including National Science and Development Board. the establishment of the Nationwide Operational Marcos saw that the key to nation-building is the Assessment of Hazards (NOAH) program. continued development of Science and technology. Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: The progress in science and technology continued Initiatives were undertaken to address climate change even after his dictatorial rule and the presidents after impacts through science-based strategies and policies. him left their own legacies in the field. Science and Technology Scholarships: The Fifth Republic: Corazon Aquino administration expanded scholarship programs in Department of Science and technology (DOST) science and technology fields to support the Revitalization: The Aquino administration prioritized the revitalization of the Department of R.A. Gustilo | BS Psychology 1-C education and training of future scientists, engineers, and researchers. Rodrigo Roa Duterte Diwata-2 – is the second microsatellite developed by the Philippines, launched on October 29, 2018. Like its predecessor, Diwata-2 was a collaborative project between the Philippine Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and the University of the Philippines Diliman, with support from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The Zamboanga Doppler Weather Radar System – is a state-of-the-art meteorological radar system located in Zamboanga City, Philippines. It was established to enhance weather monitoring, forecasting, and disaster risk reduction efforts in the region. - This radar system is an example of how modern technology is utilized to gather real-time weather data and provide accurate forecasts for the benefit of communities and disaster management agencies. Republic Act No. 11035 – also known as the "Balik Scientist Act," is a law in the Philippines that aims to encourage the participation of Filipino scientists, engineers, and experts living and working abroad in the country's research and development activities. - It provides incentives and benefits to attract these professionals to return to the Philippines and contribute to scientific and technological advancements. Republic Act 11363 (The Philippine Space Act) – this law seeks to create the Philippine Space Agency, the country’s version of NASA, PhilSA will be the central government agency in charge of issues and activities related to space science, engineering and related fields and will be attached to the DOST. RECOGNIZED FILIPINO RESEARCHERS Scientist Discovery/Field of Expertise Gavino Trono Marine Biology and Seaweed Biodiversity Angel Alcala Marine Ecology and Conservation Ramon Barba Horticultural Techniques and Crop Science Edgardo Gomez Marine Biology and Coral Reef Conservation Abelardo Aguilar Isolation of Erythromycin Gregorio Zara Physics and Development of the Zara Effect Fabian Dayrit Chemistry and Advocacy for Coconut Oil Diosdado Banatao Computer Engineering and Semiconductors Lourdes Cruz Biochemical Pharmacology and Conotoxins R.A. Gustilo | BS Psychology 1-C
