Commonwealth Caribbean Civil Procedure PDF

1111 2 3 4 5 61 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 COMMONWEALTH 4 5 6 CARIBBEAN CIVIL 7 8 9 PROCEDURE 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 This new edition of a well-established book is a timely response to the 7 enactment during the past three to ﬁve years of new Rules of civil procedure, 8 which are now in force, or are soon coming into force in the vast majority 9 of Caribbean jurisdictions. The third edition has been substantially revised 30111 and augmented to take into account the revision of the Rules and covers 1 the new Rules in detail. The book also provides coverage of the recent case- 2 law coming out of Jamaica and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States 3 (OECS), under the new Rules of civil procedure. 4 This book is essential reading for students of Commonwealth Caribbean 35 law as well as anyone wishing to get to grips with the new Rules of civil 6 procedure. 7 8 9 Gilbert Kodilinye is Professor of Property Law at the University of the 40111 West Indies. 1 Vanessa Kodilinye is an Attorney-at-Law in Barbados. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 Commonwealth Caribbean Law Series The Commonwealth Caribbean Law Series is the only series of law books that covers the jurisdiction of the English speaking Caribbean nations. The titles in the series were ﬁrst published in 1995 to acclaim from academics, practitioners and the judiciary in the region. Several editions followed, and they have now become essential reading for those learning and practising Caribbean law. This must have series is required holdings for any law library specialising in Caribbean legal information. Titles in this series include: Commonwealth Caribbean Public Law 2nd edn, Albert Fiadjoe Commonwealth Caribbean Public Law of Trusts 2nd edn, Gilbert Kodilinye Commonwealth Caribbean Tort Law, Gilbert Kodilinye Commonwealth Caribbean Business Law, Rajendra Ramlogan and Natalie Persadie Commonwealth Caribbean Civil Procedure 2nd edn, Gilbert Kodilinye and Vanessa Kodilinye Commonwealth Caribbean Property Law 2nd edn, Gilbert Kodilinye Commonwealth Caribbean Law and Legal Systems, Rose-Marie Belle Antoine Commonwealth Caribbean Criminal Practice and Procedure 2nd edn, Dana S. Seetahal Commonwealth Caribbean Land Law – forthcoming, Sampson Owusu Commonwealth Caribbean Public Law 3rd edn, Albert Fiadjoe Commonwealth Caribbean Law and Legal Systems 2nd edn – forthcoming, Rose-Marie Belle Antoine Judicial Review in the Commonwealth Caribbean – forthcoming, Rajendra Ramlogan 1111 2 3 4 5 61 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 COMMONWEALTH 4 5 6 CARIBBEAN CIVIL 7 8 9 PROCEDURE 20111 1 2 3 Third Edition 4 5 6 Gilbert Kodilinye and Vanessa Kodilinye 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 35 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 Third edition ﬁrst published in 2009 by Routledge-Cavendish 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge-Cavendish 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Routledge-Cavendish is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2009 Gilbert Kodilinye and Vanessa Kodilinye First edition 1999 Second edition 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Kodilinye, Gilbert. Commonwealth Caribbean civil procedure/Gilbert Kodilinye and Vanessa Kodilinye. – 3rd ed. p. cm. 1. Civil procedure – West Indies, British. 2. Civil procedure – Caribbean Area. I. Kodilinye, Vanessa. II. Title. KGL5503.K63 2008 347.729e05 – dc22 2008010886 ISBN 0-203-89115-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 10: 0–415–47231–8 (pbk) ISBN 10: 0–203–89115–5 (ebk) ISBN 13: 978–0–415–47231–9 (pbk) ISBN 13: 978–0–203–89115–5 (ebk) 1111 CONTENTS 2 3 4 5 61 Preface xiii 7 List of Figures xv 8 Table of Cases xvii 9 1011 1 2 1 INTRODUCTION 1 3111 THE OVERRIDING OBJECTIVE 2 4 SCOPE OF THE OVERRIDING OBJECTIVE 5 5 6 APPLICATION OF THE OVERRIDING OBJECTIVE 5 7 LIMITATIONS OF THE OVERRIDING OBJECTIVE 6 8 9 20111 2 COMMENCEMENT OF PROCEEDINGS 8 1 2 THE CLAIM FORM 8 3 Examples of brief details of a claim to be included in the 4 claim form 9 5 PARTICULARS OF CLAIM 9 6 7 PERSONAL INJURIES CLAIMS 10 8 FIXED DATE CLAIMS 10 9 30111 ISSUING THE CLAIM FORM 14 1 SERVICE 14 2 EXTENSION OF TIME FOR SERVICE 15 3 4 METHOD OF SERVICE 16 35 ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF SERVICE 19 6 7 8 3 RESPONDING TO A CLAIM 20 9 DISPUTING A COURT’S JURISDICTION 20 40111 1 THE DEFENCE 21 2 CONTENTS OF THE DEFENCE 22 3 4 PERSONAL INJURIES CLAIMS 23 5 COUNTERCLAIM 23 6 7 REPLY 26 8111 vi Commonwealth Caribbean Civil Procedure 4 SERVICE OUT OF THE JURISDICTION 27 APPLICATION FOR PERMISSION 27 REQUIREMENTS FOR GRANTING OF PERMISSION 27 GROUNDS SPECIFIED IN CPR RULE 7.3 28 CLAIMS FOR CONTRIBUTION 29 MULTIPLE DEFENDANTS 29 FORUM CONVENIENS 30 SERVICE OF OTHER DOCUMENTS 31 PERIODS FOR ACKNOWLEDGING SERVICE AND FILING DEFENCE 31 METHODS OF SERVICE ABROAD 32 SETTING ASIDE SERVICE OF CLAIM FORM 32 5 PARTIES AND JOINDER 35 MINORS 35 Appointment without a court order 35 Appointment under an order of the court 36 Settlements 36 Minor coming of age 37 Persons of unsound mind 37 Personal representatives 38 Trustees 38 Companies 39 Partnerships 39 Unincorporated associations 40 Representative proceedings 40 JOINDER OF PARTIES 41 Intervention 41 JOINDER OF CAUSES OF ACTION 43 INTERPLEADER 44 Procedure 44 Powers of the court 45 Contents vii 1111 6 ANCILLARY CLAIMS 46 2 SCOPE OF ANCILLARY PROCEEDINGS 46 3 4 PROCEDURE 48 5 Permission 48 61 7 Service of ancillary claim form 49 8 Defence to ancillary claim 49 9 Case management where there is a defence 50 1011 1 2 7 DEFAULT JUDGMENTS 51 3111 4 Money claims 51 5 Other claims 51 6 The application 52 7 8 Form of the judgment 52 9 Defendant’s rights following judgment 52 20111 SETTING ASIDE DEFAULT JUDGMENTS 53 1 2 Setting aside as of right 54 3 Setting aside in other cases 55 4 Real prospect of success 57 5 6 The afﬁdavit of merit 58 7 Delay 59 8 Conditions imposed by the court 60 9 30111 1 8 SUMMARY JUDGMENT 63 2 3 PURPOSE OF SUMMARY JUDGMENT PROCEEDINGS 63 4 35 QUESTIONS OF LAW 69 6 TYPES OF PROCEEDINGS FOR WHICH SUMMARY 7 JUDGMENT IS UNAVAILABLE 69 8 9 PROCEDURE 69 40111 EVIDENCE 70 1 2 POWERS OF THE COURT 70 3 STAY OF EXECUTION 71 4 5 CONDITIONAL ORDER 71 6 Cross-claims 71 7 8111 THE ‘CHEQUE RULE’ 72 viii Commonwealth Caribbean Civil Procedure 9 CASE MANAGEMENT 75 OBJECTIVES OF CASE MANAGEMENT 75 THE CASE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE 76 10 AMENDMENTS TO STATEMENTS OF CASE 78 LATE AMENDMENTS 79 Amendment and withdrawal of admissions 83 AMENDMENTS AFTER THE END OF A LIMITATION PERIOD 84 New causes of action 87 11 APPLICATIONS FOR COURT ORDERS 89 PROCEDURE 89 12 INTERIM INJUNCTIONS 91 JURISDICTION 91 PROCEDURE 91 Duty of disclosure 92 Duty to apply promptly 93 Service of injunction 94 The return date 96 THE CAUSE OF ACTION 97 GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE GRANT OF INTERIM INJUNCTIONS 98 There must be a serious question to be tried 98 Balance of convenience 98 PRESERVING THE STATUS QUO 100 CASES OUTSIDE THE AMERICAN CYANAMID PRINCIPLES 102 Defamation actions 102 Covenants in restraint of trade 103 Actions against public authorities 103 Restrictive covenants 103 Final disposal of the action 104 MANDATORY INTERIM INJUNCTIONS 107 DISCHARGE OF INTERIM INJUNCTION 109 Contents ix 1111 13 FREEZING (‘MAREVA’) INJUNCTIONS AND SEARCH 2 (‘ANTON PILLER’) ORDERS 112 3 4 FREEZING INJUNCTIONS 112 5 Requirements 113 61 Procedure for obtaining pre-trial freezing injunction 120 7 8 Inter partes hearing 122 9 Variation 122 1011 Discharge 122 1 2 SEARCH ORDERS 128 3111 Procedure 129 4 5 The claimant’s undertakings 130 6 Independent attorney 130 7 Safeguards for the defendant 131 8 9 Non-compliance by defendant 132 20111 Variation and discharge 132 1 2 ORDER FOR THE PRESERVATION OF PROPERTY 132 3 4 5 14 DISCLOSURE AND INSPECTION OF DOCUMENTS 133 6 7 WHAT DOCUMENTS MUST BE DISCLOSED 133 8 Standard disclosure 134 9 30111 Speciﬁc disclosure 135 1 Procedure 135 2 Inspection of documents referred to in statements 3 4 of case 136 35 Privileged documents 137 6 Documents disclosed by mistake 139 7 8 ‘WITHOUT PREJUDICE’ COMMUNICATIONS 140 9 40111 ACTION FOR DISCLOSURE: THE NORWICH 1 PHARMACAL RULE 142 2 The ‘mere witness’ rule 145 3 The Bankers Trust principle 146 4 5 Procedure 147 6 Costs 148 7 8111 NOTICE TO ADMIT FACTS 148 x Commonwealth Caribbean Civil Procedure 15 REQUESTS FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 149 PROCEDURE 149 REQUESTS RELATING TO STATEMENTS OF CASE 150 REQUESTS NOT RELATING TO STATEMENTS OF CASE 153 16 SECURITY FOR COSTS 154 CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH AN ORDER FOR SECURITY MAY BE GIVEN 155 FACTORS TO BE TAKEN INTO ACOUNT 155 FOREIGN CLAIMANTS 157 CORPORATE CLAIMANTS 158 AMOUNT OF PAYMENT 160 EFFECT OF THE ORDER 161 17 OFFERS TO SETTLE AND PAYMENTS INTO COURT 162 OFFERS TO SETTLE 162 PROCEDURE 162 WITHDRAWAL OF OFFER 163 EFFECT OF ACCEPTANCE 163 EFFECT OF NON-ACCEPTANCE 164 PAYMENTS INTO COURT 164 18 INTERIM PAYMENTS 166 GROUNDS FOR APPLICATION 166 PERSONAL INJURIES CLAIMS 167 MULTIPLE DEFENDANTS 167 PROCEDURE FOR APPLICATION 168 RESTRICTIONS ON AWARDS 169 MANNER OF PAYMENT 169 19 STRIKING OUT AND DISCONTINUANCE 170 STRIKING OUT 170 Contents xi 1111 Procedure 170 2 Sanctions 179 3 4 Avoiding sanctions 180 5 Relief from sanctions 181 61 DISCONTINUANCE 182 7 8 Procedure for discontinuance 183 9 Effect of discontinuance 183 1011 1 2 20 EXPERT WITNESSES 185 3111 4 5 21 AFFIDAVITS 188 6 7 FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 188 8 BODY OF THE AFFIDAVIT 189 9 20111 1 22 WITNESS STATEMENTS 192 2 SERVICE OF WITNESS STATEMENTS 193 3 4 5 6 23 PRE-TRIAL REVIEW 197 7 PRE-TRIAL MEMORANDUM 197 8 9 30111 24 TRIAL, JUDGMENTS AND ORDERS 198 1 2 TRIAL 198 3 4 JUDGMENTS AND ORDERS 199 35 Consent order 201 6 Tomlin order 202 7 8 Administrative consent orders 203 9 40111 1 25 COSTS 205 2 WASTED COSTS ORDERS 206 3 4 QUANTIFICATION OF COSTS 208 5 Fixed costs 209 6 7 Prescribed costs 209 8111 Budgeted costs 210 xii Commonwealth Caribbean Civil Procedure Basic costs 210 Taxation of costs 210 Reasonableness of the amount of costs 210 Bullock and Sanderson orders 211 26 ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS 213 Methods of enforcement 213 Oral examination 214 Writ of execution against goods 214 Manner of execution 215 ATTACHMENT OF DEBTS 216 Procedure 217 CHARGING ORDERS 218 Procedure 218 Effect 219 APPOINTMENT OF A RECEIVER 219 27 APPEALS 221 PROCEDURE 221 CONTENTS OF NOTICE OF APPEAL 221 SERVICE OF NOTICE OF APPEAL 221 COUNTER-NOTICE 222 RE-HEARING 222 SKELETON ARGUMENTS 223 Contents of skeleton argument 224 THE RECORD: APPEALS FROM THE SUPREME COURT 225 CASE MANAGEMENT 225 STAY OF EXECUTION 226 Index 227 1111 PREFACE 2 3 4 5 61 Since the publication of the second edition of Commonwealth Caribbean 7 Civil Procedure in 2005, new Civil Procedure Rules modelled on the ‘Woolf 8 Rules’ in England and Wales have been brought into force in Belize and 9 Trinidad & Tobago, and are about to be enacted in Barbados. This means 1011 that the vast majority of Commonwealth Caribbean jurisdictions are now 1 applying Woolf-inspired Rules and it is only a matter of time before the 2 few remaining jurisdictions adopt them, in pursuit of the ‘Holy Grail’ of 3111 uniformity and harmonization. 4 In this third edition, we have sought to present the new Rules in the 5 6 light of the many judicial decisions handed down by the courts in Jamaica 7 and the OECS since the new Rules came into force in those jurisdictions. 8 At the time of writing, there were no available decisions from the courts of 9 Trinidad & Tobago, and very few from Belize, but since the new Rules in 20111 all the Caribbean territories are almost identical, it is to be expected that 1 cases decided in the Jamaican and OECS courts will be of highly persuasive 2 authority in the courts of Trinidad & Tobago, Belize and Barbados. 3 The objective of this new edition is the same as for previous editions: 4 that is, to provide a basic text for students of civil procedure in the Caribbean, 5 as well as a vade mecum for those practitioners who may need a guide to 6 the scope and application of the new Rules. 7 8 As in the previous editions of this book, we have included a number of 9 specimen pleadings, affidavits, orders and other documents commonly 30111 encountered in civil litigation. As before, coverage is conﬁned to the typical 1 common law and equity claims, and does not extend to family matters, nor 2 to public law litigation such as judicial review. 3 We have prepared the text in the light of materials available to us up 4 to 31 January 2008. 35 6 Gilbert Kodilinye 7 Vanessa Kodilinye 8 Barbados, 9 20 June 2008 40111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 1111 LIST OF FIGURES 2 3 4 5 61 Figure 1 Example of particulars of claim in personal injury action 11 7 Figure 2 Example of particulars of claim in action for breach of 8 contract 13 9 1011 Figure 3 Afﬁdavit of service 18 1 Figure 4 Example of defence in personal injuries action 24 2 Figure 5 Example of defence to claim for breach of contract 25 3111 Figure 6 Afﬁdavit in support of application for permission to 4 serve claim form out of the jurisdiction 33 5 6 Figure 7 Courtesy letter before judgment 53 7 Figure 8 Afﬁdavit of merit 61 8 Figure 9 Afﬁdavit in support of application for summary 9 judgment 73 20111 1 Figure 10 Form of ex parte interim injunction 95 2 Figure 11 Mareva injunction 124 3 Figure 12 ‘Without prejudice’ letter 141 4 5 Figure 13 Letter of request for further information 152 6 Figure 14 Unless order 176 7 Figure 15 Consent order 204 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 35 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 1111 TABLE OF CASES 2 3 4 5 61 AH and L Kissoon Ltd v Slumber Foam (Barbados) Ltd (1988) 7 High Court, Barbados, No 1058 of 1985 (unreported)................. 74 8 Abrahams v The Gleaner Co Ltd (1994) 31 JLR 562.................... 46, 47 9 Abrikian v Wright (2004) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No 1994/A083 1011 (unreported)..................................................... 65 1 Adanac Indstries Ltd v Black (1962) 5 WIR 233........................... 93 2 Addari v Addari (2005) OECS Court of Appeal, Civ App No 2 of 3111 2005 (unreported)........................................... 110, 112 Addari v Addari (No 2) (2005) OECS Court of Appeal, Civ App 4 No 21 of 2005 (unreported)........................................ 30 5 Adoko v Jemal (1999) The Times, 8 July.................................. 6 6 Aeronave SPA v Westland Charters Ltd 3 All ER 531.............. 157 7 Agua Santa Concrete Products Ltd, Re (1990) 3 Carib Comm 8 LR 12.......................................................... 121 9 Aird v Esso Standard Oil Ltd (1997) Supreme Court, Jamaica, 20111 No CLA 186 of 1996 (unreported).................................. 93 1 Al Fayed v Commissioner of Police (2002) The Times, 17 June........ 139, 140 2 Allan v Jambo Holdings Ltd 2 All ER 502........................ 101 3 Alterskye v Scott 1 All ER 409.................................. 144 4 American Cyanamid Co v Ethicon Ltd AC 396................. 98–104 5 Anderson v Dodd (2006) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CL 2002/ 6 A 001 (unreported)............................................... 78 7 Anglo Eastern Trust Ltd v Kermanshahchi EWCA Civ 198.......... 71 8 Anlaby v Praetorious (1888) 20 QBD 764................................ 54 9 Annodeus Ltd v Gibson (2000) The Times, 3 March..................... 179 30111 Anton Piller KG v Manufacturing Processes Ltd Ch 55......... 129, 132 1 Apgar v Howlett-Davis (2004) Supreme Court, Jamaica, 2 No HCV 000312 of 2004 (unreported).............................. 116 3 Arawak v Inspector of Banks and Trust Companies (1994) 4 47 WIR 162..................................................... 131 35 Arbuthnot Latham Bank Ltd v Trafalgar Holdings Ltd 1 WLR 1426................................................. 171, 180 6 Argentine Holdings Cayman Ltd v Buenos Aires Hotel Corp 7 SA CILR 90............................................... 137 8 Arnold Berg Export Import v Ramsanahie (1988) High Court, 9 Trinidad & Tobago, No 2120 of 1987 (unreported)................... 176 40111 Ashby v Hunte (2003) Court of Appeal, Barbados, Civ App 1 No 33 of 2000 (unreported)....................................... 211 2 Astian Group Ltd v TNK Industrial Holdings Ltd (2005) OECS 3 Court of Appeal (BVI), Civ App No 11 of 2004 (unreported)........... 30 4 Attorney General v Desnoes and Geddes Ltd (1970) 12 JLR 3.............. 23 5 Attorney General of The Bahamas v Royal Trust Co 6 3 All ER 423..................................................... 39 7 Auburn Court Ltd v Town and Country Planning Appeal 8111 Tribunal (2006) Court of Appeal, Jamaica, Civ App No 70 of 2004 (unreported)......................................... 224, 225 xviii Commonwealth Caribbean Civil Procedure Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd v National Westminister Bank plc (2002) The Times, 14 February................ 147 Babanaft International Co v Bassatne 1 All ER 433................. 121 Bahamas Oil Reﬁnery Company v Rolle (1988) Supreme Court, The Bahamas, No 1181 of 1984 (unreported).................... 109, 111 Baldeosingh v Sankerlall (1977) 18 WIR 375............................ 202 Bank of Bermuda Ltd v Todd (1993) Court of Appeal, Bermuda, Civ App No 13 of 1992 (unreported).......... 113, 114, 118, 119, 120, 122 Bank of Nova Scotia v Emerald Seas Ltd CILR 180................ 117 Bankers Trust Co v Shapira 3 All ER 353..................... 146, 147 Banks v Cox, Court of Appeal (Civil Division), 17 July 2000.............. 223 Banque Belge v Hambrouck 1 KB 321............................ 146 Barclay-Johnson v Yuill 3 All ER 190........................ 114, 116 Barnes v City of Kingston Co-operative Credit Union Ltd (2006) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CL 2002/B-134 (unreported)............ 157 Barton v McAdam (2005) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CL 1996 110 (unreported)..................................................... 86 Barton Henderson Rasen v Merrett 1 Lloyd’s Rep 540............. 175 Bass v Bass CILR 317.......................................... 114 Bates v Lord Hailsham 1 WLR 1373.............................. 94 Battersby v Anglo-American Oil Co Ltd KB 23..................... 16 Benjamin v Attorney General (1995) High Court, Grenada, No 249 of 1995 (unreported)....................................... 94 Bennett v Pearson (2004) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CL s178 of 2002 (unreported).............................................. 68 Berliner Bank AG v Karageorgis (1997/98) 1 OFLR 145............... 97, 112 Bermuda Trust Hong Kong Ltd v Plannix Holdings Ltd (2002) High Court, BVI, No HCBVI 133 of 2001 (unreported)................ 30 Best v Charter Medical of England (2001) The Times, 11 November, CA.............................................................. 7 Biguzzi v Rank Leisure plc 1 WLR 1926............. 2, 4, 171, 179, 180 Bird v Bird’s Eye Walls Ltd (1987) The Times, 24 July................. 83, 84 Birkett v James AC 297.................................... 171, 179 Bitech Downstream Ltd v Rinex Capital Ltd (2003) High Court, BVI, No 233/2002 (unreported)................................... 155 Blagrove v Metropolitan Management Transport Holdings Ltd.............. (2006) Court of Appeal, Jamaica, No SCCA 111/2005 (unreported)..... 56 Blair v Allied Protection Systems and Services Ltd (2007) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No 2004 HCV 000361 (unreported).......... 151 Bonnard v Perryman 2 Ch 269.................................. 102 Boyea v Eastern Caribbean Flour Mills Ltd (2002) High Court, St Vincent and the Grenadines, No 211 of 1997 (unreported)............ 4 Boyea v Williams (2004) High Court, St Vincent and the Grenadines, No 211 of 1997 (unreported)......................... 78, 79 Bradshaw v Sealy (1978) 32 WIR 111................................... 102 Breeze v John Stacey and Sons Ltd (1999) The Times, 8 July, CA........ 7, 139 Breitenstine v Breitenstine (2003) Supreme Court, The Bahamas, No 1284 of 2001 (unreported)..................................... 114 Brickﬁeld Properties Ltd v Newton 1 WLR 862.................... 88 Brink’s Mat Ltd v Elcombe 1 WLR 1350................... 92, 110, 111 Table of Cases xix 1111 Bristol-Myers Squibb Co v Baker Norton Pharmaceuticals Inc 2 (2001) The Times, 28 March....................................... 200 3 British and Commonwealth Holdings plc v Quadrex Holdings 4 Inc QB 842................................................ 167 5 British Anzani (Fleixstone) Ltd v International Marine 61 Management (UK) Ltd QB 137............................... 72 7 Bryan v Harris (2005) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CL 2000/ 8 B 098 (unreported)............................................... 192 9 Bullock v General Omnibus Co 1 KB 264......................... 211 Burbar Ltd v Gote Properties Inc. (1993) High Court, Barbados, 1011 No 2188 of 1992 (unreported)...................................... 97 1 Buttes Gas and Oil Co v Hammer (No 3) 1 QB 223................ 138 2 3111 C Corp v P [1994–95] CILR 189....................................... 122 4 CBS (UK) Ltd v Lambert Ch 37................................. 115 5 CVM Television Ltd v Tewarie (2005) Court of Appeal, Jamaica, 6 Civ App No 46 of 2003 (unreported)............................... 223 7 Campbell v Bennett (2005) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CLC 248 8 of 1995 (unreported)............................................. 205 9 Can-Cara Development Ltd v Magil Construction Jamaica Ltd 20111 (2005) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No HCV 2416/2003 1 (unreported).................................................... 117 2 Caribbean Development Consultants v Gibson (2004) Supreme 3 Court, Jamaica, No CL 323 of 1996 (unreported).................... 3, 84 4 Carr v Burgess (2006) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CL 130/1997 5 (unreported)................................................. 21, 180 6 Castanho v Brown & Root (UK) Ltd 1 All ER 143................. 183 7 Cates v Knowles Industries Co Ltd (1998) Supreme Court, 8 The Bahamas, No 885 of 1989 (unreported)......................... 154 9 Cayne v Global National Resources plc 1 All ER 225... 99, 104, 105, 106 30111 Cebora CNC v SIP (Industrial Products) Ltd 1 Lloyd’s 1 Rep 271......................................................... 72 Century National Bank Ltd v CNB Holdings Ltd (1997) Supreme 2 Court, Jamaica (unreported)...................................... 117 3 Chamorro v Sandyport Development Co Ltd (1991) Supreme 4 Court, The Bahamas, No 855 of 1990 (unreported)................... 189 35 Chanel Ltd v FW Woolworth and Co 1 WLR 485.................. 202 6 Chang v Minott Services Ltd (2004) Supreme Court, Jamaica, 7 No HCV 0210/2003 (unreported).................................. 167 8 Charlesworth v Relay Roads Ltd 1 WLR 230................. 79, 80, 82 9 Charlton v Air Jamaica 1 WLR 1399(PC).......................... 40 40111 Chilton v Surrey County Council CPLR 525........................ 6 1 Chittel v Rothbart (1982) 39 DLR (2d) 513.............................. 117 2 Chong v Jamaica Observer Ltd (2007) Supreme Court, Jamaica, 3 No CLC 578 of 1995 (unreported).................................. 192 4 Chong v Young (1991) 28 JLR 610..................................... 101 5 Church of Scientology of California v DHSS 3 All ER 97, CA....... 144 6 Cigarette Company of Jamaica Ltd v Commissioner of Taxpayer, 7 Audit and Assessment (2006) Supreme Court, Jamaica, 8111 Rev App No 1 of 2005 (unreported)................................ 186 Clarapede & Co v Commercial Union Association (1883) 32 WR 262........ 80 xx Commonwealth Caribbean Civil Procedure Clarendon Alumina Production Ltd v Alcoa Minerals of Jamaica (1988) 25 JLR 114................................................ 111 Clough v Mignott (2007) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No HCV 2913/ 2004 (unreported)............................................. 65, 67 Coastal Diving Services Ltd v Petro-Ind Engineering Services Ltd (1996) High Court, Trinidad & Tobago, No 3312 of 1995 (unreported).................................................... 217 Coffee Industry Board v O’Reilly (2004) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No HCV/1657/2004 (unreported)................................. 183 Coll v Tattum (2001) Ch D (unreported)................................ 180 Collins v Bretton (2003) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No E227 of 2002 (unreported)..................................................... 79 Columbia Picture Industries Inc v Robinson 3 All ER 338.......... 131 Coney Island Caribbean Amusements Inc v Good Times Shows Inc (1984) 37 WIR 79......................................... 116, 120 Conrich v Van der Elst (2003) High Court, Anguilla, No AXA HCV 2001/2002 (unreported)................................... 20, 30 Coosals Quarry Ltd v Teamwork (Trinidad) Ltd (1985) 37 WIR 417.......................................... 92, 112, 117, 120 Corfu Navigation Co v Mobil Shipping Co Ltd 2 Lloyd’s Rep 52, CA.............................................. 158 Cotorro Trust, Re CILR 227...................................... 36 Craig v Kanssen KB 256........................................ 200 Crawford v Musson (Jamaica) Ltd (1989) 26 JLR 139...................... 97 Cretanor Maritime Co Ltd v Irish Marine Management Ltd 1 WLR 966...................................................... 109 Crozat v Brogden (1894) 2 QBD 30.................................... 156 Dashwood v Dashwood WN 276................................ 203 Davies Attbrook (Chemists) Ltd v Benchmark Group plc 1 WLR 2493...................................................... 83 De Lasala v De Lasala AC 546.................................. 202 Demerera Bauxite Co Ltd v De Clou (1965) 23 WIR 13................... 176 Derby and Co Ltd v Weldon (No2) 1 All ER 1002............. 115, 121 Desulme v Downer (2005) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No 2004 HCV 1445 (unreported)........................................... 65 Deutsch-Sudamerikanische Bank AG v Codelco CILRI............. 143 Dietz v Lenning Chemicals Ltd 1 AC 170......................... 202 Dipcon Engineering Services Ltd. v Bowen (2004) Privy Council Appeal No. 79 of 2002......................................... 59, 60 Distillers (Biochemicals) Ltd v Times Newspaper Ltd 3 WLR 728....................................................... 144 Distributori Automatici Italia SpA v Holford General Trading Co Ltd. 1 WLR 1066....................................... 129 Dixon v Jackson (2005) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CLD 042/ 2002 (unreported)......................................... 21, 64, 166 Doherty v Allman (1878) 3 App Cas 709............................... 103 Dolan v Cooper (1995) High Court, Antigua and Barbuda, No 296 of 1995 (unreported)...................................... 109 Donald v Attorney General (2004) OECS Court of Appeal (Grenada) Civ App No 32 of 2003 (unreported)..................... 209 Table of Cases xxi 1111 Donell v JGM Bank Ltd CILR 1.................................. 42 2 Dotting v Clifford (2007) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No 2006 3 HCV0338 (unreported)........................................ 63, 177 4 Douglas v Hello! Ltd 1 All ER 1087.............................. 177 5 Duke of Bedford v Ellis AC 1.................................... 40 61 Dunn v British Coal Corp PIQR 275, CA......................... 134 7 8 ED&F Man Liquid Products v Patel (2003)The Times, 18 April.......... 58, 65 9 EF Phillips and Sons Ltd v Clarke Ch 322........................ 203 Eagle Merchant Bank of Jamaica Ltd v Chen-Young (2003) 1011 Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CL 1998/E 095 (unreported)........ 186, 187 1 Ebanks v Morritt Properties (Cayman) Ltd CILR 490.............. 202 2 Edwards v Robinson’s Car Mart (2001) Court of Appeal, Jamaica, 3111 Civ App No 81 of 2000 (unreported)............................... 199 4 Edwards v Quest Security Services Ltd (2007) Supreme Court, 5 Jamaica, No HCV 1124 of 2005 (unreported)........................ 172 6 Ellis v Compass (2005) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No E201 A 1999 7 (unreported).................................................. 21, 65 8 Emanuel v Emanuel 1 WLR 669................................. 128 9 Esso AG v Holborn Oil Trading Ltd (1996) Court of Appeal, 20111 Bermuda, Civ App No 30A of 1995 (unreported)..................... 30 1 Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Milton 1 WLR 938....................... 72 2 Esso Standard Oil SA Ltd v Chan (1988) JLR 110........................ 107 3 Etablissement Esefka International Anstalt v Central Bank of 4 Nigeria 1 Lloyd’s Rep 445.................................. 114 5 Eureka Medical Ltd v Life of Jamaica Ltd (2005) Supreme Court, 6 Jamaica, No HCV 1268/2003 (unreported)........................... 67 7 Evans v Bartlam AC 473............................. 7, 55, 56, 57, 60 8 Evans Construction Co Ltd v Charrington and Co Ltd 9 1 All ER 310..................................................... 86 30111 External Trust Co Ltd v Bahamas International Trust Co Ltd 1 (1985) Supreme Court, The Bahamas, No 791 of 1984 (unreported).................................................... 156 2 3 Farden v Richter (1889) 23 QBD 124.................................... 58 4 Farrington v O’Brien Loans Ltd (1989) Supreme Court, 35 The Bahamas, No 1578 of 1988 (unreported).................... 109, 111 6 Fellowes v Fisher 2 All ER 829.................................. 100 7 Ferguson v Ferguson (1993) High Court, Grenada, No 180 of 1993 8 (unreported).................................................... 109 9 Fernandes v United Insurance Co Ltd (1992) High Court, 40111 Barbados, No 919 of 1987 (unreported)..................... 156, 190, 191 1 Fidelty and Guarantee International Ltd v Hakemian [1992–93] 2 CILR N 6........................................................ 28 3 Field v Leeds City Council, (2000) The Times, January 18................ 187 4 Financial Institutions Services Ltd v Panton (2004) Supreme Court, 5 Jamaica, No CL 1995/B-228....................................... 186 6 Findlay v Francis (2005) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No Fo45 of 7 1994 (unreported)............................................ 77, 182 8111 Finecroft Ltd v Lamane Trading Corporation (2006) High Court, BVI, No BVI HCV 2005/0264 (unreported)......................... 205 xxii Commonwealth Caribbean Civil Procedure Finnegan v Parkside Health Authority 1 WLR 411................. 224 FirstCaribbean International Bank (Jamaica) Ltd v Meade (2005) Court of Appeal, Jamaica, CivApp No 96/2004 orted)................ 179 Flickinger v Preble (2005) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CLF 013 of 1997 (unreported).............................................. 85 Flowers Foliage and Plants of Jamaica v Jamaica Citizens Bank Ltd (1997) 34 JLR 447............................................ 226 Flynn v Scougall 3 All ER 609..................................... 3 Follett v Briscoe (2006) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CLF 076 of 1991 (unreported).................................................... 179 Foote-Doonquah v Jamaica Citadel Insurance Brokers Ltd (2006) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No 2005 HCV 01078 (unreported)............ 68 Forde v Owners of MV ‘The Saint’ (2002) High Court, St Vincent and the Grenadines, No SVG HAD 5/2002 (unreported).............. 76 Forde v Sealy (1979) 35 WIR 53....................................... 102 Forrester v Holiday Inn (Jamaica) (2005) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CL 1997/F-138 (unreported)....................... 173–175 Francome v Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd 2 All ER 408............ 99 Franklin v Cowan (2005) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CLF 006/ 2002 (unreported)............................................. 65, 66 Fraser v Rodney (2002) High Court, St Vincent and the Grenadines, No SVGHCV 153/2001(unreported)..................... 54 Galaxy Leisure and Tours Ltd v Wyndham Hotel Co Ltd (1996) 33 JLR 166...................................................... 104 Gale v Superdrug Stores 1 WLR 1089.......................... 83, 84 Gayle v Desnoes and Geddes Ltd (2005) Court of Appeal, Jamaica, Civ App No 69/2005 (unreported).............................. 78, 135 Ghanny v Citibank NA (1985) High Court, Barbados, No 651 of 1981 (unreported)............................................... 155 Girten v Andreu (1998) Supreme Court, The Bahamas, No 692 of 1997 (unreported)...................................... 30, 114, 175 Godwin v Swindon Borough Council 1WLR 997.................. 196 Goodman v Rayside Concrete Works Ltd (1988) High Court, Barbados, No 577 of 1988 (unreported).............................. 93 Gordano Building Contractors Ltd v Burgess 1 WLR 890, CA....... 161 Gordon v Elias (1985) 35 WIR 312..................................... 174 Gordon v Vickers (1990) 27 JLR 60..................................... 54 Gotel Communications Ltd v Cable and Wireless (Jamaica) Ltd (2006) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No HCV 02006 (unreported)......... 111 Graham v Dillon (2004) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CLG 027/ 2002 (unreported)................................................ 54 Grants to the Beneﬁciaries of Deed No 129 of 1940 (1969) High Court, St Vincent and the Grenadines, No 151 of 1969 (unreported).................................................... 202 Gregory v Gregory (2004) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No HCV 1930 of 2003 (unreported)............................................. 207 Grenada Broadcasting Corp v Spice Capital Radio Ltd (1997) Supreme Court, Grenada, No 137 of 1997 (unreported)................ 96 Grovit v Doctor 1 WLR 640..................................... 175 Table of Cases xxiii 1111 Grundy v Naqvi (2001) LTL1/2/2001.................................. 172 2 Grupo Torras SA v Mees Pierson (Bahamas) Ltd (1998/99) 3 2 OFLR 163..................................................... 114 4 5 H Ltd v J Ltd [1990–91] CILR 53...................................... 202 61 Habib Bank Ltd v Jaffer (2000) The Times, 5 April....................... 171 7 Hague v Nam Tai Electronics Inc (2006) OECS Court of Appeal 8 (BVI), Civ App No 20 of 2004 (unreported).......................... 67 9 Half Moon Bay Ltd v Levy (1997) 34 JLR 215....................... 117, 123 Hall, Re [1994–95] CILR N 4.......................................... 154 1011 Hamilton v Al Fayed (No 1), The Independent, 25 January 2001.......... 223 1 Hammond Studdart Solicitors v Agricterm International Holdings 2 Ltd EWCA Civ 1915....................................... 226 3111 Hampstead and Suburban Properties Ltd v Diomedous 4 1 Ch 248........................................................ 103 5 Hanschell Innis Ltd v Bowen (1983) High Court, Barbados, 6 No 476 of 1983 (unreported)....................................... 54 7 Harley v Mc Donald 2 WLR 1749................................ 208 8 Harris v Fyffe (2007) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No 2005/HCV 2562 9 (unreported)..................................................... 56 20111 Harris v Hall (1997) 34 JLR 190....................................... 211 1 Hartnett, Sorrell and Sons Ltd v Smithﬁeld Foods Ltd (1987) 2 High Court, Barbados, No 605 of 1986 (unreported)............. 154, 156 3 Helical Bar plc v Armchair Passenger Transport Ltd 4 EHWC 367...................................................... 187 5 Hemans v St Andrew Developers Ltd (1993) 30 JLR 290............... 93, 99 6 Henry v Burns-Gayle (2006) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No 2005 7 HCV 1971 (unreported).......................................... 100 8 Henry v Ken Ann Management Co Ltd (2004) Supreme Court, 9 Jamaica, No CLH 131 of 2001 (unreported).......................... 65 30111 Hertfordshire Investments Ltd v Buff 1 WLR 2318................. 223 1 Hirschorn v Evans 2 KB 801.................................... 217 Hodge v Cable & Wireless (West Indies) Ltd (2003) High Court, 2 Anguilla, No 108 of 1998 (unreported)......................... 194, 195 3 Home and Overseas Insurance Co Ltd v Mentor Insurance Co 4 (UK) Ltd 3 All ER 74........................................ 69 35 Home Ofﬁce v Harman 1 AC 280........................... 130, 144 6 Horne-Roberts v Smithkline Becham plc 1 WLR 1662............... 86 7 Hunter v Chief Constable of the West Midlands Police 8 AC 529..................................................... 175, 183 9 Husbands v Cable&Wireless (2003) High Court, St Lucia, 40111 No SLV HCV 2002/1993 (unreported).............................. 63 1 Hutchinson v Attorney General (1993) High Court, Barbados, 2 No 82 of 1993 (unreported)....................................... 215 3 4 IBM Canada Ltd v Rancal Information Systems Ltd (1996) 5 High Court, BVI, No 110 of 1995 (unreported)....................... 54 6 Inglis v Granberg (1990) 27 JLR 107................................. 93, 94 7 Initial Services Ltd v Putterill 3 All ER 145....................... 146 8111 Intercommercial Bank Ltd v Moosai Development Co Ltd (2001) High Court, Trinidad & Tobago, No S1437 of 2000 (unreported)...... 116 xxiv Commonwealth Caribbean Civil Procedure International Bulk Shipping and Service Ltd v Minerals and Metals Trading Corporation of India 1 All ER 1017.................... 84 International Hotels Jamaica Ltd v New Falmouth Resorts Ltd (2005) Court of Appeal, Jamaica, Civ App No 56 of 2003 (unreported)............................................ 136, 173, 181 Interoil Trading SA v Watford Petroleum Ltd (2003) LTL 16/7/2003...................................................... 156 Interserv Ltd v Kong (1997) High Court, Trinidad & Tobago, No 5291 of 1996 (unreported)................................. 130, 131 Intervascular Inc v De Giocoechea (1995) Supreme Court, The Bahamas, No 1423 of 1994 (unreported)......................... 93 Islam v Aktar LS Gaz 1238..................................... 203 Issar Group of Companies Ltd v West Indies Alliance Insurance Co Ltd (2004) Court of Appeal, Jamaica, Civ App No 74 of 2004 (unreported)................................................. 89, 141 JM Bodden and Son International Ltd v Dettling [1990–91] CILR 220................................................... 156, 159 JP Morgan and Co v Collins CILR N 6....................... 121, 122 Jada Construction Caribbean Ltd v Landing Ltd (2006) High Court, St Lucia, No CLV HCV 2006/0771 (unreported)............... 110 Jamaica Beach Park Ltd v Jamaica Redevelopment Foundation Inc (2005) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No HCV 01319 of 2005 (unreported).................................................... 110 Jamaica Citizens Bank Ltd v Dyoll Insurance Co Ltd (1991) 28 JLR 415....................................................... 42 Jamaica Citizens Bank Ltd v Yap (1994) 31 JLR 42....................... 115 Jamaica Creditors Investigation & Consultant Bureau Ltd v Michmont Trading Ltd (2003) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CLJ-015 of 2002 (unreported)................................... 65 Jamaica Railway Corp v Azan (2006) Court of Appeal, Jamaica, Civ App No 115/05............................................... 87 Jamculture Ltd v Black River Upper Morass Development Company Ltd (1989) 26 JLR 244............................... 110, 111 Janin Caribbean Construction Ltd v Wilkinson (2002) High Court, Grenada, No GDA HCV 2001/0036 (unreported)................ 156, 160 Jeelal v Jeelal (1985) Court of Appeal, Trinidad & Tobago, Civ App No 24 of 1983 (unreported)............................... 107 Jockey Club v Abraham (1992) High Court, Trinidad & Tobago, No 2520 of 1990 (unreported)...................................... 98 Johnson v Arawak Homes Ltd [1989–90] I LRB 37........................ 58 Johnson v Taylor Bros and Co Ltd AC 144........................ 31 Johnston v Arbitrium (Cayman Islands) Handels AG CILR 36.. 137, 138 Jokai Tea Holdings Ltd, Re 1 WLR 1196, CA...................... 174 Joseph v Cummings (1997) High Court, Trinidad & Tobago, No 1414 of 1973 (unreported)..................................... 202 Kaprifol Shipping SA v Caravanti Shipping Co Ltd (1988) Supreme Court, The Bahamas, No 284 of 1988 (unreported).......... 115 Keary Developments Ltd v Tarmac Construction Ltd 3 All ER 534.................................................... 160 Table of Cases xxv 1111 Keating v Williams (2007) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No 2003 2 HCV 02205 (unreported).......................................... 15 3 Keene v Martin (1999) The Times, 11 November.......................... 6 4 Keene v Tuloch-Darby (2005) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CLK 5 027/2001 (unreported)........................................... 113 61 Kelly v Minott (2007) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No 2004 HCV 7 03036 (unreported)............................................... 15 8 Ken Sales and Marketing Ltd v James and Co (A Firm) (2005) 9 Court of Appeal, Jamaica, Civ App No 3/05 (unreported)............. 56 Ketterman v Hansel Properties Ltd AC 189........................ 80 1011 Kilderkin Investments Ltd v Player [1980–83] CILR 403.............. 119, 120 1 King v Commissioner of Customs (2006) Supreme Court, Jamaica, 2 No 2005 HCV 000120 (unreported)................................ 150 3111 Kingston Telecom Ltd v Dahari (2006) Supreme Court, Jamaica, 4 No HCV 2003/2433 (unreported)................................ 54, 89 5 Kirin Aingen Inc v Transkaryotic Therapies Inc (2001) The Times, 6 9 May.......................................................... 201 7 Kirin Aingen Inc v Transkaryotic Therapies Inc (2001) The Times, 8 1 June............................................................ 7 9 Koch v Chew (1997/98) 1 OFLR 471.................................... 98 20111 Koch v Chew (1997/98) 1 OFLR 537........................... 113, 114, 176 1 Kowlessar v Gomez (1994) High Court, Trinidad & Tobago, 2 No 1200 of 1993 (unreported)...................................... 98 3 Kuarsingh v Bhagwandeen (1982) High Court, Trinidad & Tobago, 4 No S 399 of 1982 (unreported)...................................... 94 5 Kuwait Oil Tanker Co v Al Bader 1 WLR 1410..................... 30 6 7 Laager v Kruger CILR 361...................................... 115 8 Laager v Kruger CILR N 2..................................... 112 9 Ladd v Marshall 1 WLR 1489................................. 7, 222 30111 Latch v Latch (1875) LR 464........................................... 38 1 Lawrence David Ltd v Ashton 1 All ER 385, CA.................. 103 Lennox Petroleum Services Ltd v Staptracks Rebuilding Co Ltd 2 (1982) High Court, Trinidad & Tobago, No 2 of 1982 3 (unreported)................................................. 93, 109 4 Leslie v Davis (2006) High Court, St Vincent and the Grenadines, 35 No 47 of 1998 (unreported)........................................ 65 6 Lewis v Harewood PIQR P 58, CA............................... 16 7 Lightbody v Lightbody (2006) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No 2005 8 HCV 2305 (unreported)....................................... 97, 101 9 Linotype-Hell Ltd v Baker 4 All ER 887.......................... 226 40111 Little Bay Ltd v Capital and Credit Merchant Bank (2004) 1 Supreme Court, Jamaica, No HCV 540/2004 (unreported)............ 100 2 Liva v Harbour Island Bay Holdings Ltd (2001) Supreme Court, 3 The Bahamas, No 926 of 1999 (unreported)......................... 202 4 Liverpool Roman Catholic Archdiocesan Trustees v Goldberg 5 (No 3) 1 WLR 2337........................................ 187 6 Lloyds Bank plc v Rogers (1996) The Times, 24 March 1997............... 87 7 Lloyds Bowmaker v Britannia Arrow Holdings plc 8111 1 WLR 1337..................................................... 111 Lock International plc v Beswick 3 All ER 373.................... 103 xxvi Commonwealth Caribbean Civil Procedure London City Agency Ltd v Lee Ch 597............................ 92 Lyle v Lyle (2005) Supreme Court, Jamaica No HCV 02246/2004 (unreported).............................................. 21, 64, 172 MV Yorke Motors v Edwards 1 WLR 444......................... 60 Malcolm v Metropolitan Management Transport Holdings Ltd (2003) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CL 2002/M255 (unreported)........... 7, 55 Maltesz v Lewis (1999) The Times, 4 May................................ 6 Manning Industries Inc v Jamaica Public Service Co Ltd (2002) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CL 2002/M058 (unreported).......... 4, 157 Manogeesingh v Airports Authority of Trinidad & Tobago (1993) 42 WIR 301................................................... 92, 96 Maragh v Comptroller of Customs (1994) High Court, Barbados, No 760 of 1991 (unreported)...................................... 157 Maragh v Money Traders investments Ltd (1997) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CLM 207 of 1997 (unreported)......................... 115 Mareva Compania Naviera SA v Intrnational Bulk Carriers SA 1 All ER 213.............................................. 112 Marble Point Energy Ltd v Multiperils International Inc (2006) High Court, BVI, No 238 of 2006 (unreported)....................... 21 Marley v Mutual Security Merchant Bank and Trust Co Ltd 3 All ER 198..................................................... 43 Marshall v Contemporary Homes Ltd (1990) 27 JLR 17................... 52 Martinez v Elijio (2006) Supreme Court, Belize, No 97 of 2005 (unreported)............................................... 63, 75, 76 Massicote v Tarris Hill Associates Ltd (2003) High Court, BVI, No 89/2001 (unreported).......................................... 55 Mc Naughty v Wright (2005) Court of Appeal, Jamaica, Civ App No 20/2005 (unreported)......................................... 172 Mc Philemy v Times Newspapers Ltd 3 All ER 775.......... 6, 150, 192 Meade v Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (Jamaica) Ltd (2004) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CL 1995/M-147 (unreported).................................................... 179 Mediterranea Rafﬁneria Siciliana Petroli SpA v Masabaft GmbH Court of Appeal Transcript 816.............................. 147 Memory Corporation plc v Sidhu (No 2) 1 WLR 1433.............. 110 Mercedes-Benz AG v Leiduck 1 AC 284.......................... 114 Mighty v Wilson (2005) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CLM 188 of 1999 (unreported)............................................. 200 Miles v ITV Networks Ltd (2003) LTL 8/12/03.......................... 67 Miller v Cruickshank (1986) 44 WIR 319....................... 101, 105, 106 Minet v Morgan (1873) LR 8 Ch 361................................... 137 Mitchell v Mason (1962) 8 JLR 5....................................... 212 Moose v Peachery (1892) 8 TLR 406................................... 218 Morales v Dillon (1984) High Court, Trinidad & Tobago, No 440 of 1958 (unreported).............................................. 94 Morgan v Belmont Taxi Car Ltd (1967) 10 WIR 519...................... 211 Morgan v Young (2003) Court of Appeal, Jamaica, Civ App No 38/2003 (unreported)..................................... 156, 157 Morrison v Lemond (1989) 26 JLR 43................................... 97 Table of Cases xxvii 1111 Mortgage Corporation Ltd v Sandoes (1996) The Times, 2 27 December.................................................... 194 3 Mossel (Jamaica) Ltd v Cable and Wireless Jamaica Ltd (2005) 4 Supreme Court, Jamaica, No 20004/HCV 02066 (unreported)......... 172 5 Mossel (Jamaica) Ltd v Thrush (2004) Supreme Court, Jamaica, 61 No 2004 HCV 2087 (unreported).................................. 110 7 Mullins v Howell (1879) 11 Ch D 763.................................. 202 8 Mulready v JH and W Bell Ltd 2 All ER 215...................... 212 9 Mutual Security Merchant Bank and Trust Co ltd v Marley (1991) 1011 28 JLR 670....................................................... 42 1 NWL Ltd v Woods 3 All ER 614................................ 104 2 Nam Tai Electronics Inc v Haque (2004) High Court, BVI, 3111 No BVIHCV 2002/0167 (unreported)............................... 30 4 Nasser v United Bank of Kuwait 1 All ER 401................ 158, 179 5 National Commercial Bank Jamaica Ltd v Foote (2006) 6 Supreme Court, Jamaica, No 2000 CLN 145 (unreported).............. 52 7 National Housing Development Corp v Danwill Construction 8 Ltd (2007) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No 2004 HCV 000361 9 (unreported)............................................. 81, 149, 151 20111 National Insurance Corporation v Rochamel Development 1 Company Ltd (2006) High Court, St Lucia, No SLU HCV 2 2006/0638 (unreported)...................................... 117, 190 3 National Water Commission v Knight (1997) 34 JLR 617................. 107 4 Noel v Becker 2 All ER 1186.................................... 203 5 Norwich Pharmacal Co v Customs and Exercise Commissioners 6 2 All ER 943.......................................... 142–147 7 8 Ofﬁce Overload Ltd v Gunn FSR 39............................. 103 9 Olint Corporation Ltd v Financial Services Commission (2006) 30111 Supreme Court, Jamaica, No 2006 HCV 01365 (unreported)........... 226 1 Omega Engineering Inc v Omega SA (2003) The Times, 2 29 September..................................................... 2 3 O’Reilly v Mackman 2 AC 237.................................. 177 4 Paciﬁc International Sports Clubs Ltd v Comerco Commercial 35 Ltd (2005) High Court, BVI, No BVI HCV 70 of 2005 6 (unreported)................................................ 184, 209 7 Para Investments Ltd v Chestnut (1985) Supreme Court, 8 The Bahamas, No 850 of 1984 (unreported)......................... 189 9 Parbal v Juraman (1978) High Court, Trinidad & Tobago, No 353 40111 of 1978 (unreported)............................................. 109 1 Patvad Holdings v Jamaican Redevelopment Foundation Inc 2 (2007) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No 2006 HCV 1377 (unreported)... 98, 100 3 Petroleo Brasiliero SA v Mellitus Shipping Inc (2001) The Times, 4 29 March........................................................ 29 5 Pﬁzer Ltd v Medimpex Jamaica Ltd (2005) Supreme Court, Jamaica, 6 No CL 2002/P040 (unreported)................................... 226 7 Phoenix Finance Ltd v Federation International de l’Automobile 8111 (2002) The Times, 27 June.......................................... 8 xxviii Commonwealth Caribbean Civil Procedure Plaskett v Stevens Yachts Inc (2003) High Court, BVI, No 2002/0001 (unreported).................................................... 158 Port v Auger 1 WLR 862....................................... 170 Porzelack v Porzelack (UK) Ltd 1 All ER 1074.................... 156 Poseley v Mariner International Bank Ltd (2001) High Court, St Vincent and the Grenadines, No 300 of 2001 (unreported)........... 54 Poulton v Moore 1 KB 400...................................... 212 Powell Bros Inc v Water and Sewage Corp (1988) Supreme Court, The Bahamas, No 312 of 1982 (unreported)......................... 157 Procon Ltd v Provincial Building Co Ltd 1 WLR 557, CA........... 160 Proman Inc v National Gas Co of Trinidad & Tobago (1988) High Court, Trinidad & Tobago, No 3848 of 1988 (unreported)........ 130 Prophecy Group LC v Seabreeze Co Ltd (2006) Supreme Court, Belize, No 185 of 2001 (unreported).............................. 41, 43 Quarrie v C& F Jamaica Ltd (2003) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CL 2000/Q-001 (unreported).......................... 3, 54, 62, 168 R (Amraf Training plc) v Dept of Education EWCA Civ 915, para.................................................. 7 RBTT Bank Jamaica Ltd v Seaton (2007) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CL 1993/E 083 (unreported)................................... 180 RC Residual Ltd v Linton Fuel Oils Ltd (2002) The Times, 22 May........ 182 Rabin v Mendoza and Co 1 WLR 271............................ 140 Ramkissoon v Olds Discount Ltd (1961) 4 WIR 73..................... 58, 59 Rank Film Distribution Ltd v Video Information Centre AC 380......................................................... 129 Rasu Maritima SA v Pertambangun QB 644...................... 113 Regina (Factortame) Ltd v Secretary of State for Transport, Local Government and the Region (No 8) 3 WLR 1104......... 187 Reid v Cable & Wireless Jamaica Ltd (2004) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CLR 037 of 2000 (unreported).......................... 193 Renworth Ltd v Stephenson 3 All ER 244......................... 132 Republic of Costa Rica v Erlanger (1874) 3 Ch D 62...................... 156 Republic of Costa Rica v Stronsberg (1880) 16 Ch D 8.................... 214 Republic of Cuba v Attorney General (No 1) (1987) 3 OECSLR 539........ 156 Republic of Haiti v Duvalier 1 All ER 456........................ 115 Ricci v Chow 3 All ER 534...................................... 145 Riches v DPP 1 WLR 1019...................................... 175 Rickets v Ewers (2004) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CL 2001/ R216 (unreported).......................................... 15, 16, 17 Ridehalgh v Horseﬁeld Ch 205.................................. 207 Robinson v Clarendon Parish Council (2005) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No HCV 02126 of 2004 (unreported)....................... 196 Rocharnel Construction Ltd v National Insurance Corporation (2003) OECS Court of Appeal (St Lucia), Civ App No 10 of 2003 (unreported)............................................... 205 Ronex Properties Ltd v John Laing Construction Ltd 1 QB 398...... 175 Rowe v Administrative Services Ltd (2004) High Court, St Kitts/ Nevis, No SKBHCV 2003/0022 (unreported)......................... 94 Table of Cases xxix 1111 Royal Bank of Trinidad and Tobago v Wears (1989) Court of Appeal, 2 Trinidad & Tobago, Civ App No 119 of 1979 (unreported)............ 200 3 Rudd v Crowne Fire Extinguisher Services Ltd (1989) 26 JLR 565......... 107 4 5 S v Gloncestershire County Council (2000) The Independent, 61 24 March (CA)................................................... 64 7 SAFA v Banque de Caire 2 All ER (Comm) 567.................... 72 8 SFC Finance Ltd v Masri 2 All ER 747........................... 115 9 S&J Distributors Ltd v CIBC Jamaica Ltd (2007) Court of Appeal, 1011 Jamaica, Civ App No 112/04 (unreported).......................... 177 Sadaphal v Paul (1961) 3 WIR 340...................................... 92 1 Salmon v Master Blend Feeds Ltd (2007) Supreme Court, Jamaica, 2 No CL 1991/S 163 (unreported).................................... 78 3111 Samlal Seepersad Hardware Ltd v Lyons Automobiles Ltd (1996) 4 High Court, Trinidad & Tobago, No S 1300 of 1996 (unreported)...... 123 5 Samlalsingh v De Verteuil (1976) High Court, Trinidad & Tobago, 6 No 1634 of 1976 (unreported)...................................... 98 7 Samuels v Linzi Dresses Ltd 1 All ER 803........................ 174 8 San Sonci Ltd v VRL Services Ltd (2005) Court of Appeal, Jamaica, 9 Civ App No 108 of 2004 (unreported).............................. 111 20111 Sanderson v Blyth Theatre Co 2 KB 533.......................... 211 1 Sargant v Reed (1876) 1 Ch D 600...................................... 91 2 Saudi Eagle, The 2 Lloyd’s Rep 221............................ 57, 64 3 Saunders v Green (2007) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No 2005 4 HCV 2868 (unreported)........................................ 56, 57 5 Savings and Investment Bank Ltd v Fincken EWCA Civ 6 1639............................................................ 88 7 Savings and Investment Bank Ltd v Gasco Investments 8 (Netherlands) BV Co Ltd 1 All ER 296....................... 190 9 Scammell v Dicker (2001) The Times, 14 February....................... 163 30111 Scherer v Counting Instruments Ltd 2 All ER 529................. 205 1 Seaconsar Far East Ltd v Bank Markazi 1 AC 438.................. 27 2 Sebol Ltd v Tomlinson (2007) Supreme Court, Jamaica, 3 No HCV 2526/2004 (unreported).................................. 177 4 Securum Finance Ltd v Ashton (2000) The Times, 21 June................ 177 Shepherd Homes Ltd v Sandham 3 All ER 402................ 107, 108 35 Shocked v Goldschmidt 1 All ER 372............................ 199 6 Shoe Machinery Co v Cutlan 1 Ch 108............................ 84 7 Shoucair v Tucker-Brown (2004) Supreme Court, Jamaica, 8 No HCV 01032 of 2004 (unreported)....................... 112, 116, 117 9 Shtern v Villa Mora Cottages Ltd (2006) Supreme Court, 40111 Jamaica, No CLS 224 of 1999 (unreported)...................... 181, 192 1 Sibir Energy plc v Gregory Trading SA (2005) High Court, BVI, 2 No BVI HCV 2005/0174 (unreported)............................ 97, 98 3 Simpson v Island Resources Ltd (2007) Supreme Court, Jamaica, 4 No HCV 01012 of 2005 (unreported)............................. 78, 80 5 Sinclair v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire All ER (D) 6 2240............................................................ 67 7 Sir Lindsay Parkinson and Co Ltd v Triplan 2 ALL ER 273, 8111 CA............................................................ 156 xxx Commonwealth Caribbean Civil Procedure Smikle v Nunes (2007) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CL S178 of 2002 (unreported)................................................ 68 Smith v Inner London Education Authority 1 All ER 411........... 103 Smith v Medrington (1997) Supreme Court, BVI, No 103 of 1995 (unreported)..................................................... 57 Sollit v Brady 23 February 2000 (unreported) available at http://www.lardwicke.co.uk...................................... 83 Solo Industries v Canara Bank [ 2001] 2 All ER (Comm) 567............... 72 Solvalub Ltd v Match Investments Ltd (1997/98) 1 OFLR 152............. 114 Sookdeo v Barclays Bank of Trinidad & Tobago Ltd (1976) High Court, Trinidad & Tobago, No 2323 of 1976 (unreported)........ 177 Spiliada Maritime Corp v Cansulex Ltd 3 All ER 843............... 30 Sportsmax Ltd v Entertainment Systems Ltd (2005) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No HCV 1851 of 2005 (unreported)......................... 97 St Bernard v Attorney General of Grenada (2001) High Court, Grenada, No 84 of 1999 (unreported).............................. 193 St Kitts Development v Golfview Development Ltd (2003) Civ App No 24 of 2003 (unreported)....................................... 194 St Kitts Nevis Anguilla National Bank Ltd v Caribbean 6/49 Ltd (2003) OECS Court of Appeal, Civ App No 6 of 2002 (unreported).......................................... 51, 89, 175, 177 St Lucia Coconut Growers Association v Park Estates (1962) Ltd (2003) High Court, St Lucia, No SLV HCV 0005 of 1984 (unreported).................................................... 198 Steadman Labier Investments Ltd, Re (1995) Supreme Court, The Bahamas, No 810 of 1994 (unreported)....... 154, 156, 190, 191 Stewart v Engel 1 WLR 2268.................................... 201 Stewart v Samuels (2005) Civ App No 2 of 2005 (unreported).............. 66 Stonich v Stonich (2002) High Court, BVI, No 23A of 2001 (unreported).................................................... 200 Strachan v Jamaican Redevelopment Foundation Inc (2007) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No HCV 3381 of 2006 (unreported).......... 69 Stringman v McArdle 1 WLR 1653.............................. 169 Sun Fish Hatcheries Jamaica Ltd v Paradise Plum ltd (1990) 27 JLR 348...................................................... 101 Superior Security Co ltd v General Accident Insurance Co (Jamaica) Ltd (1992) 29 JLR 401.................................... 109 Swain v Hillman 1 All ER 91............................. 65, 67, 156 Swim-Quip Inc v Magnus and Associates Ltd (1975) 13 JLR 124........... 202 TDK v Video Choice Ltd 1 WLR 141............................. 121 T Sloyan and Sons (Builders) Ltd v Brothers of Christian Instruction 3 All ER 715.................................... 160 Tassell v Hallen 1 QB 321....................................... 30 Taylor v Inntrepeneur Estates (CPC) Ltd (2001) LTL 7/2/2001............ 178 Taylor v Midland Bank Trust Co Ltd, Court of Appeal, Civil Division, July 21, 1999............................................. 63 Taylor v Sherman (1993) Supreme Court, The Bahamas, No 1392 of 1992 (unreported).............................................. 93 Texaco Ltd v Mulberry Filling Station Ltd 1 WLR 814............. 103 The Niedersachsen 1 All ER 398............................. 114, 118 Table of Cases xxxi 1111 The Rena K 1 All ER 397....................................... 112 2 The Siskina AC 210......................................... 97, 113 3 Third Chandris Shipping Corp v Unimarine SA 4 2 All ER 972........................................ 114, 117, 119, 120 5 Thomas v Innis (2006) Court of Appeal, Jamaica, Civ 61 App No 99 of 2005............................................... 226 7 Thompson v Goblin Hill Hotels Ltd (2007) Supreme Court, 8 Jamaica, No CLT 005 of 2002 (unreported)...................... 205, 206 9 Thorn plc v Mac Donald CPLR 660, CA........................ 57, 59 Thorpe v United Estates Ltd (2006) Supreme Court, Jamaica, 1011 No 2005 HCV 00257 (unreported)................................. 208 1 Three Rivers District Council v Bank of England (No 3) 2 2 All ER 513, HL................................................ 170 3111 Thurrock Borough Council v Secretary of State for the 4 Environment (2000) The Times, 20 December......................... 5 5 Thynne v Thynne 3 All ER 129.................................. 200 6 Tiger Air Inc v Sumrall (No 2) (1982) 32 WIR 47........................ 147 7 Total Oil Great Britain Ltd v Thompson Garages (Biggin Hill) 8 Ltd 1 QB 318.............................................. 108 9 Totty v Snowden PIQR P 17.................................... 196 20111 Treasure Island Co v Audubon Holdings Ltd (2004) Court 1 of Appeal, BVI, Civ App No 22 of 2003 (unreported)............ 195, 196 2 Trevand Manufacturing Co Ltd v Stoeckert (1990) 27 JLR 340........ 103, 104 3 4 UCB Corporate Services Ltd v Halifax (SW) Ltd (1999) 5 The Times, 23 December......................................... 171 6 UYB Ltd v British Railways Board (2000) The Times, 15 November........ 140 7 United Bank for Africa Ltd v Trivest Co Ltd (1982) Supreme Court, 8 The Bahamas, No 430 of 1981 (unreported)......................... 121 9 United Film Distribution Ltd v Chabria (2001) The Times, 5 April.......... 42 30111 Universal Thermosensors Ltd v Hibben 1 WLR 840................ 130 1 VDU Installations Ltd v Integrated Computer Systems and 2 Cybernetics Ltd (1988) The Times, 13 August....................... 130 3 Van Der Brisk v Shierson, CA 12 May 1997............................. 194 4 Van Lynn Developments Ltd v Pelias Construction Co Ltd 35 3 WLR 1141...................................................... 71 6 Vantage Distributors Ltd v Top Mode Ltd (1992) 28 Barb LR 139.......... 123 7 Vassell v Tennant (2005) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CL 1994/ 8 V010 (unreported)............................................... 201 9 Vedatech Corporation v Seagate Software Information (2001) 40111 LTL 29/11/01................................................... 156 1 Vickers v Visual Sciences International Ltd (1982) Court of Appeal, 2 Bermuda, Civ App No 10 of 1981 (unreported)...................... 122 3 Vinos v Marks & Spencer plc 3 All ER 784....................... 196 4 5 Walker v Jamaica Public Service Company Ltd (2004) Supreme 6 Court, Jamaica, No CLW 186 of 1995 (unreported)................... 226 7 Walsh v Deloitte and Touche Inc, Privy Council Appeal No 37 8111 of 2000..................................................... 114, 122 Wardle Fabrics Ltd v Myristis Ltd FSR 263....................... 132 xxxii Commonwealth Caribbean Civil Procedure Warren v Bosung Engineering and Construction Co Ltd (2004) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CLW 011/2002 (unreported)............ 122 Watkis v Simmons (1988) 25 JLR 282.................................. 116 Watson v Ofﬁcer (2003) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No W-016/ 2002 (unreported)................................................ 83 Watson v Roper (2005) Court of Appeal, Jamaica, Civ App No 42 of 2005 (unreported)................................... 198, 199 Waugh v British Railways Board AC 521......................... 138 Westminister Airways Ltd v Kuwait Oil Co Ltd 1 KB 134.......... 137 Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control v Reynolds (1985) 37 WIR 417................................................. 117, 118 White v Grant (2006) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CL 1993/W127 (unreported).................................................... 180 Whittaker v Caribbean Sea Island Cotton Co Ltd (1991) High Court, Barbados, No 19 of 1990 (unreported)................... 215, 216 Williams v Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Trust Co (Caribbean) Ltd (1979) High Court, Barbados, No 873 of 1979 (unreported).................................................... 104 Williams v Ramgeet [1992–93] CILR 136.......................... 91, 94, 96 Williams v Stubbs-Rahming (1989) Supreme Court, The Bahamas, No 1429 of 1987 (unreported)...................................... 16 Williams & Humbert Ltd v W&H Trade Marks (Jersey) Ltd AC 368......................................................... 170 Wittich v Twaddle (1983) 32 WIR 172.................................. 169 Woodward v Finch CPLR 699................................... 181 Worldwide Corporation Ltd v GPT Ltd (1998) Civil Division Transcript No 1835 of 1998........................................ 81 Wright v Bennett (No 2) 1 All ER 227............................ 176 Wright v Nutrition Products Ltd (2003) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CLW 371 of 1997 (unreported)................................. 178 Wyndham v Terrilonge (2005) Supreme Court, Jamaica, No CL 1994/W 124 (unreported)......................................... 198 Young v JL Young Manufacturing Co Ltd 2 Ch 753................ 123 Young v Thomas 2 Ch 134....................................... 52 Yousif v Salama 3 All ER 405................................... 129 Z Ltd v A-Z 1 All ER 556............................... 113, 114, 117 1111 CHAPTER 1 2 3 4 INTRODUCTION 5 61 7 8 The procedure in civil actions in the High Courts (the ‘Supreme Court’ in 9 Jamaica) and Courts of Appeal in the majority of Commonwealth Caribbean 1011 jurisdictions is now governed by the new Civil Procedure Rules (CPR). 1 Almost identical versions of these Rules are in force in the Organisation of 2 Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) jurisdictions (since October 2000), in Jamaica 3111 (since January 2003), in Belize (since April 2005), and in Trinidad & Tobago 4 (since September 2006), and are likely to be enacted in Barbados in 2008. 5 6 In the other jurisdictions (The Bahamas, Guyana, Cayman Islands and 7 Bermuda), the ‘old’ Rules of the Supreme Court (RSC) remain in force, 8 though The Bahamas has adopted some of the case management features 9 of the CPR. It can thus be seen that the CPR now dominate the procedural 20111 landscape virtually throughout the Caribbean. 1 The Caribbean versions of the CPR are broadly modelled on, but differ 2 in many of their details from the English CPR, which came into force in 3 April 1999. The genesis of the English Rules was Access to Justice, the Report 4 of a committee chaired by Lord Woolf, MR, which was published in 1996. 5 The English Rules, which are generally referred to as the ‘Woolf Rules’, 6 were designed to remedy the perceived defects of the system of civil litigation 7 under the RSC as identiﬁed in the Woolf Report, namely, an excessively 8 adversarial environment, excessive and unaffordable costs, undue delay 9 and over-complexity.1 30111 1 The main feature of the CPR is the system of ‘case management’, which 2 aims to ensure that disputes ‘progress as expeditiously and economically 3 as possible to a fair settlement (by negotiation or mediation or some other 4 system of alternative dispute resolution (ADR)) or trial’.2 Whereas under 35 the RSC regime the progress of an action was very much in the hands of 6 the litigants’ attorneys, under the CPR the management of cases is placed 7 ﬁrmly in the hands of the judges and masters, whose function it is to set 8 the agenda for interim applications, preparation for trial, and the trial itself. 9 Now that the CPR have been in operation for several years, it is apparent 40111 that the case management system has been largely successful in curing two 1 of the main ills of the old regime, namely undue delay and excessively 2 adversarial environment, as the judges have been commendably active 3 4 5 6 7 1 See (1996) 140 Sol Jo 733. 8111 2 (1998) LS Gazette, 24 June, p. 15. 2 Commonwealth Caribbean Civil Procedure and innovative in the application of the new Rules. On the other hand, ‘front loading’ of costs, brought about by the need for considerably more preparatory work on the part of attorneys, has proved problematic for less ﬁnancially well-endowed litigants, and is likely to remain a problem for the foreseeable future. In the meantime, there is now a growing body of case law focusing on many aspects of the new Rules, with positive consequences for the development of a distinct and solid jurisprudence in the area of civil procedure in the Caribbean. THE OVERRIDING OBJECTIVE Rule 1.1 of the Jamaican Civil Procedure Rules contains the words: These rules are a new procedural code with the overriding objective of enabling the court to deal with cases justly. The reference to a ‘new procedural code’ is clearly intended to emphasise that the Jamaican CPR replaces the former Judicature (Civil Procedure) Code in its entirety. It may also serve to support the view that, in applying the new Rules, judges should not ‘look over their shoulders’ to the former Rules and the case law interpreting them, and that cases decided under the old Rules are ‘no longer generally relevant’ to the CPR, a point that Lord Woolf himself made in Biguzzi v Rank Leisure plc3 when considering the identical wording of the English CPR. It is submitted, however, that the courts in Caribbean jurisdictions need to take a somewhat different approach from that advocated by Lord Woolf and other English judges, for a number of reasons. First, although the Jamaican and other Caribbean Rules are broadly modelled on the English CPR, they differ from the latter in many important respects, and judicial pronouncements on the effect of the English CPR will not necessarily be useful, even as persuasive authorities, in the Caribbean context. Second, the radical approach to civil procedure reform in England and Wales has been driven to some extent by the need to bring the approach to civil justice in the UK into line (in admittedly limited respects) with the inquisitorial method of adjudication employed in the civil law systems of the UK’s European Union partners – a factor which is not present in the Commonwealth Caribbean. Third, some of the case law on civil procedure in Caribbean jurisdictions that developed under the old Rules, was concerned with situations that are unique to Caribbean jurisdictions and, in the absence of evidence that those situations have changed in material respects, some of 3 1 WLR 1926. It has been held in a recent English case, however (Omega Engineering Inc v Omega SA (2003) The Times, 29 September), per Pumfrey J, that ‘while it is generally impermissible to refer to the Rules of the Supreme Court in construing the Civil Procedure Rules, the court can do so where it appears the power conferred by the latter seems to be narrower than that conferred by the former rules, thus prejudicing the overriding objective of the new rules’. Chapter 1: Introduction 3 1111 the decisions of Caribbean courts under the old Rules may well retain their 2 validity under the new CPR regime. Fourth, if, in their wisdom, the Rules 3 Committees in the Caribbean decided to use in a particular new Rule wording 4 that was almost identical to that of the equivalent provision in the old Rules, 5 there would be a strong argument for treating Caribbean case law interpreting 61 the old Rule as being of at least persuasive authority in interpreting the new. 7 Fifth, unlike in England and Wales where dozens of practice directions have 8 been handed down in order to supplement and to give detailed guidance 9 as to the application of the new English Rules, so far there are few practice 1011 directions on the Jamaican Rules; accordingly, in the absence of such practice 1 directions, guidance as to the application of the new Rules could be sought 2 3111 from case law decided under the equivalent sections of the old Rules. Lastly, 4 it is worth bearing in mind that many of the most important powers of 5 the court in matters of civil procedure are derived not from the Civil 6 Procedure Rules but from statute, or from the inherent common law or 7 equitable jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Examples are the power 8 to award security for costs against impecunious corporate claimants 9 under the companies legislation,4 and the jurisdiction to grant interim,5 20111 Mareva (‘freezing’),6 and Anton Piller (‘search’) injunctions,7 and Norwich 1 Pharmacal orders.8 Moreover, civil procedure is signiﬁcantly affected by many 2 rules of substantive law developed by the common law courts, such as 3 the doctrine of forum conveniens,9 the ‘cheque rule’,10 ‘without prejudice’ 4 communications,11 and legal professional privilege.12 The significance of 5 this in the present context is that case law dealing with any such powers 6 or principles, which are derived from sources other than the CPR is 7 unaffected by the introduction of the new Rules, and decisions that were 8 considered binding or persuasive before the introduction of the new CPR 9 will remain binding or persuasive to the same extent. 30111 1 Interestingly, in Quarrie v C&F Jamaica Ltd,13 one of the ﬁrst cases decided 2 under the new Jamaican CPR, Mangatal J expressed the entirely sensible 3 4 35 4 See pp 158–60, below. 6 5 See pp 91–111, below. 7 6 See pp 112–28, below. 8 7 See pp 128–32, below. 9 8 See pp 142–8, below. 40111 1 9 See pp 30–1, below. 2 10 See pp 72–4, below. 3 11 See pp 140–2, below. 4 12 See pp 137–40, below. 5 13 (2003) Supreme Court, Jamaica, no CL 2000/Q-001 (unreported). See also Caribbean Development Consultants v Gibson (2004) Supreme Court, Jamaica, no CL 323 of 1996 6 (unreported), per Sykes J (Ag). Similar views have recently been expressed in the English 7 Court of Appeal. See Flynn v Scougall 3 All ER 609, p 615, per May LJ; Parsons v 8111 George 3 All ER 633, p 646, per Dyson LJ. 4 Commonwealth Caribbean Civil Procedure view that Lord Woolf’s statement in the Biguzzi case, to the effect that cases decided under the old RSC were no longer generally of any relevance under the CPR:... does not, and cannot mean that there is a complete abandonment of old authorities... the emphasis must be on the word ‘generally’ no longer of any relevance. It seems to me that where the provisions being considered are the same or substantially the same, or where the previous authorities deal with certain basic procedural principles that repeat themselves in the CPR, then they may be of some use. A similar view was expressed in another Jamaican case, Manning Industries Inc v Jamaica Public Service Co Ltd,14 by Brooks J, who admitted that ‘some guidance can be gleaned from the old authorities’. This case was of particular signiﬁcance as it concerned an application for security for costs against a foreign claimant. Brooks J quite rightly noted that little guidance could be gained from recent cases decided under the equivalent provisions of the English CPR, as the UK courts were, under the European Convention on Human Rights, obliged to consider matters that did not concern the Jamaican courts. He therefore held that the principles to be applied in Jamaica were those stated in earlier cases decided under the RSC.15 Signiﬁcantly, the OECS Rules do not contain any reference to a ‘new procedural code’, their draftsman being content to refer simply to the overriding objective. It may be argued that the omission of any reference to a new code shows a desire not to make a complete break with the past but rather to modernise the system of civil procedure, while retaining as much of the extensive Caribbean jurisprudence developed under the old Rules as would be compatible with the overriding objective. Indeed, in Boyea v Eastern Caribbean Flour Mills Ltd,16 Pemberton J opined that ‘where the pre-CPR authorities mesh with the overriding objective, they can be highly persuasive in arriving at a decision’. Also, as noted above, although several basic concepts in the new Rules in the Caribbean have been copied from the new English Rules (such as the overriding objective itself), there are many important differences between the English and the Caribbean Rules that would justify, and indeed require, taking a different approach to certain issues from that taken in England. So it remains to be seen whether judges in the Caribbean will be prepared to continue the process of building a distinctive Caribbean jurisprudence in matters of civil procedure, or whether they will be tempted to follow the new English decisions without regard for local circumstances or precedents. It is to be hoped that they will prefer the former approach, and indeed recent decisions of the learned judges of the Jamaican Supreme Court show a welcome trend in that direction.17 14 (2003) Supreme Court, Jamaica, no CL 2002/M058 (unreported). 15 See Chapter 16, below. 16 (2002) High Court, St Vincent and the Grenadines, no 211 of 1997 (unreported). 17 See above, notes 13 and 14. Chapter 1: Introduction 5 1111 SCOPE OF THE OVERRIDING OBJECTIVE 2 3 The overriding objective, as stated in Rule 1.1, is to ‘enable the court to deal 4 with cases justly’, which includes, so far as is practicable: 5 61 (a) ensuring that the parties are on an equal footing; 7 (b) saving expense; 8 (c) dealing with the case in ways which are proportionate to the amount 9 1011 of money involved, the importance of the case, the complexity of the 1 issues, and the ﬁnancial position of each party; 2 (d) ensuring that the case is dealt with expeditiously and fairly; and 3111 (e) allotting to the case an appropriate share of the court’s resources, while 4 taking into account the need to allot resources to other cases. 5 6 Rule 1.2 enjoins the court to ‘seek to give effect to the overriding objective 7 when it 8 9 (a) exercises any power given to it by the Rules, or 20111 (b) interprets any rule’. 1 The rather convoluted deﬁnition of the overriding objective in the Jamaican 2 and the OECS Rules has been copied almost verbatim from the English 3 4 Rules. The reason for the prominence given to the overriding objective, as 5 explained in the Final Report of the Woolf Committee, is that since the 6 Rules are not designed expressly to answer every question that might arise, 7 the overriding objective serves as ‘ a compass to guide courts and litigants 8 and legal advisers as to their general course’.18 It was envisaged that the 9 Rules would be supplemented by practice directions, which would serve 30111 to ﬂesh out each rule and provide the necessary details pertaining to their 1 application. In England and Wales there is now a large number of practice 2 directions covering practically every aspect of the Rules, but to date there 3 are very few such practice directions in Jamaica or the OECS. 4 35 6 APPLICATION OF THE OVERRIDING OBJECTIVE 7 8 ‘Dealing with cases justly’ is exempliﬁed by the principle that a litigant should 9 not be prevented from pursuing his claim merely because he is technically 40111 in breach of a procedural rule. ‘Doing justice’ means that the courts ought 1 to decide claims as far as possible on their merits, and not reject them on 2 grounds of procedural default. Thus, for instance, where a party commences 3 with the wrong form, or relies on a wrong statutory provision,19 or makes 4 5 6 7 18 Woolf Report, Chap 20. 8111 19 Thurrock Borough Council v Secretary of State for the Environment (2000) The Times, 20 December. 6 Commonwealth Caribbean Civil Procedure an error in quantifying his claim so that the amount claimed is a serious underestimate of his loss,20 permission to amend should readily be given, especially where the defendant has not been misled by the errors. ‘Ensuring that the parties are on an equal footing’ has been held not to justify the court in intervening to prevent a more affluent party from instructing lawyers of his choice, where the other party could not afford such expensive attorneys.21 It has further been stated that if a party wishes the court to inhibit the activities of another party, with a view to achieving greater equality, the party making the application must show that he is himself conducting proceedings so as to minimise expense.22 ‘Dealing with cases expeditiously, fairly and saving expense.’ An example of the application of this principle is where the court, having decided that the Pt 8 procedure (the equivalent of ﬁxed date claims in Jamaica and the OECS) commenced by the claimant was inappropriate for the particular claim, decided that it would be more cost-effective to allow the claim to continue as an ordinary Chancery action than to compel the claimant to start again and issue fresh proceedings.23 ‘Allotting an appropriate share of the court’s resources.’ A striking example of the application of this aspect of the overriding objective is a case where the appellant had failed to correct his notice of appeal despite being advised by his opponent that the notice was seriously defective, and where the appellant had also disregarded the directions relating to appeal bundles. The English Court of Appeal spent more than an hour trying, unsuccessfully, to put the papers in order, but decided that to spend further time on this exercise would not be an appropriate use of the court’s resources, and dismissed the appeal.24 LIMITATIONS OF THE OVERRIDING OBJECTIVE It was apparent from the beginning that there are serious dangers in undue reliance by the courts on the overriding objective. It has been rightly pointed out25 that premature and unnecessary recourse to the overriding objective may lead to: (a) inadequate legal analysis of important procedural issues, with the effect that the proper development of the law may be hindered; 20 Chilton v Surrey County Council CPLR 525. 21 Maltesz v Lewis (1999) The Times, 4 May. 22 McPhilemy v Times Newspapers Ltd 3 All ER 775. 23 Keene v Martin (1999) The Times, 11 November. 24 Adoko v Jemal (1999) The Times, 8 July. 25 White Book, Vol 1, 2002, para 1.3.2. Chapter 1: Introduction 7 1111 (b) radical provisions of the CPR not b

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