Ghatnachakra History 2024 PDF

https://t.me/pcsstudies1 https://t.me/pcsstudies1 PREFACE © Publisher Edition - Eighth Edition Year - 2024 Writer - SSGC M.R.P.: 590/- ISBN : 978-81-972577-2-8...

https://t.me/pcsstudies1 https://t.me/pcsstudies1 PREFACE © Publisher Edition - Eighth Edition Year - 2024 Writer - SSGC M.R.P.: 590/- ISBN : 978-81-972577-2-8 The book in hand titled "PREVIEW" is the English version Printed at - of “ iwokZoyksdu ”. “ iwokZoyksdu ” has proved to be one of the Shree Jee Printing Press most useful book series for Central and State Civil Services Contact : Examinations for the last 23 years. It has carved a special place for Sam-Samayik itself among fgUnh Medium students for it’s authenticity and Ghatna Chakra 188A/128, Chruchlane, style of presentation. Allenganj, Prayagraj The English edition of “ iwokZoyksdu ” has been prepared (Allahabad) - 211002 Ph.: 0532-2465524, 2465525 keeping in view the requirements of the English medium students. Mob.: 9335140296 The changes in the examination pattern have been kept in focus. e-mail : [email protected] Its contents are thoroughly updated and authenticated with a team Website : ssgcp.com of experts. The treatise has been enriched by incorporation of e-shop : shop.ssgcp.com maximum number of questions of different examinations and Copyright 2024, by Sam- their authentic explanations. Samayik Ghatna Chakra After the inclusion of CSAT as a compulsory part of civil Private Limited. No Part of this publication may be reproduces services examinations by Union and State Public Services or distributed in any form or by Commissions, the objective type questions have been compiled any means, electronic, chapter-wise according to CSAT syllabus. In this edition, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise or stored questions related to states, nations and the world have been in database or retrieval system compiled together. However, Geography, Polity, Science, without the prior written permission of publisher. The Environment, Economics and State Based Questions find a place program listings (if any) may be in a separate section. Thus, all the questions have been compiled entered stored and executed in a computer system, but they may in 8 sections, 7 of them are according to central civil services not be reproduced for examination (IAS) and the 8th section caters to State based publication. questions. Writer & Associates : We hope that the book will fulfill the needs of English l Kameshwar Shukla l Alok Kumar Pandey medium students. We have tried our best to present our highly l Shekhar Ojha esteemed and beloved readers an authentic and upto date book on l Fateh Bahadur Yadav General Studies. Any discrepancy brought to our notice will be l Arpit Mishra l Binod K. Tripathi taken care of in forth coming Editions. Suggestions for l Asif Iqbal improvement are welcome. l Zubair Ahmad May this book enjoy success unprecedented!! B-2 Indian History https://t.me/pcsstudies1 INDEX INDIAN HISTORY (2nd in 8 Part Series) Chapter Page No. Chapter Page No. I. Ancient History of India 11. Political Organisation Established before B455-B460 1. Stone Age B9-B16 Congress 2. Indus Valley Civilization B16-B31 12. Indian National Congress B460-B471 3. Vedic Age B32-B47 13. Moderates and Extremists B471-B477 4. Buddhism B47-B68 in Congress 5. Jain Religion B68-B78 14. Revolutionary Movement in India B477-B491 6. Shaiva, Bhagavata Religion B78-B84 15. Revolutionary Activities Outside India B491-B497 7. Sixth century B.C.E - Political Condition B84-B94 16. Partition of Bengal and Swadeshi B497-B502 8. Greek Invasion B94-B96 Movement 9. Maurya Empire B96-B116 17. Congress: Banaras, Culcutta, and Surat B503-B506 10. Post-Mauryan Period B116-B126 Session 11. Gupta and Post-Gupta Period B126-B151 18. Formation of Muslim League (1906) B506-B508 12. Architecture in Ancient India B151-B165 19. Morley-Minto Reforms B508-B509 13. South India (Chola, Chalukya, Pallava B165-B178 20. Delhi Durbar and Change of Capital B509-B511 and Sangam Period) 21. Lucknow Session of Congress B511-B512 14. Ancient Literature and Litterateur B178-B189 (The Lucknow Pact) 15. Pre-Medieval Period B189-B198 22. Home Rule League Movement B512-B515 II. Medieval History of India 23. Gandhi and His Early Movement B515-B531 1. Muslim Invasion of India B199-B205 24. Peasant Movement and Kisan Sabha B531-B536 2. Delhi Sultanate: Slave Dynasty B205-B211 25. Trade Union and Communist Party B537-B539 3. Khalji Dynasty B211-B217 26. Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh B539-B545 4. Tughluq Dynasty B217-B224 Massacre (1919) 5. Lodi Dynasty B225-B226 27. Khilafat Movement B545-B548 6. Vijayanagara Empire B227-B233 28. Non-Cooperation Movement B548-B556 7. Delhi Sultanate: Administration B233-B238 29. Formation of Swaraj Party (1923) B556-B559 8. Delhi Sultanate: Art and Architecture B238-B240 30. Simon Commission (1927) B559-B563 9. Delhi Sultanate: Literature B240-B246 31. Lahore Session of Congress, Proposal B563-B566 10. Delhi Sultanate : Miscellaneous B246-B251 of Complete Independence (1929) 11. Provincial Dynasty of North India B251-B257 32. Civil Disobedience Movement B567-B573 and Deccan Province 33. Gandhi-Irwin Pact B573-B574 12. Bhakti and Sufi Movement B257-B271 34. Karachi Session of Congress (1931) B575-B576 13. Mughal Dynasty : Babur B271-B276 35. Round Table Conference B576-B580 14. Humayun and Sher Shah B276-B280 36. Communal Award And Poona B580-B583 15. Akbar B280-B293 Pact (1932) 16. Jahangir B293-B297 37. Congress Socialist Party (1934) B584-B586 17. Shah Jahan B298-B301 38. Provincial Election and Formation B586-B588 18. Aurangzeb B302-B306 of Cabinet (1937) 19. Mughal Administration B306-B311 39. Tripuri Crisis of Congress (1939) B589-B590 20. Music and Paintings of Mughal Period B311-B315 40. Indian Princely States B590-B592 21. Mughal Literature B315-B319 41. Second World War B592-B593 22. Mughal Period : Miscellaneous B319-B326 42. Demand for Pakistan B593-B596 23. Sikh Sect B326-B329 43. Individual Satyagrah (1940) B596-B597 24. Maratha State and Confederacy B329-B335 44. Cripps Mission (1942) B597-B599 25. Disintegration of the Mughal Empire B336-B339 45. Quit India Movement B599-B609 III. Modern History of India 46. Subhash Chandra Bose and Azad B610-B615 1. Advent of European Companies B340-B350 Hind Fauj 2. East India Company and Nawab of Bengal B350-B355 47. Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) B616-B619 3. Regional States: Punjab and Mysore B355-B359 48. Constituent Assembly (1946) B619-B621 4. Governor/Governor General/ Viceroy B359-B379 49. Formation of Interim Government (1946) B621-B623 5. Economic Impact of British Rule on India B379-B387 50. Partition of India and Independence B623-B631 6. Revolt of 1857 B387-B401 51. Constitutional Development of India B631-B644 7. Other Civil Uprisings B401-B415 52. Modern History : Miscellaneous B644-B690 8. Development of Education in Modern India B415-B422 53. Magazines, Books And Their Authors B691-B718 9. Development of Press in Modern India B422-B433 54. Art and Culture B718-B740 10. Social Religious Movement B433-B455 55. Award B740-B744 Indian History B-3 https://t.me/pcsstudies1 General Studies PREVIEW 2024 English Version of iwokZoyksdu 8 Parts Economy & Current Social Events Development Environment Indian & History Ecology General Science General Geography Indian Polity & Governance State Based Questions B-4 Indian History https://t.me/pcsstudies1 General Studies PREVIEW English Version of iwokZoyksdu About the Book In the inaugural English version edition of Purvavalokan series, all the sections are redesigned as per the new syllabus (see the box) of Union and States Public Service Commission preliminary examinations. Following question papers have been included in this edition- 1. IAS preliminary exams conducted by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) - 1993 to 2023 2. UPPCS, Lower Subordinate & UDA/LDA preliminary exams - 1990 to 2023 (General and Special exams) and UDA/LDA & RO/ARO mains exams 2010 to 2021, conducted by Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission (UPPSC). 3. UPPCS Mains examination- from 2002 to 2017 and GIC- CSAT General Studies 2010 to 2017. 4. PCS and UDA/LDA pre. Paper I Syllabus exams conducted by 1. Current Affairs: Events of national and international Uttarakhand Public Service importance. Commission- from 2002 to 2. History of India and Indian National Movement. 2016, PCS pre 2010 to 2021 3. Indian and World Geography - Physical, Social, Economic and Lower Subordinate (pre) geography of India and the World. 2010. 4. Indian Polity and Governance – Constitution, Political 5. PCS mains 2002 & 2006 and System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights, Issues, etc. UDA/LDA mains 2007 5. Economic and Social Development – Sustainable conducted by Uttarakhand Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Public Service Commission. Sector Initiatives, etc. 6. P C S p r e c o n d u c t e d b y 6. General issues on Environmental Ecology, Bio-diversity Madhya Pradesh Public and Climate Change (no subject specialization required). Service Commission from 7. General Science. 1990 to 2023. Note: This is the syllabus of Union Public Service 7. Jharkhand PCS pre 2003, Commission and Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission preliminary exams only. Other states 2011, 2013, 2016, 2021 and (Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand 2023 etc.) Public Service Commissions have included their 8. Chhattisgarh PCS pre. - From state related information as well in the syllabus. 2003 to 2008 and from 2011 to 2023. Indian History B-5 https://t.me/pcsstudies1 9. Rajasthan PCS pre. - From 1993 to 2023. 10. Bihar PCS pre. - From 1992 to 2023 (including Re-exam of 2022). l Total 245 question papers of above exams have been included in this compilation. General Studies solutions can be presented in two ways- 1. Year-wise categorization of all examinations papers. 2. Chapter-wise categorization of all examinations paper. We have opted for the second which is the toughest option for the benefit of aspirants so that all questions can be found as a question treasure. Presentation includes following process- Ü First Step- collection of 245 General Studies MCQ question papers. Ü Second Step- categorization of questions into 8 categories as per the new syllabus. Ü Third Step- categorization of each category into chapters. Ü Fourth Step- exclusion of repeated questions by mentioning the exams. Ü Fifth Step- solution of all the questions with their detailed explanations. All the solutions are provided after referring the reference books and from prestigious subject matter experts/writers or from authenticated websites. l This edition clearly explains the trend of MCQ questions in each chapter. l Repeated questions from various examinations are specially highlighted in this edition. l This compilation provides the most probable questions of upcoming examinations. l All the questions have been clearly explained in detail with full authenticity. l Questions of upcoming examinations can be easily accessed from the type of questions on each chapter. Thus by adopting arduous and complicated process, a treasure of about 31,000 questions have been presented here. Considering the repetitiveness of the questions in various exams, this release will surely benefit the aspirants. Authenticity is our topmost priority so we have verified our solutions with experts multiple times. Nevertheless, if you disagree with any of them please write to us or call on 9335140296 from 12:00 PM (noon) to 8:00 PM (Monday to Friday). After verification process we will communicate with you accordingly. 31 Place you order for Book & e-book from our website : www.ssgcp.com for more information please visit or call : 9792276999, 9838932888 E-mail : [email protected] B-6 Indian History https://t.me/pcsstudies1 Question Paper Analysis 245 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) based question papers of General Studies of Union and State Public Service Commission preliminary and mains are integrated in this release. Detailed list of 245 question papers are as follows: No. of Ques. IAS Pre exam 2011-2023 100 × 13 1300 IAS Pre exam 1993-2010 150 × 18 2700 UP PCS Pre exam 1998-2023 150 × 27 4050 UP PCS Pre exam 1990-1997 120 × 8 960 UP PCS Mains exam 2002-2003 150 × 2 300 UP PCS Mains exam (including special exams) 2004-2017 150 × 31 4650 UP PSCGIC exam 2010 and 2017 150 × 3 450 UP (UDA/LDA) Pre exam 2001-2006 150 × 3 450 UP (RO/ARO) Pre exam (General and Special exam) 2010-2018, 2021, 2023 140 × 9 1260 UP (UDA/LDA) Mains exam (General and Special exam) 2010-2021 120 × 7 840 UP Lower Subordinate Pre exam (General and Special exam) 1998-2009 100 × 11 1100 UP Lower Subordinate Pre exam (General and Special exam) 2013-2015 150 × 2 300 UP Lower Subordinate Mains exam (General and Special exam) 2013, 2015 120 × 2 240 UPPCS (RI) Pre Exam 2014 100 × 1 100 UP BEO Pre Exam 2019 120 × 1 120 Uttarakhand PCS Pre exam 2002-2021 150 × 8 1200 Uttarakhand (UDA/LDA) Pre exam 2007 150 × 1 150 Uttarakhand PCS Mains exam 2002 & 2006 150 × 2 300 Uttarakhand (UDA/LDA) Mains exam 2007 100 × 1 100 Uttarakhand Lower Subordinate Pre exam 2010 150 × 1 150 Madhya Pradesh PCS Pre exam 1990-2006 75 × 15 1125 Madhya Pradesh PCS Pre exam 2010 150 × 2 300 Madhya Pradesh PCS Pre exam 2012-2023 100 × 12 1200 Chhattisgarh PCS Pre exam 2003-2005 75 × 2 150 Chhattisgarh PCS Pre exam 2008 & 2013 -2023 100 × 12 1200 Chhattisgarh PCS Pre exam 2011 150 × 1 150 Rajasthan PCS Pre exam 1992 120 × 1 120 Rajasthan PCS Pre exam 1993-2012 100 × 11 1100 Rajasthan PCS Pre exam 2013, 2018, 2021 & 2023 150 × 6 900 Bihar PCS Pre exam 1992-2023 150 × 23 3450 Jharkhand PCS Pre exam 2003-2011 100 × 2 200 Jharkhand PCS Pre exam 2013, 2016, 2021 & 2023 100 × 6 600 Jharkhand PCS Main exam 2016 80 × 1 80 245 31295 After exclusion of repeated questions from above questions of 245 papers around 31000 questions have been categorized as following: ü Current Affairs ü History of India and Indian National Movement ü Indian and World Geography ü Indian Polity and Governance ü Economic and Social Development ü General issues on Environmental Ecology ü General Science ü State Related Question In this 8th edition of PREVIEW ( iwokZoyksdu ) series, we are presenting Indian History in 2nd section. As per the new revised format, 5233 questions have been collected from 245 question papers of Union and States Civil Service Examinations. After elimination of 541 repetitive questions, 4692 questions have been included in this section. Repeated questions were given below the original questions so that our aspirants can analyze the trend of repetitive questions. Indian History B-7 https://t.me/pcsstudies1 I. Ancient History of India Stone Age of animals began in the Mesolithic period. The earliest pieces of evidence of domestication of animals in India have *The period without a documented evidence of its history been found at Adamgarh (Narmadapuram, M.P.) and Bagor is called Prehistoric period. Proto-historic period is the (Bhilwara, Rajasthan). *A large number of implements made period having shreds of evidence of a script which is still of bones and horns have been found from the Mesolithic site, not deciphered. Proto-historic refers to the period between Mahadaha (located in Pratapgarh district of U.P.). The book prehistoric and historical period. *The time after which we get titled 'Puratattva Vimarsh' written by Dr. Jai Narayan Pandey documented description is called historic period. *Stone Age describes various pointed objects and ornaments made of bones comes under the Prehistoric period. *Indus valley civilization which have been reported from Sarai Nahar Rai, Damdama and Copper Age culture comes under the protohistoric period. and Mahadaha. *Damdama is a Mesolithic site in Pratapgarh *The historical period starts from around 6th century B.C. *In district of Uttar Pradesh. In Damdama, 41 human graves India, the research on Stone Age Civilization started at first in have been found. Out of these graves, 5 are double burial. 1863. The whole Stone Age has been categorized into three parts One triple burial grave is also found here. A grave with four on the basis of difference of tools used. These are Palaeolithic human skeletons has been found at Sarai Nahar Rai. period, Mesolithic period and Neolithic period. *The Megaliths usually refer to the burials made up of large *Paleolithic Period is further categorized into three periods on stones in graveyards away from the habitation area. A large the same basis- fraction of these is assumed to be associated with burial or (i) The Lower Palaeolithic period -Handaxe, Cleaver, post-burial rituals including memorials for those whose remains Chopper, etc. may or may not be available. Some of these are; Chamber tomb, (ii) The Middle Palaeolithic period- Points, Borer, Scrapper Dolmens, Stone alignment, Stone circle (cromlech), Pit-circles, etc. (iii) The Upper Paleolithic period - Burins *According to 'Puratatva Vimarsh' by J.N. Pandey 17 human *Chopper-chopping pebble pieces of tools were at first obtained skeletons were found from rock shelter 1 of Lekhahiya in from Sohan river valley of Punjab (Pakistan). At first, hand- the Vindhya region. Some of these were in relatively pristine axe pieces of equipment were found in Pallavaram and condition while most of the others were warped. *According Attirampakkam near Chennai (Tamil Nadu). Other tools of to John R. Lucas of University of Oregon (USA), remnants this culture are cleaver, scraper, etc. *Robert Bruce Foote was of 27 human skeletons were found in Lekhahiya. *The rock a British geologist and Archeologist. *The expedition of Yale shelters of Bhimbetka are situated in Raisen district of Madhya Cambridge team under the leadership of De. Terra did the most Pradesh. UNESCO has included the rock art of Bhimbetka in important research in Sohan valley in 1935. *In Belan valley, the list of its world heritage site. These caves exhibit the earliest the research was carried under the direction of G.R. Sharma traces of human life on the Indian subcontinent and include the of Allahabad University. Nearly 44 archaeological sites were pictures of an elephant, sambhar, deer, etc. found in this valley which is related to the lower Paleolithic *Grains were first ever produced in Neolithic Age. It was the period. *Apart from tools, the statue of bone-made Mother time when people were introduced to agriculture. Koldihwa Goddess of this age was obtained from Lohanda Nala region and Mehrgarh were the two Neolithic sites from where clear of Belan Valley which is currently preserved at the Kaushambi pieces evidence of rice and wheat have been found. *There are museum. mainly eight types of food grains consumed by modern human *The life of Palaeolithic people was completely natural. They society, namely barley, wheat, maize, millet, sorghum, mustard, were primarily dependent on hunting. They were unfamiliar oat and rice. These crops were present in the form of weed in with fire, so they ate raw meat. Paleolithic people were different areas, which were later grown as seed by a human unfamiliar with farming and animal husbandry. *We came being at different places, at different times. *According to the to know about Mesolithic period only after A.C.L. Carlleyle latest research, the earliest evidence of agriculture in Indian discovered (1867 A.D.) the Rock Painting from Vindhya region. sub-continent was reported from the Lahuradewa site in Sant *According to the excavated evidence, the domestication Kabir Nagar district, Uttar Pradesh. The evidence of human Indian History General Studies B–9 https://t.me/pcsstudies1 activity and beginning of rice cultivation at this site dated back *The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), under the Ministry to around 9000-7000 BC. *Significantly before this research, of Culture, is a premier organization for the archaeological the earlier evidence of wheat was found at Mehrgarh (located researches and protection of the cultural heritage of the in Balochistan, Pakistan) belonging to around 7000 BC and the nation. In 1871, the Archaeological Survey was established earliest evidence of rice is known to be near the bank of the as a separate department, and Alexander Cunningham was river Belan, district Prayagraj, from where rice bran was found appointed as its first Director-General. In 1901, during the dating back to 6500 BC. *The cultural remains from Stone Age tenure of Lord Curzon, it was centralized as Archaeological to Harappan Civilization have been found in Mehrgarh located Survey of India and John Marshall assumed office in 1902 as in Balochistan (Pakistan). its Director-General. *National Museum of Mankind known *The Burzahom site is a prehistoric settlement in the village as Indira Gandhi Rastriya Manav Sangrahalaya is located of the same name in Kashmir valley. Both human and animal in Bhopal (M.P.). It is an autonomous organization under the skeletons were found here with trepanning (bored holes) marks. Ministry of Culture. In many pits, bones of dogs and antlered deer were found along with human skeletons. The skeletons of humans were found in 1. Robert Bruce Foote, who discovered first Palaeolithic the burial pits in a sitting position along with bones of animals. tool in India, was a/an – *The first excavation at the Burzahom site was carried out by (a) Geologist (b) Archaeologist Helmut de Terra and Dr. Thomas Paterson in the year 1935. *The people of Jorwe culture lived in large rectangular houses (c) Paleobotanist (d) Historian with wattle and daub walls and thatched roof. They believed U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2015 in life after death and therefore buried the dead inside the Ans. (a & b) houses under the floor. Children were buried in two urns that were joined mouth-to-mouth and set horizontally in the pit, According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, Robert Bruce Foote while adults were placed in a supine position with the head was a British geologist and archaeologist. He is considered as towards the north (north to south). These sites were found the father of Indian pre-history. He was associated with the in Daimabad, Inamgaon, Chandoli, Nevasa etc. *The ‘Ash Geological Survey of India and documented the antiquities mounds’ have been found from a Neolithic site Sangana Kallu of the stone age. Hence, both options (a) and (b) can be located in Bellari district in Karnataka. They have also been found in Piklihal and Utnur. These ash mounds are the burnt considered as correct. relics of seasonal camps of Neolithic herdsmen community. 2. The three-age system, divided into stone, bronze and iron from the collection of Copenhagen museum was *Fire was first used as in the Neolithic period. coined by – *Copper was the first metal used. Copper Age is also known as the Chalcolithic age. The age in which instruments of (a) Thomson (b) Lubbock copper were used in addition to stone is called as Chalcolithic (c) Taylor (d) Childe Age. *Settlements of Chalcolithic period in India were found U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2010 in South-East Rajasthan, Western Madhya Pradesh, western Ans. (a) Maharastra and South-East India. *Navdatoli has revealed excellent evidence of both round and rectangular residential The three age system- Stone, Bronze and Iron from the structures which are located near Khargone district (M.P.). The collection of Copenhagen museum was coined by Christian former measures about 3m in diameter and the later is 2m × Jurgensen Thomsen. 2.2m. *The roofs were probably made of hay, tree branches and 3. With reference to the Indian History, Alexander Rea, leaves and were supported on massive wooden posts, 22cm in A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess and diameter, raised at regular intervals around the huts. *The open Walter Elliot were associated with spaces between the posts were provided with mud-plastered (a) Archaeological excavations bamboo screens. *The house floors were made up of silt clay (b) Establishment of English Press in Colonial India and river gravel, with the surface coated with lime. The huts (c) Establishment of Churches in Princely States were provided with one or two-mouthed ‘chulhas’ as well as (d) Construction of railways in Colonial India storage jars and other earthen vessels. I.A.S. (Pre) 2023 *Ochre-Coloured Pottery (known to archaeologists as OCP) Ans. (a) as the name implies, its main distinguishing feature was its Alexander Rea, A.H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James ochre colour. Other characteristics are its porous character and Burgess and Walter Elliot were associated with archaeological the fact that it is invariably worn out at the edges. Most of its excavations. They primarily worked in the field of South evidence is mainly found from Atranjikhera and Hastinapur. Indian history. B–10 General Studies Indian History https://t.me/pcsstudies1 4. According to the excavated evidence, the domestication Code : of animal began in – (a) 4, 2, 3 and 1 (b) 1, 4, 3 and 2 (a) Lower Palaeolithic period (c) 4, 2, 1 and 3 (d) 2, 4, 1 and 3 (b) Middle Palaeolithic period U.P. R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2021 (c) Upper Palaeolithic period Ans. (c) (d) Mesolithic period Mesolithic sites in order from west to east geographically– U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006 Mahadaha (Pratapgarh, UP), Lekhahia (Mirzapur, UP), Paisra Ans. (d) (Bihar) and Birbhanpur (W. Bengal) According to the excavated evidence, the domestication of 9. Three human skeletons in a single grave were recovered animals began in the Mesolithic period. The earliest pieces at – of evidence of domestication of animals in India have been (a) Sarai Nahar Rai (b) Damdama found at Adamgarh (Narmadapuram, M.P.) and Bagor (c) Mahadaha (d) Langhnaj (Bhilwara, Rajasthan). U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2016 Ans. (b) 5. In Mesolithic context, evidence of animal domestication has been found at : Damdama is a Mesolithic site in Pratapgarh district Uttar Pradesh. In Damdama, 41 human graves were found. Out (a) Langhnaj (b) Birbhanpur of these graves, 5 are double burial. One triple burial grave (c) Adamgarh (d) Chopani Mando is also found here. A grave with four human skeletons has U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Pre) 2008 been found at Sarai Nahar Rai. Ans. (c) 10. The cultivation of cereals first started in - See the explanation of above question. (a) Neolithic Age (b) Mesolithic Age 6. From which one of the following sites bone implements (c) Palaeolithic Age (d) Proto-Historic Age have been found ? U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2005 (a) Chopani-Mando (b) Kakoria Ans. (a) (c) Mahadaha (d) Sarai Nahar Rai Grains were first ever produced in Neolithic Age. It was the U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010 time when people were introduced to agriculture. Koldihwa Ans. (c & d) and Mehrgarh were the two Neolithic archaealogical sites A large number of implements made of bones and horns from where clear pieces of evidence of rice and wheat have have been found from the Mesolithic site, Mahadaha and been found. Sarai Nahar Rai (located in Pratapgarh district of U.P.). The 11. The earliest evidence of man in India is found in book titled ‘Puratattva Vimarsh ‘ written by Dr. Jai Narayan (a) Nilgiri Hills (b) Shiwalik Hills Pandey describes various pointed objects and ornaments (c) Nallamala Hills (d) Narmada Valley made of bones which have been reported from Sarai Nahar Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2006 Rai, Damdama and Mahadaha. Ans. (d) 7. Bone ornaments in the Mesolithic context in India In India, the first evidence of man was found in Narmada valley have been obtained from – region of Madhya Pradesh. It was discovered in 1982. (a) Sarai Nahar Rai (b) Mahadaha 12. The first Human Fossil was found from which River (c) Lekhahia (d) Chopani Mando Valley of India? U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2013 (a) Ganga Valley Ans. (a & b) (b) Yamuna Valley See the explanation of above question. (c) Narmada Valley 8. Arrange the following Mesolithic sites geographically (d) Tapti Valley in order from west to east – (e) None of the above/more than one of the above 1. Paisra 2. Lekhahia 66th B.P.S.C. Re-Exam-2020 3. Birbhanpur 4. Mahadaha Ans. (c) Select the correct answer from the code given below : See the explanation of above question. Indian History General Studies B–11 https://t.me/pcsstudies1 13. The first cereal used by man was : 17. During the Neolithic Age the earliest evidence of the (a) Wheat (b) Rice origin of agriculture has been found at which of the (c) Barley (d) Sorghum following place in the North-Western region of Indian U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1997 sub-continent? Ans. (c) (a) Munidgak (b) Mehargarh (c) Damb Sadat (d) Balakot There are mainly eight types of food grains consumed by (e) Amri modern human society, namely barley, wheat, maize, millet, Chhattisgarh P.C.S. (Pre) 2017 sorghum, mustard, oat and rice. These plants were present in Ans. (b) the form of weed in different areas, which were later grown as See the explanation of above question. seed by a human being at different places, in different times. Although, barley was the first grain to be cultivated by human 18. The earliest evidence of animal domestication and beings during 8000 B.C. in western Asian countries located agriculture in India has come from between the northeast Mediterranean Sea and Iran. Later, in (a) Anjira the same area, wheat was also cultivated around 8000 B.C. (b) Damb Sadat (c) Kili Gul Muhammad 14. The earliest evidence of agriculture in Indian sub- (d) Mehrgarh continent comes from – (e) None of the above/more than one of the above (a) Koldihwa (b) Lahuradeva 64th B.P.S.C. (Pre)-2018 (c) Mehrgarh (d) Tokwa Ans. (d) U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2004 See the explanation of above question. U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2008 19. With reference to the cultural heritage of Uttar Ans. (b) Pradesh, which of the following statement/s is/are According to the latest research, the earliest evidence of correct? agriculture in Indian sub-continent has been reported from (1) The oldest evidence of agriculture in the global the Lahuradeva site in Sant Kabir Nagar district, Uttar context has been obtained from many excavated Pradesh. The evidence of human activity and beginning of sites in this region. rice cultivation at this site dates back to around 9000-7000 (2) The oldest cultivated food grains are barley and B.C. Significantly before this research, the earlier evidence paddy. of wheat was found at Mehrgarh (located in Balochistan, Select the correct answer using the codes given below – Pakistan) belonging to around 7000 B.C. and the earliest Code - (a) Only 1 (b) Only 2 evidence of rice is known to be near the bank of the river Belan, (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 district Prayagraj, from where rice bran was found dating U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre.) 2021 back to 6500 B.C. With above reference, if Lahuradeva is one Ans (c) option, then it will be the correct answer, but if Lahuradeva is not an option, then Mehrgarh would be the right answer. Uttar Pradesh has been blessed with a rich cultural heritage since prehistoric times. It is noteworthy that Koldihwa 15. The earliest evidence of agriculture in the Indian Sub- situated in the Belan river valley region of the state, has been continent has been obtained from – considered to be the oldest evidence of paddy cultivation (a) Brahmagiri (b) Burzahom in the world for a long time. Similarly, Lahuradev, which (c) Koldihwa (d) Mehrgarh currently presents the oldest evidence of paddy cultivation, U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010 is also a part of Sant Kabir Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh. Ans. (d) Hence statement (1) is correct. Evidence of the oldest agriculture grains barley and paddy has been found from See the explanation of above question. many excavated sites of Uttar Pradesh, evidence of barley 16. The earliest evidence of Agriculture in Indian and paddy has been found from Mahagada and evidence of subcontinent is found at paddy has been found from Koldihwa. (a) Lothal (b) Harappa 20. Name the site which has revealed the earliest evidence (c) Mehrgarh (d) Mundigak of settled life ? U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007 (a) Dholavira (b) Kile Gul Mohammad Ans. (c) (c) Kalibangan (d) Mehrgarh See the explanation of above question. U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2008 Ans. (d) B–12 General Studies Indian History https://t.me/pcsstudies1 Among the given options, the oldest evidence of permanent The cultural remains from Stone Age to Harappan life has been found for the first time from Mehrgarh located in Civilization have been obtained from Mehrgarh located in Kachhi plains of Balochistan, whose authentic date is around Balochistan (Pakistan). 7000 B.C., while the oldest date of Kile Gul Muhammad and 25. Excavation at Navadatoli was conducted by – Kalibangan is 4000 B.C. and 3500 B.C. respectively. Hence (a) K.D.Bajpai (b) V.S. Wakankar option (d) is correct option. (C) H.D. Sankalia (d) Mortimer Whéeler 21. Which among the following sites provides evidence of U.P. Lower Spl. (Pre) 2008 Ans. (c) domestication of animals in the Mesolithic period? (a) Odai (b) Bori Navdatoli has revealed excellent evidence of both round (c) Bagor (d) Lakhnia and rectangular residential structures which are located U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2018 near Khargone (Madhya Pradesh). The former measures Ans. (c) about 3m in diameter and the latter 2m × 2.2m. The roofs were probably made of hay, branches and leaves and were The earlest pieces of evidence of domestication of animals in supported on massive wooden posts, 22cm in diameter, raised India have been found at Adamgarh (Narmadapuram, M.P.) at regular intervals around the huts. The open spaces between and Bagor (Bhilwara, Rajasthan). the posts were provided with mud-plastered bamboo screens. 22. Which one of the following periods is also known as The house floors were made up of silt clay and river gravel, Chalcolithic Age? with the surface coated with lime. The huts were provided (a) Old Stone Age (b) New Stone Age with one or two-mouthed ‘chulhas’ as well as storage jars (c) Copper Age (d) Iron Age and other earthen vessels. This site was excavated by Mr. 44th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2000 H.D. Sankalia, Professor of Deccan College, Pune. This site Ans. (c) was the most extensive excavated Chalcolithic site of Indian sub-continent, which is determined to be between 1500 B.C. Copper Age is also known as the Chalcolithic age. The age in and 1300 B.C. which instruments of copper were used in addition to stone, 26. In which state, the Navdatoli is located ? is called as Copper Age. (a) Gujarat (b) Maharashtra 23. Consider the following statements pertaining to the (c) Chhattisgarh (d) Madhya Pradesh Ahar Civilization – U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2009 A. The natives of Ahar knew copper smelting Ans. (d) B. Rice was unknown to them C. Metal work was one of the means of economy of the See the explanation of above question. Ahar D. Black - Red coloured pottery have been found here, on 27. Megaliths have been identified as- (a) Caves for hermits (b) Burial sites which generally white coloured geometrical designs (c) Temple sites (d) None of the above have been carved. U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2005 Choose the correct option – Ans. (b) (a) A, C and D are correct (b) A and B are correct (c) A, B and C are correct (d) C and D are correct The megaliths usually refer to the burials made up of large R.A.S./R.T.S. (Pre.) 2021 stones in graveyards away from the habitation area. A large Ans (a) fraction of these is assumed to be associated with burial or post-burial rituals including memorials for those whose Ahar civilization belonged to chalcolithic period and remains may or may not be available. Few types of these flourished around the Mewar region of Rajasthan. They used are; Chamber tomb, Dolmens, Stone alignment, Stone circle copper tools and evidence of copper smelting is present too. (cromlech), Pit-circles, etc. Hence (A) and (C) statements are correct. Rice was known to them hence (B) is wrong. Mostly black-red coloured pottery 28. Ash mound is associated with the Neolithic site at – decorated with white geometric design have been found here. (a) Budihal (b) Sangana Kallu Hence (D) is also correct. (c) Koldihwa (d) Brahmagiri U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2009 24. The cultural remains from Stone Age to Harappan Ans. (b) Civilization have been obtained from which one of the following ancient sites? The ‘Ash mounds’ have been found from a Neolithic site (a) Amri (b) Mehrgarh Sangana Kallu located in Bellari district in Karnataka. They (c) Kotdiji (d) Kalibangan have also been found in Piklihal and Utnur. These ash mounds U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2009 are the burnt relics of seasonal camps of Neolithic herdsmen Ans. (b) community. Indian History General Studies B–13 https://t.me/pcsstudies1 29. ‘Bhimbetka’ is famous for - (c) Dr. Vishnu S. Wakankar (a) Rock Paintings (b) Buddhist Statues (d) Dr. Rajbali Pandey (c) Minerals (d) Origin of Son River M.P.P.C.S. (Pre.) 2020 M.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Pre) 2004 Ans (c) Ans. (a) See the explanation of above question. The rock shelters of Bhimbetka are located in Raisen (M.P.). UNESCO has included the shell pictures of Bhimbetka in the 35. The Ochre-coloured Pottery (O.C.P.) was christened at: list of its world heritage site. These caves exhibit the earliest (a) Hastinapur (b) Ahichhatra (c) Noh (d) Red Fort traces of human life on the Indian subcontinent and include U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006 the pictures of an elephant, sambhar, deer, etc. There are 500 Ans. (a) pictures in approx. 700 rock shelters. Discovery and Naming (Christen) of OCP was done by 30. Which one of the following places is famous for pre- B.B. Lal in 1950-52 at Hastinapur. Ochre-Coloured Pottery historic paintings ? (known to archaeologists as OCP) as the name implies, its (a) Ajanta (b) Bhimbetka main distinguishing feature was its ochre colour, which gives (c) Bagh (d) Amravati it a first appearance of being badly fired. Other characteristics U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011 are its porous character and the fact that it is invariably worn Uttarakhand U.D.A./L.D.A. (Mains) 2007 out at the edges. Ans. (b) 36. In the Chalcolithic period people of Maharashtra See the explanation of above question. buried their dead under the floor of their houses in the following orientation: 31. Where are the caves of Bhimbetka situated? (a) North to South position (a) Bhopal (b) Pachmarhi (c) Singrauli (d) Abdullahganj-Raisen (b) East to West position M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2013 (c) South to North position Ans. (d) (d) West to East position U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1997 See the explanation of above question. Ans. (a) 32. In India, from which rock-shelter, pictures has been The people of Jorwe culture lived in large rectangular houses found the most ? with wattle and daub walls and thatched roof. They believed (a) Ghagharia (b) Bhimbetka in life after death and therefore buried the dead inside the (c) Lekhahia (d) Adamgarh houses under the floor. Children were buried in two urns that U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008 were joined mouth-to-mouth and set horizontally in the pit, Ans. (b) while adults were placed in a supine position with the head towards the north (north to south). These sites were found in See the explanation of above question. Daimabad, Inamgaon, Chandoli, Nevasa, etc. 33. Which of the following Indian Archaeologists first 37. Which of the following sites has yielded skeleton of the visited 'Bhimbetka Caves' and discovered prehistoric dog along with human skeleton in burial ? significance of its rock paintings? (a) Brahmagiri (b) Burzahom (a) Madho Swaroop Vatsa (b) H.D. Sankalia (c) Chirand (d) Maski (c) V.S. Wakankar (d) V.N. Mishra U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2008 U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2020 Ans. (b) Ans. (c) The Burzahom site is a prehistoric settlement in the village 'Bhimbetka Caves' are located in Raisen District of MP. They of the same name in Kashmir valley. Both human and animal are best example of Rock Painting of prehistoric era. It was skeletons were found here with trepanning (bored hole) marks. discovered by V.S. Wakankar in 1957. It is a UNESCO world In many pits, bones of dogs and antlered deer were found along heritage site for its prominent prehistoric Rock Paintings. with human skeletons. The skeletons of humans were found in the burial pits in a sitting position along with bones of animals. 34. Bhimbetka was discovered by The first excavation at the Burzahom site was carried out by (a) Dr. H.D. Sankhalia Helmut de Terra and Dr. Thomas Paterson in the year 1935. (b) Dr. Shyam Sundar Nigam B–14 General Studies Indian History https://t.me/pcsstudies1 38. The evidence of burying the dog with human body is Correct match is as follows – found from which of the following places ? (a) Burzahom (b) Koldihwa Archaelogical site Present location (c) Chaupani-mando (d) Mando Nevasa – Maharashtra Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2010 Isampur – Karnataka Ans. (a) Didwana – Rajasthan See the explanation of above question. Gudiyam cave – Tamil Nadu 39. The evidence of pit dwelling has been obtained from – 42. Consider the following pairs : (a) Burzahom (b) Koldihwa (Historical place) (Well-known for) (c) Brahmagiri (d) Sanganakallu 1. Burzahom Rock-cut shrines U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011 2. Chandra-ketugarh Terracotta art Ans. (a) 3. Ganeshwar Copper artefacts Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly See the explanation of above question. matched? 40. Correctly match the following : (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 (I) (II) (c) 3 only (d) 2 and 3 A. Paleolithic Age (i) Bhimbetka Caves I.A.S. (Pre) 2021 Ans (d) B. Mesolithic Age (ii) Burzahom C. Neolithic Age (iii) Banas Valley Burzahom is a Neolithic site in Kashmir valley. The site is famous for pit dwelling and neolithic tool industry and D. Chalcolithic Age (iv) Sohan/Soan River not for rock cut shrines. Hence pair 1 is not correctly Valley matched. Chandraketugarh is located in the Ganga delta in Code : West Bengal. In early historic times, Chandraketugarh was A B C D connected to the Ganga by the Vidyadhari river, and must have been an important centre of trade, and possibly also (a) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii) a political centre. Chandraketugarh was a major centre of (b) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii) terracotta craft. Various kinds of artefacts have been found (c) (iv) (ii) (i) (iii) at the site over the years, including coins, pottery, seals and (d) (i) (iv) (iii) (ii) sealings and figurines made of ivory, wood and bronze. Hence pair 2 is correctly matched. The Ganeshwar-Jodhpura culture Chhattisgarh P.C.S. (Pre) 2022 was located in Rajasthan. Hundreds of copper objects have Ans. (b) been found at this site. Hence pair 3 is correctly matched. Correctly matched 43. From which rock shelter of Vindhyas, a maximum Paleolithic Age Sohan/Soan River Valley number of human skeletons have been found? Mesolithic Age Bhimbetka Caves (a) Morahana Pahar (b) Ghagharia Neolithic Age Burzahom (c) Baghahi Khor (d) Lekhahia Chalcolithic Age Banas Valley U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2016 41. Match list-I with list-II and choose the correct answer Ans. (d) using the code given below the lists – According to 'Puratatva Vimarsh' by J.N. Pandey 17 human List-I List-II skletons were obtained from rock shelter 1 of Lekhahiya in (Archaeological site) (Present location) the Vindhya region. Some of these were in relatively pristine A. Nevasa (1) Rajasthan condition while most of the others were warped. According B. Isampur (2) Tamil Nadu to John R. Lucas of University of Oregon (USA), remnants C. Didwana (3) Maharashtra of 27 human skletons were found in Lekhahiya. D. Gudiyam cave (4) Karnataka 44. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Code – Assertion (A) and other as Reason (R). (a) A-(4), B-(3), C-(1), D-(2) Assertion (A) : The stone age people of the Vindhyas (b) A-(3), B-(2), C-(4), D-(1) migrated to the Ganga Valley in terminal Pleistocene period. (c) A-(3), B-(4), C-(1), D-(2) Reason (R) : Due to climatic change, it was dry phase (d) A-(3), B-(4), C-(2), D-(1) in this period. U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2023 Choose the correct answer from the code given below. Ans. (c) Code : Indian History General Studies B–15 https://t.me/pcsstudies1 (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct Snagrahalaya is located at which place? explanation of (A) (a) Bhopal (b) New Delhi (b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct (c) Mumbai (d) Ahmedabad explanation of (A) M.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2019 (c) (A) is true but (R) is false (d) (A) is false but (R) is true Ans. (a) U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2016 See the explanation of above question. Ans. (a) Stone age people of the Vindhyas migrated to the Ganga Indus Valley Civilization Valley in terminal pleistocene period because of climatic The Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappa change Vindhyan Valley had become dry. Civilization. *Archaeologists use the term “culture” for a group 45. Which of these departments/ministries deals with of objects, distinctive in style, that are usually found together Archaeological Survey of India as an accessory office ? within a specific geographical area and at a period of time. *In (a) Culture the case of Harappan culture, these distinctive objects include (b) Tourism seals, beads, weights, stone blades and even baked bricks. (c) Science and Technology *The Harappan seal is possibly the most distinctive artefact (d) Human Resource and Development of the Harappan or Indus valley civilization. John Marshall, Jharkhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2011 Director-General of the ASI, announced the discovery of a new Ans. (a) civilization in the Indus valley to the world in 1921. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), under the Ministry *Harappa is located in the Montgomery district (currently it is of Culture, is a premier organization for the archaeological Sahiwal district) of Punjab province, Pakistan. *Mohenjodaro researches and protection of the cultural heritage of the is located on the right bank of the Indus River in Larkana nation. In 1871, the Archaeological Survey was established District of Sindh Province Pakistan. *According to the Stuart as a separate department, and Alexander Cunningham was Piggott, the two cities, Harappa and Mohenjodaro were “Twin appointed as its first Director-General. In 1901, during the capital of an Extensive Kingdom”. *Harappa is located at the tenure of Lord Curzon, it was centralized and designated left bank of Ravi River. as Archaeological Survey of India. In 1902 John Marshall *The carbon-14 (C14) dating process indicates the Harappan assumed office of its Director General. period to be from 2300 BC to 1700 BC which is highly 46. Who is called the 'Father of Indian Archaeology'? accepted. During the period 2300 BC to 1900 B.C., the growth (a) Alexander Cunningham of this civilization was at its peak. Mesopotamia and Egyptian (b) John Marshall civilization are contemporary to the Indus civilization. The (c) Mortimer Wheeler timeline of the Indus valley civilization by various researchers – (d) James Prinsep M.P.P.C.S (Pre)-2017 Researcher Timeline Ans. (a) John Marshall 3250 B.C. -2750 B.C. Alexander Cunningham (1814-1893 AD) was appointed Ernest Mackay 2800 B.C. – 2500 B.C. as British army officer with Bengal Engineer Group. He is Madho Sarup Vats 3500 B.C. – 2000 B.C. known as 'Father of Indian Archaeology'. C.J. Gadd 2350 B.C. – 1700 B.C. Mortimer wheeler 2500 B.C. – 1500 B.C. 47. Where is National Human Museum situated ? (a) Guwahati (b) Bastar Walter A. Fairservis 2000 B.C. – 1500 B.C. (c) Bhopal (d) Chennai *The Harappan culture covered parts of Afghanistan, Punjab, M.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 1997 Ans. (c) Sindh, Baluchistan in Pakistan and in India Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, the fringes of western Uttar Pradesh, J & K, Western National Museum of Mankind known as Indira Gandhi Maharashtra. It extended from Manda (Jammu and Kashmir) Rastriya Manav Sangrahalaya is located in Bhopal (M.P.). It in the north to the Daimabad (Maharashtra) in the South, and is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Culture. from the Sutkagen Dor of Baluchistan in the West to Alamgir 48. Country's biggest museum showing history of human Pur Meerut (Utter Pradesh) in the east. The area formed a development, The Indira Gandhi Rastriya Manav triangle and accounted for about 13 lakhs square kilometers B–16 General Studies Indian History https://t.me/pcsstudies1 which is larger than Pakistan and certainly bigger than ancient Sindh, Pakistan. Mohenjodaro was discovered by Rakhal Egypt and Mesopotamia. Das Banerjee in 1922. *The most important public place of *As the evidence stands, the population of Mohenjodaro, was Mohenjodaro seems to be Great bath. This great bath seems a mixture of at least four races – to have been used for ritual bathing. *In Mohenjodaro, a large 1. Proto-Australoids (Caucasian) building, in the form of ruins, has been obtained. This is in the 2. Mediterraneans northeast direction of great bath, with the dimension 70.1 × 3. Alpines 23.77 meters. This building, perhaps meant for the residence 4. Mongoloids of a very high official, possibly the high priest himself, or a *Founders of Indus valley civilization based on the assessments college of priests. *The main quality of Mohenjodaro was of various archaeologists - their roads. The main road had a width of 9.15 meters, which S.N. Archaeologists Founder is known as Rajpath. The straight roads intersect each other at the right angle and the parted roads form square and quadrangle 1. Dr. Laxman Swaroop Arya shapes. *The artefacts found from Mohenjodaro are mother 2. V. Gordon Childe and Sumerians goddess idol, dancing girl statue, a seated male soapstone Wheeler (Priest-King), Pashupati (Shiva) seal and skeleton in the 3. Rakhal Das Banerji Dravidians (Dravid) wells, teeth of horse, evidence of cotton cloth, etc. *The Chanhudaro situated about 130 km south of *The cities excavated in Indus valley area can be categorized Mohenjodaro was discovered by N.G. Majumdar in 1931 in the following groups. and excavated on a large scale by E.J.H. Mackay in 1935- 1. Central city 36. *Remnants of Jhukkar and Jhangar culture were 2. Coastal city and dockyards found at this site. This place may have been a industrial 3. Other cities and towns hub where shell making, bangle making, bead making took *The four major cities of Indus valley civilization- Harappa, place. Ornamented elephant, toys, the vestige of a dog that Mohenjodaro, Banawali and Dholavira were the large towns. followed a cat, lipsticks, etc have been found at this site. *The vast mounds were first reported by Charles Masson in *Lothal is situated on the Bhogava River in Ahmedabad 1826. *January 1921, Mr. Dayaram Sahni surveyed the Harappa district of Gujarat. It was discovered by S.R. Rao. Along the site in the Montgomery district (currently in Sahiwal) of Punjab eastern side of the town was a brick-basin, which has been (Pakistan) on the left bank of Ravi river and excavation process identified as dockyard by its excavator. Lothal city on the basis started with continuity. During the year 1926-27 to 1933-34, of planning and material goods seems to be micro Harappa or Mr. Madho Sarup Vats and in 1946 Mr. Mortimer wheeler had micro Mohenjodaro city. The evidence of Rice husk, metal started the excavation process. *Harappa had two mounds, the workers, shell ornament makers, bead makers shop, fire eastern side mound was known as city mound and the western altars, terra cotta figurine of a horse, a terracotta model one was called as Citadel mound. The remnants of Granary of a ship, Persian seal, painted jar, etc has been found here. were available in the form of 12 rooms, which were arranged *Kalibangan is located in Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan. in the form of two rows each, having six rooms each. *The first Excavation was started by B.B. Lal & B.K. Thapar in 1960- artefact uncovered in Harappa was a unique stone seal carved 61. *Ploughed field surface has been found at this site. The with a unicorn and an inscription. Similar seals with different pieces of evidence of Mesopotamian seals, wheels of a toy animal symbols and writings have been found throughout the cart, fire altars are found here. region. Although the writing has not yet been deciphered, *Dholavira, which is the second largest site of Harappan evidence found during the early archaeological excavations Civilization in India (after Rakhigarhi) is located in Rann of is the major source to know about the Harappan culture. *The Kutch (Gujarat). R.S. Bisht and his colleagues excavated figures of elephant, rhinoceros, tiger, deer, sheep, etc. are it in 1990-91. *Dholavira is one of the most prominent depicted on the seals and terracotta arts of Harappan culture. archaeological sites of Harappa, which gives us important But the cow was not depicted on the seals and terracotta art of information about great bath and reservoir which was of 7 the Harappan cultures. metres in depth and 79 metres long. *The town was built in *Mohenjodaro is a Sindhi language word whose literal a rectangular shape. It was divided into three parts - citadel, translation means “Mound of the dead”. Mohenjodaro is middle town and lower town. People of Dholavira were familiar located on the right bank of the Indus River in Larkana district, with the advanced water management system. From the Indian History General Studies B–17 https://t.me/pcsstudies1 earliest evidence, people used to store water in this reservoir *Bhagwanpura is located in Kurukshetra district, Haryana. by building dams. It is located on the Southern bank of river Saraswati. The site *Surkotada is located in Kutch district of Gujarat. The was excavated by J.P. Joshi. *Manda is situated on the bank evidence of horse bones and pot burials has been found here. of river Chenab in Jammu and Kashmir. It was excavated *Daimabad is situated on the left bank of the Pravara River by J.P. Joshi and Madhubala in 1982. It is considered a site in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra. This site was used to procure wood from Himalayan regions and send them discovered by B.P. Bopardikar in 1958. Daimabad is famous downstream to other towns of the Indus valley civilization. for the recovery of many bronze goods, some of which were *Sinauli is an archaeological site located in Baraut Tehsil, influenced by Harappan culture. *Rakhigarhi is situated in the Baghpat district, Uttar Pradesh, where 125 graves belonging to Hisar district of Haryana. This site is located in the Ghaggar- Indus Valley Civilization were found. These graves are oriented Hakra River plain. This site is the largest site of Indus Valley in a North-South direction and most are identified as primary civilization in India. *Ropar (Punjab) is located on the human burials. Some of the burials are found with animal bones, left bank of the river Satluj. The current name of this city is gold, copper and bangles. Rupnagar. `This city was discovered by B.B. Lal in 1950. This *Harappans were known to silver. The evidence of its proper site was excavated by Yagyadatt Sharma in 1953-55. *Rangpur use has been found from Mohanjodaro and Harappa. These is located in Saurashtra region of western India, on the coast of people used to get silver from mines of Zawar and Ajmer in Arabian Sea in Gujarat state. On the basis of large vegetative Rajasthan. Other sources of silver for Harrapa and Mohenjodaro remains, it can be said that these people used to cultivate were Afghanistan and Iran. Rice, Bajra and Sorghum. *Dadheri (Kotla Dadheri) was a *The Harappan pottery is bright or dark red and uniformly pre-historic excavation site of Govindgarh, district Fatehgarh sturdy and well baked. It consists of wheel-made wares, both Sahib (Punjab). Dadheri is known for its painted grey ware plain and painted. The plain wares are usually of red clay with or culture, which is supposed to be associated with the arrival without a fine red slip. The painted pottery was of red and black of the Aryans. colours. Several methods were used by people for the decoration Major sites of Indus Valley Civilization and related rivers – of pottery. Polychrome pottery was rare and mainly comprised Sites Rivers small vases decorated with geometric patterns, mostly in red, Harappa Ravi black and green and less frequently in white and yellow. The colour- scheme adopted for painting was light black, chocolate Mohenjodaro Indus or light red over buff or greenish- buff background. *The Indus Kalibangan Ghaggar Valley Civilization was a Bronze age Civilization. People of Lothal Bhogwa this age were not familiar with iron. *The drainage system was Ropar Sutlej advanced and covered with slabs. *The trade and commerce Manda Chenab were in an advanced stage. The pieces of evidence of both internal and external trade have been found. *Many pieces of Daimabad Pravara evidence of worshipping of Mother Goddess from Indus Valley Alamgirpur Hindon have been found. Sutkagendor Dasht *Marshall identified the figure which he found during Bhagwanpura Sarasvati excavation as an early form of the Hindu God Shiva (or Rudra) or Pashupati (lord of animals) from the excavation of *Alamgirpur is located in Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh. Harappa. The Pashupati seal in which the three faced male God It is situated along the Hindon River. A small terracotta bead- is shown sitting in a yogic posture, surrounded by a rhino and like structure coated with gold and evidence of cloth was a buffalo on right side and an elephant and a tiger on the left found at this site. Utensils with triangle, peacock and squirrel side, make the historian conclude that the people of those days impressions were found here. worshipped Lord Shiva and cylindrical stones show that the *Hulas is located in Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. Hand made and wheel made pottery with geometric or naturalistic people worshipped Lingam, the symbol of Lord Shiva. *Cotton designs painted in black, chert blades, bone points, etc. have was first cultivated in India for clothing. The evidence of been found here. *Banawali is located in the Fatehabad district the earliest cotton cultivation was found in excavation in of Haryana. Clay figures of the mother goddess and toy plough India. From India, it reached to Greece where it was called have been found here. as “Sindon”. The cotton cultivation in India started in 3000 B–18 General Studies Indian History https://t.me/pcsstudies1 BC while it was cultivated in Egypt in 2500 BC. *Indus Reason of devastation Researchers Valley Civilization is considered to be a secular civilization with no trace of theocratic or organized religion. *No temple Flood Marshall, Mackay, S.R. Rao or place of worship has been found after excavation from Attack of Aryan’s Gordon Childe, Mortimer Indus Vally Civilization till date. The only religious source Wheeler,and Stuart Piggott from this civilization is statues made of mud and stone and seals which were found here. By this, it is known that Climate change Aurel Stein, Amalananda Ghosh female deities, Shiva or Pashupati and animals like snake, Geological change M.R. Sahni, H.T. Lambrick, G.F. elephant were worshipped. Worship of plant and trees, or Dales inanimate stone or other objects in the form of ‘Linga’ or Epidemic K.U.R. Kennedy ‘Yoni’ symbols was famous during that period. Major metals and their production site – 1. Human Society is unique because it depends mainly on– (a) Culture (b) Economy Metals Production sites (c) Religion (d) Science Copper Khetri(Rajasthan), Balochistan and Oman U.P.P.C.S.(Spl) (Mains) 2004 Ans. (b) Lazurite Badakhshan (Afghanistan) Human Society mainly depends on economy. As economy Tin Iran, Afghanistan changes, human society changes accordingly. Silver Jowar and Ajmer mines of Rajasthan, 2. Which of the following is related to Harappa civilization? Afghanistan and Iran (a) Sumerian civilization Lead Afghanistan, Iran and Rajasthan (b) Indus Valley Civilization Shilajit Himalaya (c) Vedic civilization Garnet stone Gujarat (d) Mesopotamian civilization (Gomed) M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1990 Ans. (b) Gold South India (Karnataka) Harappa is an archaeological site related to Indus Valley *Ancient Egyptian Civilization flourished along the banks of Civilization. Since the first archaeological evidence of the river Nile for almost 3,000 years. Nile river is known as this civilization was obtained from Harappa, Indus Valley ‘lifeline of Egypt.’ The Nile is a major north-flowing river in Civilization is also known as Harappa Civilization. Along northeastern Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, it was one of the three the world. Indus Valley Civilization (India) and Mesopotamian ancient civilizations of the world. civilisation of Iraq are the contemporary civilizations. The 3. Indus Civilization existed in– correct sequence of the civilizations from North to South (a) Prehistoric age (b) Proto-historic age is: Aztec - Maya- Moiscu - Inca. The expansion of Aztec (c) Historic age (d) Post-Historic age civilization was on the Northern Part of Mesoamerica. U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1996 Mesoamerica included the Region from central Mexico, Beliz, 39th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 1994 Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Northern Ans. (b) Costarica. Mayan civilization was spread over the southern Historical period is determined with respect to the available part of Mesoamerica. Moiscu civilization was distributed in the written literature. The period before which knowledge of the eastern part of Columbia (South America continent), whereas art of writing was not available is called early historical age. Inca civilization is spread in the western part of south America Indus Civilization is Proto historical civilization although till the north of Quito and Santiago to the south. *People of the writing was known during this period, but it is still to Sumerian Civilization were the first to develop the art of be deciphered. writing in a proper system. Their original script was very simple 4. Indus Valley civilization was Non-Aryan because - and primitive. *Cuneiform script of Sumeria is generally known (a) It was an Urban Civilization as one of the earliest systems of writing. (b) It has its own script Researchers and their opinion on the disappearance of (c) It has an agricultural economy Indus Valley Civilization – (d) It extended up to the Narmada valley Indian History General Studies B–19 https://t.me/pcsstudies1 U.P.P.S.C. (GIC) 2010 8. Which of the following throw light on Harappan culture? Ans. (a) (a) Inscription (b) Archaeological excavations Indus Valley Civilization was an earliest known urban (c) Handwriting seals on the utensils civilization of Indian subcontinent whereas Aryan Civilization (d) Religious books. was rural civilization. U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1993 5. The important reason to keep Indus-Valley civilization Ans. (b) before Aryan civilization is – See the explanation of above question. (a) Script (b) Town Planning (c) Copper (d) Potteries 9. The main source of knowledge about the inhabitants U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1990 of Indus valley civilizations is the discovery of : Ans. (d) (a) Seals The knowledge of script and town planning of Indus Valley (b) Utensils, Jewellery, weapons, tools Civilization was more developed than that of Pre-Aryans. (c) Temple Different archaeological pieces of evidence of pottery have (d) Scripts been found in the early settlements of Mehrgarh from the R.A.S./R.T.S. (Pre) 1996 Indus Valley Civilization. Pottery found during excavations Ans. (a) proves that Indus Valley Civili