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INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINE SOCIETY SLIDESMANIA.COM  DEFINITION OF SCIENCE Science- is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systemat...

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINE SOCIETY SLIDESMANIA.COM  DEFINITION OF SCIENCE Science- is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence (Science Council, 2009). 1. Science as an idea - It includes idea, theories, and all available systematic explanations and observations about the natural and physical world. 2. Science as an intellectual activity- It encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. This process of study involves systematic observation and experimentation. 3. Science as a body of knowledge- It is a subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the natural world and physical world. This is what we refer to as school science. SLIDESMANIA.COM  DEFINITION OF SCIENCE 4. Science as a personal and social activity- this explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop better understanding of the world around them. It is a means to improve life and to survive in life. It is interwoven with people’s lives. SLIDESMANIA.COM  SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION § Human beings have embarked in scientific activities in order to know and understand everything around them. § They have developed noble ideas, later known as philosophy, to provide alternative or possible explanations to certain phenomena. § Used religion to rationalize the origins of life and all lifeless forms. § The idea of scientific revolution is claimed to have started in the early 16th century up to the 18th century in Europe. § The invention of the printing machine and the blooming intellectual activities done in various places of learning, and the growing number of scholars in various fields of human interests. SLIDESMANIA.COM  SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION § Scientific revolution was the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. § The ideas generated during this period enabled the people to reflect, rethink, and re-examine their beliefs and their way of life. § Scientific revolution was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it was also a deeply trying moment to some scientific individuals that led to their painful death or condemnation from the religious institutions who tried to preserve their faith, religion, and theological views SLIDESMANIA.COM  NICOLAS COPERNICUS § Copernicus was a Polish matemathecian and astronomer in the Renaissance period. § Copernicus’ work is strongly influenced by Johannes Müeller’s book entitled Epitome published in 1496. § His idea and model of the universe was essentially complete in 1510 and circulated a summary of his works in a manuscript called Commentariolus (Little Commentary). § He was then able to he publish his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in 1543 and is often cited as the start of the SLIDESMANIA.COM scientific revolution.  NICOLAS COPERNICUS § Copernicus placed the Sun to be the centerpiece of the universe. The Earth and all the planets are surrounding or orbiting the Sun each year. § Copernicus outlined two kinds of planetary motion: (1) the orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of the Earth, thus, closer to the Sun; and (2) the orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth's orbit, thus, farther from the Sun. § The result would form a sequence from Mercury, with a shortest year, through Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn with the longest year. § Although the Copernican model makes sense now, during those times, it was judged to be heretic and therefore it was an unacceptable idea to be taught to Catholics. SLIDESMANIA.COM  CHARLES DARWIN § Charles Darwin is famous for his theory of evolution. § Darwin published his book The Origin of Species in 1589. § His book presented evidence on how species evolved over time and presented traits and adaptation that differentiate species. § He also publish his book The Descent of Man which introduced the idea of all organic life, including human beings, under the realm of evolutionary thinking. § This replaced the dominant views of a religious or biblical design that places human beings in a privileged position of SLIDESMANIA.COM having been created by God.  CHARLES DARWIN § Darwin's accomplishments were so diverse that it is useful to distinguish two fields to which he made major contributions: evolutionary biology and philosophy of science. § What made Darwin truly remarkable was his courage to challenge religious and unscientific ideas that are deemed to be prominent during those days. § His unorthodox way of pursuing science gave more value to evidence-based science. § Darwin provided a different framework for doing scientific activities. It is a science marked by observation and experiment. SLIDESMANIA.COM  SIGMUND FREUD § Freud is a famous figure in the field of psychology. § Freud also made a significant contribution in the scientific world through the development of an important observational method to gather reliable data to study human's inner life. § This method is popularly known as psychoanalysis. § This method of psychoanalysis is a scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic illness. § His method of psychoanalysis had great impact on the scientific way of understanding human nature. SLIDESMANIA.COM  SIGMUND FREUD § According to Weiner (2016), his method of psychoanalysis was proven to be effective in understanding some neurological conditions that were not understood by medicine at that time. § His method was unorthadox─focusing on human sexuality and the evil nature of man. SLIDESMANIA.COM  DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico up to the border of South America. There is no doubt that the Mesoamerican region is rich in culture and knowledge prior to the arrival of its European colonizers. SLIDESMANIA.COM  MAYAN CIVILIZATION § The Mayan civilization is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2,000 years. These people are known for their works in astronomy. § They incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into their temples and other religious structures. This allows them to use their temples for astronomical observation. § Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial bodies was advanced for their time, as evidenced by their knowledge of predicting eclipse and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting. § The Mayans are also known for measuring time using two complicated calendar systems. § These calendars were useful especially in planning their activities and in observing their SLIDESMANIA.COM religious rituals and cultural celebrations  MAYAN CIVILIZATION § The Mayans also developed the technology for growing different crops and building elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools. § They built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to supply water to different communities. § Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral called mica. § They are also believed to be one of the first people to produce rubber products. § They are also famous as one of the world's first civilizations to use a writing system known as the Mayan hieroglyphics. § They were also skilled in mathematics and created a number system. SLIDESMANIA.COM  INCA CIVILIZATION The Incas made advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization. The following were scientific ideas and tools that they developed: 1. roads paved with stones 2. stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters 3. irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land 4. calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season 5. the first suspension bridge 6. quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret 7. Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements. SLIDESMANIA.COM  AZTEC CIVILIZATION The Aztec civilization has also made substantial contribution to science and technology and to the society as a whole. Some of their contributions are the following: 1. Mandatory education. The Aztec puts value on education; that is why their children are mandated to get education regardless of their social class, gender, or age. It is an early form of universal or inclusive education. 2. Chocolates. The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time. In the Mayan culture, they used it as currency. The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made it as part of their tribute to their gods. 3. Antispasmodic medication. They used a type of antispasmodic medication that could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, which could help during surgery. SLIDESMANIA.COM  AZTEC CIVILIZATION 4. Chinampa. It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals. 5. Aztec calendar. This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting season. 6. Invention of the canoe. A light narrow boat used for traveling in water systems. SLIDESMANIA.COM  DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA Asia is the biggest continent in the wold and the home of many ancient civilizations. It is a host to many cultural, economic, scientific, and political activities of all ages. In the field of science, technology, and mathematics, great civilizations have stood out: India, China, and the Middle East civilizations. SLIDESMANIA.COM  INDIA § They are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works. Their iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the whole of Roman Empire. § India is also famous in medicine. Ayurveda, a system of traditional medicine that is still practiced as a form of alternative medicine. § Some ancient texts, like the Susruta Samhita, describes different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient India. § They developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical self- supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each. § Their interest in astronomy was also evident in the first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani SLIDESMANIA.COM  INDIA § Ancient India is also known for their mathematics. § The earliest traces of mathematical kncwledge in the Indian subcontinent appeared in the Indus Valley Civilization. The people of this civilization tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and designed a ruler, the Mohenjo-daro ruler. § Aryabhata (476-550) introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra. § Brahmagupta, suggested that gravity was a force of attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit, along with the Hindu-Arabic numeral system now used universally throughout the world. § Madhava of Sangamagrama is also considered as the founder of mathematical analysis. SLIDESMANIA.COM  CHINA § China is one of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many areas of life like medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music, among others. § The Chinese are known for traditional medicines. They discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and animals to cure human illness. § Among the famous discoveries and inventions of the Chinese civilizations were compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools. § They also invented other tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller. § They developed a design of different models of bridges, invented the first seismological detector, and developed a dry dock facility. SLIDESMANIA.COM  CHINA § In the field of astronomy, the Chinese also made significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and comets. § They observed the heavenly bodies to understand weather changes and seasons that may affect their daily activities. They used lunar calendars, too. § The Chinese are also known in seismology. This made them more prepared in times of natural calamities. § The list of their discoveries and inventions is overwhelming. These contributions were made along with mathematics, logic, philosophy, and medicine. § However, cultural factors prevented these Chinese achievements from developing into modern science. SLIDESMANIA.COM  MIDDLE EAST CONTRIES § The common language of Arabic, access to Greek texts from the Byzantine Empire, and their proximity to India were contributory to the intellectualization of the Muslims and provided their scholars knowledge to create innovations and develop new ideas. § A Muslim scientist named Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the Father of Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light. § Mathematician Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr. § Some scholars considered Jabir Ibn Hayyän to be the "Father of Chemistry.” § In the field of medicine, Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. SLIDESMANIA.COM  MIDDLE EAST CONTRIES § His two most notable works in medicine, The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine were used as standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and in Europe during the 17th century. § The discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases and the introduction of clinical pharmacology. § There are numerous Muslim scholars who made significant contributions in the field of science, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and even in the field of social sciences. § The decline of this golden age of Islam started in the 11th to 13th century due to the conquest of the Mongols whereby libraries, observatories, and other learning institutions were destroyed. SLIDESMANIA.COM  DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA Science also emerged in this part of the planet long before the Europeans colonized it. The history of science and mathematics show that similar to other ancient civilizations, the early civilizations in Africa are knowledge producers as well. SLIDESMANIA.COM  AFRICA § Astronomy was also famous in the African region. For instance, documents show that Africans used three types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar, or a combination of the three. § Metallurgy was also known in the African regions during the ancient times. § North Africa and the Nile Valley imported iron technology from the Near East region that enabled them to benefit from the developments during the Bronze Age until the Iron Age. § They invented metal tools used in their homes, in agriculture, and in building their magnificent architectures. § Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of early people in the African continent. SLIDESMANIA.COM  AFRICA § The Lebombo Bone from the mountains between Swaziland and South Africa, which may have been a tool for multiplication, division, and simple mathematical calculation or a six- month lunar calendar, is considered to be the oldest known mathematical artifact. § The Islamic regions in Africa during the medieval period was also benefiting from mathematical learning such as algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. SLIDESMANIA.COM  SLIDESMANIA.COM SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION BUILDING SLIDESMANIA.COM PRE-COLONIZATION ERA The history of science and technology in the Philippines started way back before the country gained its independence from colonizers. The early inhabitants of the archipelago had their own culture and traditions. They had their own belief system and indigenious knowledge system that keeps them organized and sustained their lives and communities for many years. SLIDESMANIA.COM PRE-COLONIZATION ERA Scientific knowledge is observed in: Ø the way they plant their crops that provide them food, in taking care of animals to help them in their daily tasks, and for food production. Ø the way they interpret the movements of heavenly bodies to predict seasons and climates, and in organizing days into months and years. Ø preparing the soil for agricultural purposes and like any other ancient cultures, they discovered the medicinal uses of plants. SLIDESMANIA.COM PRE-COLONIZATION ERA Technology is obsevered by: Ø building houses, irrigations, and in developing tools that they can use in everyday life. Ø developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, and fishing; for fighting their enemies during war or tribal conflicts; and for transportation, both on land and on waterways. Ø developed technologies in creating musical instruments SLIDESMANIA.COM PRE-COLONIZATION ERA Archeological artifacts discovered prove that the Metal Age also had a significant influence on the lives of early Filipinos. The sophisticated designs of gold and silver jewelry, ceramics, and metal tools proved that their technological ideas helped in the development of different tools. Trading with China, Indonesia, Japan, and other nearby countries have influenced their lives by providing different opportunities for cultural and technological exchange. v Indegious Science or Folk Science SLIDESMANIA.COM SPANISH COLONIZATION They brought with them their own culture and practices. They established schools for boys and girls and introduced the concept of subjects and disciplines. It was the beginning of formal science and technology in the country─school of science and technology. Learning of science in school focuses on understanding different concepts related to the human body, plants, animals, and heavenly bodies. Technology focuses on using and developing house tools used in everyday life. SLIDESMANIA.COM SPANISH COLONIZATION Life slowly became modernized, adapting some Western technology and their ways of life. The Filipinos developed ways to replicate the technology brought by the Spaniards using indigenous materials. Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal colleges and universities. The galleon trade has brought additional technology and development in the Philippines. These trades allowed other ideas, crops, tools, cultural practices, technology, and Western practices to reach the country. SLIDESMANIA.COM SPANISH COLONIZATION Filipino students who were able to study in Europe also contributed to the advancement of medicine, engineering, arts, music, and literature in the country. Superstitious beliefs of the people and the Catholic doctrines and practices during the Spanish era halted the growth of science in the country. SLIDESMANIA.COM AMERICAN COLONIZATION The Americans have more influence in the development of science and technology in the Philippines compared to the Spaniards. They established the public education system, improved the engineering works and the health conditions of the people. They established a modern research university and created more public hospitals. The mineral resources of the country were also explored and exploited during the American times. Transportation and communication systems were improved. SLIDESMANIA.COM AMERICAN COLONIZATION They reorganized the learning of science and introduced it in public and private schools. In basic education, science education focuses on nature studies and science and sanitation, until it became a subject formally known as "Science." The teaching of science in higher education has also greatly improved and modernized. Researches were done to control malaria, cholera, and tuberculosis and other tropical diseases. SLIDESMANIA.COM AMERICAN COLONIZATION The desire of the Americans to develop the human resources of the Philippines to serve their own interests is beneficial in the country. The Protestant church missions in different places in the country also brought hospitals and schools to far-flung areas. SLIDESMANIA.COM JAPANESE OCCUPATION World War Il has destabilized the development of the country in many ways. Institutions and public facilities were turned into ashes, houses were burned, and many lives vere destroyed. The reparation funds focused on building some institutions and public facilities like schools, hospitals, and transportation systems. The reparation money from Japan was also concentrated on building highways ana in providing technological training and human resource development in the country. SLIDESMANIA.COM PRESENT Since the establishment of the new republic, the whole nation has been focusing on using its limited resources in improving its science and technological capability. It has explored the use of ODA or Overseas Development Allocations from different countries to help the country improve its scientific productivity and technological capability. Human resource development is at the heart of these efforts focusing on producing more engineers, scientists, technology experts, doctors, and other professionals in the country,  SLIDESMANIA.COM GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY The Philippine government introduced and implemented several programs, projects, and policies to boost the area of science and technology. The goal is to prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands of a technologically driven world and capacitate the people to live in a world driven by science. The Department of Science and Technology (DOST), has sought the expertise of the National Research Council of the Philippines (NCRP) to consult various sectors in the society to study how the Philippines can prepare itself in meeting the ASEAN 2015 Goals.  SLIDESMANIA.COM GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY The Philippine government introduced and implemented several programs, projects, and policies to boost the area of science and technology. The goal is to prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands of a technologically driven world and capacitate the people to live in a world driven by science. The Department of Science and Technology (DOST), has sought the expertise of the National Research Council of the Philippines (NCRP) to consult various sectors in the society to study how the Philippines can prepare itself in meeting the ASEAN 2015 Goals.  SLIDESMANIA.COM GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY The NCRP clustered these policies into four: 1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance Ø Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education without adding to the curriculum Ø Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue Ø Developing school infrastructure and providing for ICT broadband Ø Local food security  SLIDESMANIA.COM GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics Ø Emphasizing degrees, licenses,and employment opportunities Ø Outright grants for peer monitoring Ø Review of R.A. 9184 Ø Harnessing science and technology as an independent mover of development  SLIDESMANIA.COM GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Ø Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms with ASEAN- harmonized standards by full implementation of the Food and Drug Administration Ø Creating an education council dedicated standardization of pharmaceutical services and care to Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct evidence-based research as pool of information Ø Allocating two percent (2%) of the GDP to research Ø Legislating a law supporting human genome projects  SLIDESMANIA.COM GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry Ø Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full implementation of existing laws Ø Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries Ø Promoting indigenous knowledge systems and indigenous people's conservation Ø Formulation of common food and safety standards  SLIDESMANIA.COM GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY There are also other existing programs supported by the Philippine government through the DOST. Some of these projects are the following: q Providing funds for basic research and patents related to science and technology. The government funds basic and applied researches. Funding of these research and projects are also from the Overseas Development Aid (ODA) from different countries. q Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies of students in the field of science and technology.  SLIDESMANIA.COM GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY q Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High School System for training young Filipinos in the field of science and technology. q Creating science and technology parks to encourage academe and industry partnerships. q Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino scientists abroad to come home and work in the Philippines or conduct research and projects in collaboration with Philippine-based scientists. q Developing science and technology parks in academic campuses to encourage academe and industry partnerships.  SLIDESMANIA.COM GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY q The establishment of the National Science Complex and National Engineering Complex within the University of the Philippines campus in Diliman. These aimed to develop more science and technology and engineering manpower resources needed by the country. They also aimed to produce more researches in these fields.  SLIDESMANIA.COM GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY The Philippine-American Academy of Science and Engineering identified several capacity-building programs such as: q Establishment of national centers of excellence. q Manpower and institutional development programs, such as the Engineering and Science Education Program (ESEP) to produce more PhD graduates in science and engineering. q Establishment of regional centers to support specific industries that will lead the country in different research and development areas.  SLIDESMANIA.COM GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY q Establishment of science and technology business centers to assist, advice, and incubate technopreneurship ventures. q Strengthen science education at an early stage through the Philippine Science High School system.  SLIDESMANIA.COM GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY In the field of education, several science-related programs and projects were created to develop the scientific literacy of the country. Special science classes were organized and special science elementary schools were established in different regions. The current K to 12 education program included Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) as one of its major tracks in the senior high school program to encourage more students to enroll in science-related fields in college.  SLIDESMANIA.COM GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Lately, CHED launched its Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PICARI) Project to allow several higher education institutions in the Philippines and some US-based laboratories, research institutes, and universities to work on research and projects related to science, agriculture, engineering, health, andtechnology. This project is hoped to strengthen the STEM competitiveness of the country.  SLIDESMANIA.COM GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Fields that the country is looking forward to embark: 1. Use of alternative and safe energy 2. Harnessing mineral resources 3. Finding cure for various diseases and illness 4. Climate change and global warming 5. Increasing food production 6. Preservation of natural resources 7. Coping with natural disasters and calamities 8. Infrastructure development  SLIDESMANIA.COM GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY The Philippine Congress has also created various laws related to science and technology. These laws vary according to different themes such as: conservation, health-related, technology-building, and supporting basic rescarch, among others. Some laws and policies are in line with international treaties such as ne United Nations (UN), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and other international agencies.  SLIDESMANIA.COM FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE Lee-Chua (2000) identified 10 outstanding Filipino scientists who have made significant contributions in Philippine science. These Filipinos are: 1. Ramon Cabanos Barba- for his outstanding research on tissue culture in Philippine mangoes 2. Josefino Cacas Comiso- for his works on observing the characteristics of Antarctica by using satellite images 3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr.- known internationally in the field of electrical engineering; was elected as officer of the famous Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering  SLIDESMANIA.COM FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE 4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz- notable for her research on sea snail venom 5. Fabian Millar Dayrit- for his research on herbal medicine 6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero Ill- for his research on tilapia culture 7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr.- for inventing the meconium drugs testing 8. Lilian Formalejo Patena- for doing research on plant biotechnology 9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz- for being an outstanding educator and graph theorist  SLIDESMANIA.COM FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE 10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan- for his research in the field of communications technology  SLIDESMANIA.COM FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE There are other outstanding Filipino scientists who are recognized here and abroad for their outstanding contributions in science: § Caesar A. Saloma- an internationally renowned physicist § Edgardo Gomez- famous scientist in marine science § William Padolina- chemistry and president of National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)-Philippines § Angel Alcala- marine science SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES SLIDESMANIA.COM The Concept of Science Education Teaching science involves developing ways on how to effectively teach science. Exploring pedagogical theories and models in helping teachers teach scientific concepts and processes effectively. Understanding science implies developing and applying science- process skills and using science literacy in understanding the natural world and activities in everyday life. “Nature must indeed furnish its physical stimuli to provide SLIDESMANIA.COM wealth of meaning through social activities and thinking.” - John Dewey, 2021 The Concept of Science Education Science education is justified by the vast amount of scientific knowledge developed in this area that prepares citizens in a scientifically and technologically driven world. Science education provides skills and knowledge that are necessary for a person to live in the age of science and to develop a citizenry that will meet the goals of science in the society (Tilghman, 2005). Developing a science culture is therefore an immense responsibility for schools. SLIDESMANIA.COM Science Education in Basic and Tertiary In basic education, science education helps students learn important concepts and facts that are related to everyday life including important skills such as process skills, critical thinking skills, and life skills that are needed in coping up with daily life activities. It develops positive attitude such as the love for knowledge, passion for innovative things, curiosity to study about nature, and creativity. Science education will develop a strong foundation for studying science and for considering science-related careers in the future. SLIDESMANIA.COM This is an investment for the country to develop a scientifically cultured and literate citizenry. Science Education in Basic and Tertiary In tertiary education, science education deals with developing students’ understanding and appreciation of science ideas and scientific works. This is done through offering basic science courses in the General Education curriculum. Science education in the tertiary level also focuses on the preparation of science teachers, scientists, engineers, and other professionals in various science-related fields such as engineering, agriculture, medicine, and health sciences. SLIDESMANIA.COM The state provides scholarships to encourage more students to pursue science courses. Science Schools in the Philippines Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS) It is a service institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) whose mandate is to offer free scholarship basis for secondary course with special emphasis on subjects pertaining to the sciences, with the end-view of preparing its students for a science career (RA No. 3661). The PSHSS continues to pursue its vision to develop Filipino science scholars with scientific SLIDESMANIA.COM minds and passion for excellence. Science Schools in the Philippines PSHS students have proven to be a beacon of excellence, courage, and hope for the country. They have brought honor to the Philippines through their exemplary achievements in various international competitions and rescarch circles. When the students graduate from the school, they are expected to pursue degrees in science and technology at various colleges and universities locally or abroad. SLIDESMANIA.COM Science Schools in the Philippines Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project The Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project is in pursuance to DepEd Order No. 73 s. 2008, and DepEd Order No. 51 s. 2010. This project started in June 2007 with 57 identified elementary schools that participated or were identified as science elementary schools in the country. Since its inception, the number have grown to more than 60 school nationwide in the year 2017. SLIDESMANIA.COM Science Schools in the Philippines The SSES Project aims to develop Filipino children equipped with scientific and technological knowledge, skills, and values. Its mission is to: § Provide a learning environment to science-inclined children through a special curriculum that recognizes the multiple intelligences of the learners. § Promote the development of lifelong learning skills. § Foster the holistic development of the learners. SLIDESMANIA.COM Science Schools in the Philippines Quezon City Regional Science High School The school was established or September 17, 1967. It was originally named Quezon City Science High School and was turned into a Regional Science High School for the NCR in 1999. The school was a product of a dream to establish a special science school for talented students in science and mathematics. SLIDESMANIA.COM Science Schools in the Philippines The school still teaches the basic education courses prescribed by DepEd for secondary education. However, there are additional subjects in sciences and technology that students should take. The school envisions to serve as a venue in providing maximum opportunities for science-gifted students to develop spirit of inquiry and creativity. They are well-supported by the local government unit and by the Parents and Teachers Association. SLIDESMANIA.COM Science Schools in the Philippines Manila Science High School The school was established on October 1, 1963. It is the first science high school in the Philippines. The organization and curriculum of the school puts more emphasis on science and mathematics. MSHS aims to produce scientists with souls. In order to do this, humanities courses and other electives are included in their curriculum. SLIDESMANIA.COM Science Schools in the Philippines Students are also encouraged to participate in various extracurricular activities. The school administers an entrance exam, the Manila Science High School Admission Test (MSAT), for students who wish to enroll. The school prides itself from producing outstanding alumni and for winning various national competitions. SLIDESMANIA.COM Science Schools in the Philippines Central Visayan Institute Foundation It is the home and pioneer of the prominent school-based innovation known as the Dynamic Learning Program (DLP). The DLP is a synthesis of classical and modern pedagogical theories adapted to foster the highest level of learning, creativity, and productivity. The school takes pride in its Research Center for Theoretical Physics (RCTP) established in 1992, which organizes small international workshops to foster the informal but intense SLIDESMANIA.COM exchange of ideas and perspectives on outstanding problems in physics and mathematics.  Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines slidesmania.com 1  Indigenous Knowledge System Indigenous knowledge is embedded in the daily life experiences of young children as they grow up. They live and grow in a society where the members of the community prominently practice indigenous knowledge. Their parents and other older folks served as their first teachers and their methods of teaching are very effective in transmitting cultural knowledge in their minds. slidesmania.com The lessons they learned are intimately interwoven with their culture and the environment. 2  Indigenous Knowledge System These lessons comprised of good values and life stories of people on their daily life struggles. Their views about nature and their reflections on their experiences in daily life are evident in their stories, poems, and songs. slidesmania.com 3  Indigenous Knowledge System Some examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught and practiced by the indigenous people are: q predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animals' behavior and celestial bodies q using herbal medicine q preserving foods q classifying plants and animals into families and groups based on cultural slidesmania.com properties q preserving and selecting good seeds for planting 4  Indigenous Knowledge System q using indigenous technology in daily lives q building local irrigation systems q classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural properties q producing wines and juices from tropical fruits q keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard. slidesmania.com 5  Indigenous Science Indigenous science is part of the indigenous knowledge system practiced by different groups of people and early civilizations. (Gribbin, 2001). It includes complex arrays of knowledge, expertise, practices, and representations that guide human societies in their enumerable interactions with the natural milieu: agriculture, medicine, naming and explaining natural phenomena, and strategies for coping with changing slidesmania.com environments (Pawilen, 2005). 6  Indigenous Science According to Cajete (2004), indigenous science includes everything, from metaphysics to philosophy and various practical technologies practiced by indigenous peoples both past and present. Indigenous science also provides the basics of astronomy, pharmacology, food technology, or metallurgy, which were derived from traditional knowledge and practices (Sibisi, 2004). slidesmania.com 7  Indigenous Science Science is also a part of culture, and how science is done largely depends on the cultural practices of the people (Iaccarino, 2003). Ogawa (1995) claimed that it is collectively lived in and experienced by the people of a given culture. The developmental stages of most sciences are characterized by continual competition between a number of distinct views of nature, each partially slidesmania.com derived from, and all roughly compatible with the dictates of scientific observation and method. 8  Indigenous Science Indigenous beliefs also develop desirable values that are relevant or consistent to scientific attitudes namely: 1. motivating attitudes 2. cooperating attitudes 3. practical attitudes 4. reflective attitudes These cultural beliefs therefore can be good foundation for developing slidesmania.com positive values toward learning and doing science and in bringing science in a personal level. 9  Indigenous Science Pawilen (2006) developed a simple framework for understanding indigenous science. Accordingly, indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge that uses science process skills and guided by community values and culture. 1. Indigenous science uses science process skills such as observing, comparing, classifying, measuring, problem solving, inferring, slidesmania.com communicating, and predicting. 10  Indigenous Science 2. Indigenous science is guided by culture and community values such as the following: § The land is a source of life. It is a precious gift from the creator. § The Earth is revered as "Mother Earth." It is the origin of their identity as people. § All living and nonliving things are interconnected and interdependent with each other. § Human beings are stewards or trustee of the land and other natural slidesmania.com resources. They have a responsibility to preserve it. § Nature is a friend to human beings. It needs respect and proper care. 11  Indigenous Science 3. Indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge practiced and valued by people and communities such as ethno-biology, ethno- medicine, indigenous farming methods, and folk astronomy. slidesmania.com 12  Indigenous Science Indigenous science is important in the development of science and technology in the Philippines. Like the ancient civilizations, indigenous science gave birth to the development of science and technology as a field and as a discipline. Indigenous science helped the people in understanding the natural environment and in coping with everyday life. UNESCO's Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge slidesmania.com (1999) recognized indigenous science as a historical and valuable contribution to science and technology. 13