GES 102 Introduction to Logic & Philosophy PDF

GES 102 Introduction to Logic & Philosophy 1. The etymological definition of philosophy emphasizes its nature as__________ (a) Abstract (b) Critical (c) Theoretical (d) An activity (e) Logical 2. Existentialism stresses the priority of _________ (a) The ideal over the actual...

GES 102 Introduction to Logic & Philosophy 1. The etymological definition of philosophy emphasizes its nature as__________ (a) Abstract (b) Critical (c) Theoretical (d) An activity (e) Logical 2. Existentialism stresses the priority of _________ (a) The ideal over the actual (b) Form over matter (c) The one over many (d) Existence over essence (e) Essence over existence 3. Socrates died by _________ (a) Shooting himself (b) Hanging himself 1  (c) Drinking hemlock (d) Buring himself (e) Committing suicide 4. When we reason, we carry out one of the following_________ (a) We manufacture facts (b) We distill facts (c) We draw inference (d) We necessarily apprehend the truth (e) None of the above 5. Metaphysically, plato’s idealism is opposed to Aristotle’s __________ (a) Actialism (b) Concretism (c) Physucalism (d) Rationalism (e) Materialism 6. Ethical principles differ from ordinary physical laws in that they are_________ 2  (a) Laws of nature (b) Laws of conscience (c) Man-made laws (d) Divine laws (e) Societal laws 7. The history of the Ancient period is divided into__________ (a) Pre-socratic & Medieval (b) Socratic & Milesians (c) Modern & Contemporary (d) Socratic & Classical (e) Pre-socratic & Socratic 8. The fallacy involved in begging the question is called in Latin as_________ (a) Non Sepuitur (b)Ignoratio Elenchi (c) petitio Principii (d) Argumentum Adhominem. 3 9. The famous existentialist thinker who pronounced God is dead was ___________ (a) Immanuel Kant (b) Karl Marx (c) Fredrick Nietzsche (d) Descartes (e) Charles Darwin (f) David Hume. 10. Every proposition in Logic has_______ (a) Answer (b) Truth value (c) Solution (d) Reason (e) Solution 11. Human right is equivalent to which of these? (a) Divine right (b) Natural right 4  (c) Social right (d) Legal right (e) Jurial right. 12. One who studies the nature of the universe, its origin and purpose is called an epistemologist____________ (a) True/False (b) True (c) False (d) None of the above (e) All of the above 13. Philosophy is defined as logical clarification of thought by__________ (a) Vittganstin (b) Wittgenstan (c) Wittgenstein (d) Gensteinvig (e) Fittgenstein. 5 14. The contemporary philosophical movement that sees the problem of language as the main task of philosophy is________ (a) Literary movement (b) Meta-linguistic movement (c) Analytic philosophy (d) Logical positivism (e) Pragmatism 15. Another name for the modern period is ____________ (a) Dark age (b) Classical period (c) Medieval period (d) Age of reason (e) Modern period 16. One of the major characteristics of the medieval period of philosophy was ________ 6  (a) Faith preceeded reason (b) Reason preceeded faith (c) Faith alone mattered (d) Reason alone mattered (e) Reason was the servant of faith 17 The “unexamined use is not worth living” is associated with_____ (a) Plato (b) Aristotle (c) Rene Descartes (d) Immanuel Kant (e) Socrates 18 The__________ argue agianst innate ideas (a) Idealist (b) Empiricists (c) Kant (d) Rationalists (e) Existentialist 7 19 In the Ancient period, the problem of permanence and change was a controversy between the following philosophers __________ (a) Parmanides & Craytlus (b) Heraclitus & Zeno (c) Parmanides & Socrates (d) Parmanides & Heraclitus (e) Pythagoras & Parmanides 20. The ontogological argument for the existence of God is sometimes called __________ (a) Aposteriori argument (b) Cause to effect argument or Apriori argument (c) Effect to cause argument or Aposteriori argument (d) Apriori argument (e) Cosmological argument 8 21 P P expresses which law of thought? ‫ב‬ (a) Concurrence (b) Identity (c) Contradiction (d) Excluded middle (e) Physical law. 22 Parmenides philosophy is a reaction to philosophy of ___________ (a) Thales (b) Socrates (c) Democritus (d) Zero (e) Heraclitus 23 For a group of philosophers, atoms constituted all reality__________ (a) Plato and the atomists (b) Heraditus and the atomists (c) Socrates and the atomists (d) Democritus and the atomists 9  (e) Aristotle and the atomists. 24 The famous Sophists in the ancient period who saw knowledge as relative or subjective were__________ (a) Protagoras, Gorgias and Parmanides (b) Pythagoras, Plato and Thrasmaychus (c) Socrates, Plato and Aristotle (d) Gorgias, Thrasmaychus and Protagoras (e) Protagoras, Gorgias and Pythagoras 25 The term “cogito ergo sum” is associated with which philosopher? (a) Rene Descartes (b) John Locke (c) Immanuel Kant (d) Thomas Hobbes (e) Francis Minimah 10 26 Thomas Aquinas and Baruch Spinoza belong to which periods in the history of philosophy? (a) Ancient and medieval (b) Medieval and contemporary (c) Ancient and modern (d) Contemporary and modern (e) Medieval and modern 27 The dictum “man is the measure of all things” is associated with ____________ (a) Pythagoras (b) Heraclitus (c) Protagoras (d) Plato (e) Aristotle 28 Another name for Aesthetics as a branch of philosophy is __________ (a) Theory of knowledge (b) Theory of being 11  (c) The beautiful in things (d) The science of reasoning (e) The science of morality 29 The branch of philosophy that deals with human knowledge is called _________ (a) Ethics (b) Aesthetics (c) Epistemology (d) Logic (e) Metaphysics 30 ___________philosophy was to show the mathematical basis of reality; (a) Thales (b) Pythagoras (c) Epicurus (d) Democritus (e) Socrates 31 One of the major reasons why a man should be moral is because of_________ 12  (a) Natural equality of all (b) Peace and harmony in the society (c) Legal punishment (d) Reality of Hell fire (e) None of the above 32. One consequence of pragmatism as a philosophical movement in the contemporary period is ________ (a) It leads to objectivity (b) It relativizes truth (c) It produces good man (d) It helps us to live harmoniously (e) It helps philosophers to explain the world 33 In a valid argument (a) Conclusion implies the premises (b) Conclusion entails the premises (c) Conclusion necessitates the premises (d) Premises necessitate the conclusion (e) Conclusion gives rise to premises 13 34 Who among the Pre-Socratic philosophers developed the “theory of the Apeiron or the indetrminate boundless” (a) Anaximander (b) Anaximenes (c) Thales (d) Heraclitus. (e) Protagora 35 The rightness or wrongness of an action can be determined by the quantity of happiness or pain the action produces is asociated with: (a) Kantianism (b) Utilitarianism (c) Situationism (d) Formalism (e) Intuitionism 14 36. According to Kant, objective scientific knowledge is achievable if we continue ourselves to the realm of ___________ (a) Noumena (b) Phenomena (c) Ideal (d) Abstract. (e) Reason 37. The problem that was foremost in the minds of the Milesian philosophers was_____________ (a) The problem of parmanence and change (b) The problem of appearance and reality (c) The origin of the world (d) The characteristics of the world (e) Moral questions about man and society 38. Which of the following philosophers is the immediate successor of Socrates? 15  (a) Thales (b) Anaximander (c) Sophists (d) Aristotle (e) Plato 39. Philosophy is believed to have started in the city of___________ (a) Crete (b) Alexandra (c) Crote (d) Miletus (e) Rome 40. Scepticism is a philosophical position that denies the posibility of knowledge_____________ (a) True (b) True / False (c) False (d) None of the above 16  (e) All of the above 41. The pursuit of phylosophy is the pursuit _______________ (a) Of the love of wisdom (b) Of knowledge (c) Of science of wisdom (d) Of the wise (e) Of the lover of wisdom. 42. One who studies the nature of the universe, its origins and purpose is called_____________ (a) Epistemologist (b) Thinker (c) Metaphysician (d) Logician (e) Ethicist 43. The German Philosopher who attempted a synthesis between rationalism and empiricism was_____________ 17  (a) David Hume, (b) Ludwig witgenstein (c) Immanuel Kant (d) Thomas Hobbes (e) Rene Descartes 44. The philosophical movement that tried to make philosophy scientific in the early 20th Century was___________ (a) Rationalism (b) Empiricism (c) Vienna circle (d) Idealism (e) Logical position 45. If an argument is sound, then______________ (a) It cannot be valid (b) All its statements most be false (c) Mike is a tree cannot be part of it 18  (d) Its conclusion most logically ential the premisses (e) The argument most be sound 46. Which school of thought holds perceptual experience as the primary source of all true knowledge? (a) Empiricism (b) Empiricism (c) Materialism (d) Pragmatism (e) Idealism Using the index of concepts, time or thought system in question 47- 55 choose the odd one among these options. 47. (a) Soren Kierkegaard (b) Martin Heidegger (c) Jean Paul Sartre (d) Frederick Nietzsche 19  (e) None of the above 48. (a) Speculative (b) Critical (c) Experimental (d) Analytical (e) Logical 49. (a) Existentialism (b) Logical positivism (c) Rationalism (d) Analytic philosophy (e) Pragmatism 50. (a) Why something instead of nothing? (b) Is there any difference between morally right or wrong actions? (c) Does God exist? (d) Is reality essentially spiritual or material? (e) What is the relationship between mind and matter? 51. (a) Anaximander 20  (b) Democritus (c) Anaxmenes (d) Pythagoras (e) Socrates 52. (a) Rene Descartes (b) Baruch Spinoza (c) Isaac Newton (d) Gottfried Leibniz 53. (a) Rudolf Carnap (b) A.J. Ayer (c) Moritz Schlick (d) John Locke (e) Otto Neurath 54. (a) Bertrand Russell (b) Soren Kierkegaard (c) Moritz Schlick (d) George Berkeley (e) Charles Sanders Pierce 55. (a) Francis Minimah 21  (b) John Locke (c) Socrates (d) Ludwig Wittgenstein (e) St. Augustine 56. With the emergence of the Sophists and Socrates, Greek Philosophy shifted from cosmology and ontology to the development of (a) Man and the world (b) Society and reality (c) Man and society (d) Philosophy and the world (e) Study of Being 57. The question of “why” and “how” are the major concern of which branches of philosophy? (a) Metaphysics and Epistemology (b) Logic and Epistemology (c) Aesthetics and Metaphysics 22  (d) Ethics and Metaphysics (e) Epistemology and Logic The Philosopher associated with the “tabula rasa” concept was_______________ (a) Rene Descartes (b) Thales (c) St. Augustine (d) John Locke (e) Thomas Hobbes 58. From the philosophical perspective, morality derives from man’s ______________ (a) Religious nature (b) Political nature (c) Economic nature (d) Social nature (e) Sexual nature. 23 59. Conceptualization of human rights in absolute terms is possible only within the sphere of_____________ (a) Politics (b) Democracy (c) Philosophy (d) Law (e) Science. 60. The contents of human rights was first articulated globally in the year___________ (a) 1947 (b) 1984 (c) 1960 (d) 1919 (e) 1948 61. A misconception of national development equates development with_____________ (a) Statistical growth (b) Spiritual growth 24  (c) Structural material growth (d) Religious growth (e) Human growth 62. The three famous individuals who stood in complete opposition to the teaching of the Sophists in the Ancient period were________ (a) Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes (b) Plato, Pythagoras, Zeno (c) Sophists, Jews, Heraclitus (d) Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (e) Plato, Pythagoras, Democritus 63.“Truth is what works”. Logical Positivism is the contemporary philosophical school of thought associated with this expression (a) True (b) False (c) True/ false (d) None of the above 25  (e) All of the above 65. Philosophy’s contribution to the concept of national development is mainly on its emphasis on_________ (a) Population growth (b) Human/moral development, (c) Economic development (d) Political and social development (e) Infrastructural development 66. _______ are the nonmaterial essences of things in Plato’s philosophy (a) Particulars (b) Essence (c) Ideas (d) Substances (e) Predicament 67. ____ is often regarded as the father of modern philosophy (a) Fredrick Hegel 26  (b) John Locke (c) David Hume (d) Rene Descartes (e) Francis Minimah 68. The term metaphysics is derived from two Greek words___________ (a) Meta and Logus (b) Meta and Physika (c) Meta and Physics (d) Episteme and Logos (e) Meta and Logos 69. Whose definition of philosophy as “criticism of criticisms” makes philosophy methodologically relevant to every branch of human endeavor? (a) Karl Marx (b) John Dewey (c) Francis Bacon (d) Isaac Newton 27  (e) William James 70. A statement is either true or false which law of thought does this statement express__________ (a) Law of contradiction (b) Law of identity (c) Law of excluded middle (d) All of the above (e) None of the above 71. A substance for Aristotle is a combination of___________ (a) Matter, form, potentiality & actuality (b) Matter, form, ideas & potentiality (c) Body, soul, potentiality & actuality (d) Substance, matter, potentiality & actuality (e) Substance, existence, form & matter 72. The description of philosophy as a rational enterprise implies___________ 28  (a) Extreme rationalism (b) Knowledge of essence (c) Empirical rationalism (d) Knowledge of things (e) Absolute rationalism 73. “The end of a thing is its perfection. Death is the end of life. Therefore, death is the perfection of life”. This is an example of what fallacy? (a) Equivocation (b) Circular reason (c) Amphiboly (d) Cartesian fallacy (e) Begging the question 74. Give the Latin equivalent of “I think, therefore I am” (a) Esse est percipi (b) Tabula rasa (c) Cogito ergo sum 29  (d) Credo ut intelligence (e) Rationalis et al 75. The following attributes excepts __________ distinguishes natural rights from all other rights (a) Inviolability (b) Immutability (c) Legality (d) Inalienability (e) Morality 76. The role of philosophy in Human Rights discourse is basically _________ (a) To punish those that abuses them (b) To justify through reason the desirability of them (c) To study the abuse of it (d) To console those who suffer the abuse of them 30  (e) To compensate those who respect them 77. A situation in which premises are affirmed, but the conclusion is negated is called _________ (a) Argument (b) Inference (c) Universality (d) Dilemma (e) Counter example 78. A proposition can be valid or invalid (a) True (b) False (c) True/False (d) all of the above (e) None of the above 79. The major distinguishing characteristics of modern philosophy is its emphasis on________ 31  (a) Scientific method (b) Understanding man (c) A Good understanding of God (d) Love of Humanity (e) Rational Method of inquiry 80. A proposition in which the meaning of the predicate is not contained in the subject is called___________ (a) Synthetic (b) Analytic (c) A posteriori (d) A priori (e) Syndicative 81. A justified true belief is equivalent to_________ (a) Fact (b) Knowledge (c) Opinion (d) Faith 32  (e) Rumor 82. Empiricism as a school of thought in the modern period is consistent with__________ (a) Sense expirence (b) Innate ideas (c) Realism (d) Materialism (e) Idealism 83. Ethical principles differ from ordinary physical laws in that they are__________ (a) Laws of nature (b) Laws of conscience (c) Man-made laws (d) Divine laws (e) Societal laws 84. Another name for a premise is___________ (a) Logic 33  (b) Affirmation (c) Truth (d) Grounds (e) Thoughts 85. According to Aristotle, metaphysics before Socrates was erroneous because it concieved reality in terms of ________ (a) Ideal form (b) Material principles (c) Substances (d) The one (e) Universals 86. Man is entitled to the fundamental human rights by virtue of being___________ (a) A child (b) A social being (c) A political animal (d) A rational being (e) Religious being 34 87. The earliest logician was:____________ (a) Thales (b) Plato (c) Aristotle (d) Socrates (e) Descartes 88. ______ moves from general to particular proposition (a) Arguments (b) Inductive argument (c) Deductive argument (d) Inference (e) None of the above 89. Who among the following postulated Air as the primary substance or reality? (a) Thales (b) Epicurus (c) Anaximenes (d) Democritus 35  (e) Anaximader 90. Neither John Dewey nor Charles Pierce is the father of pragmatism (a) True (b) False (c) Unknown (d) all of the above 91. According to________economic rights should constitute the content of human rights. (a) Liberal (b) Human right activist (c) The universal declaration of rights (d) Marxist (e) Sociologists 92. Prior to the philosophical reflections of the Milesians, the classical Greek minds had their source in __________ (a) Polity 36  (b) Political (c) Mythology (d) Society (e) Oracle 93. __________ defined philosophy as criticism of criticisms (a) William James (b) John Locke (c) Karl Marx (d) John Dewey (e) Francis Becon 94. The process of deriving one statement on the basis of others is ____________ (a) Consistency (b) Logic (c) Inference (d) Thinking (e) Epistemology 37 95. The cosmological argument for the existence of God is sometimes called____________ (a) Cause to effect argument or Apriori argument (b) Effect to cause argument or Aposteriori argument (c) Apriori argument (d) Ontological argument (e) Cosmological argument 96. _________ is the form of government mostly accepted within the context of human right philosophy (a) Liberia socialism (b) Marxian communism (c) Totalitarism (d) Democracy (e) Platonism 38 97. The evaluation of validity/soundness of an argument is applicable to ____________ (a) Deduction (b) Induction (c) Implication (d) Conjunction (e) Argument 98. All the charters on human rights agree that _________is a fundamental human right (a) Right to free housing (b) Right to vote and be voted for (c) Right to life (d) Right to health and education (e) Right to speech 99. The principle of Logic that maintains that something cannot be said to be and at the same time said not to be is known as_____ (a) The doctrine of being 39  (b) The doctrine of being or not-being (c) The principle of non-contradiction (d) The principle of being 100. The Ancient dictum “you cannot step twice into the same river” is credited to ________ (a) Aristotle (b) Plato (c) Parmenides (d) Heraclitus (e) Protagoras One Time Succes s 40