Geography Year 9 PDF

Good Morning Geography An Introduction… What is Geography? The study of the earth (And All of the land, plant, and animal life)  Breaking Down "Geography" "Geo" (greek) = Earth/world "Graphia" (greek) = writing/describing Other "-graphy" words: photography, biography, oceanography G...

Good Morning Geography An Introduction… What is Geography? The study of the earth (And All of the land, plant, and animal life)  Breaking Down "Geography" "Geo" (greek) = Earth/world "Graphia" (greek) = writing/describing Other "-graphy" words: photography, biography, oceanography Geography The study of the interaction of all physical and human phenomena at individual places and of how interactions among places form patterns and organize The Nature of Geography Geographers apply the spatial perspective whereas historians apply the time perspective For maximum understanding, the geographer must also be aware of the time perspective and visa versa. 6 GEOGRAPHY …….. The study of people, their environment and their resources. Used to show connections of natural environment and how they affect people and events  Help explain why people settled where they did or why a battle took place where it did. History is directly affected by people and their relationship to their environment and natural resources Two Branches of Geography Physical Human Geography: Geography: study of study of natural relationship features of the between humans earth & environment Subfields of Geography Physical Geography studies Human Geography studies – Origin & nature of – Growth & distribution of continents & landforms population – Nature of cities – Origin & nature of oceans – Communications networks – Climates (past & present) – Location of businesses & – Rivers industries – Glaciers – Growth & collapse of – Others empires & nations Soils – Spread of culture traits Animals Technology Plants Trends & styles Religions & ideologies 10 What are the different sciences/fields under each subfields? Why study geography? It provides information for students to familiarize themselves with their country’s history. To better understand the dynamics of our physical surrounding. Understand that geographical change is also a product of human decisions. Why study geography? Develops global awareness Helps locate places on a map Identifies different countries, cultures, and peoples How might understanding geography help you in the future? The Importance of Geographic Knowledge: Understand current events better Connect with the world around you Become a more informed global citizen What recent world event interests you, and where did it occur? Geography in Everyday Life Using maps and GPS for navigation Understanding weather patterns and climate Appreciating cultural differences when traveling How do you use geographic What are geographic tools? it is a tool related to geography, a science that deals with the earth and its life. include maps, globes, and data. What is a globe? A globe is a three- dimensional representation of the earth. It provides a way to view the earth as it sits in Limitations of the globe: Because the earth is round, we can see only one-half of it at a time. Globes are not always practical  What is a map? Maps help you to locate a particular place on the Earth and tell you where they are from the place you are. All Maps have the same parts, and each part helps you to read the map The Map is the medium or language of geography Can convey much information quickly and effectively Can be used to establish theories Can be used to solve geographic problems May reveal possible interactions and connections Can illustrate patterns, flows, distributions, connections, sequent occupance, etc. 24 Five Requirements of a Good Map 1. Grid – to facilitate locating places 2. Direction arrow or compass rose – to orient the map to the real world 3. Scale – to translate map distances to real- world distances 4. Key or Legend – to interpret symbols used on the map 5. Title – to alert the map reader to the topic or theme of the map 6.Other useful information: Copyright date & Projection used 25  Limitations of a map: The disadvantage of a map is that distortion occurs when a three-dimensional image is converted to two dimensions MAP vs GLOBE MAP vs GLOBE  Projections Scientific (mathematical) method of transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map 4 types of distortion – all maps are distorted in some way or other! – Shape – Distance – Relative size – Direction 30 Mercator Projection Cylindrical Projection Greenland (violet) vs Africa (Pink)  Latitude and Longitude ►The earth is divided into lots of lines called latitude and longitude.  Lines ►Longitude lines run north and south. ►Latitude lines run east and west. ►The lines measure distances in degrees. Latitude Longitude A Grid Latitude and longitude may be combined on a globe or map to create a grid. One specific parallel will only intersect a specific meridian at one place on the earth. Using the two together allows for locating places precisely. 36  Where is 0 degree? ►The equator is 0 degree latitude. ► It is an imaginary belt that runs halfway point between the North Pole and the South Pole. Equator  Where is 0 degree? ►The prime meridian is 0 degrees longitude. This imaginary line runs through the United Kingdom, France, Spain, western Africa, and Antarctica. Tropical Region Temperate Zone Polar Zones  Hemispheres ►By using the equator and prime meridian, we can divide the world into four hemispheres, north, south, east, and west.  Compass ►A compass is a tool that helps the user know what direction one is headed. ►On a map, a compass or a compass rose helps the user locate these directions.  Compass Rose ► The needle on a compass is magnetized to point to the earth's north magnetic pole. Thus with a compass, a person can roughly tell which direction they are headed. ► There are four major or cardinal directions on a compass- north, south, east & west. In between are the directions northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest.  Directions ►The cardinal directions are north, south, east, and west. ► The intermediate directions are northeast, southeast, southwest and northwest. ► They help describe the location of places in relation to other places.  Scale ►Maps are made to scale; that is, there is a direct connection between a unit of measurement on the map and the actual distance. ►For example, each inch on the map represents one mile on Earth. So, a map of a town would show a mile-long strip of fast food joints and auto dealers in one inch.  Time Zones ►The Earth is divided into 24 time zones, corresponding to 24 hours in a day. ►As the earth rotates, the sun shines in different areas, moving from east to west during the course of a day. ►Places that have the same  Map Legends ► The legend is the key to unlocking the secrets of a map. Objects or colors in the legend represent something on the map. Religions Legend Important Parts of the Map Title Lines: Grid Latitude Longitude Legend/Key Equator Scale Prime Meridian Direction/ International Date Line Orientation Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Color Tropic of Cancer Neatline Tropic of Capricorn Locating Places in the Map: Relative location Absolute location