Geography Unit 2 Study Guide PDF

IMPORTANT: GREEN ON THE TEST: YELLOW TYPES OF RESOURCES KEYWORDS RENEWABLE: A resource that can be replenished if used carefully. The rate of consumption/use must be slower than the rate of replenishment. Examples include FISH STOCKS, FORESTS, LIVESTOCK, BIOMASS, WATER, CROPS NON-RENEWABLE: A re...

IMPORTANT: GREEN ON THE TEST: YELLOW TYPES OF RESOURCES KEYWORDS RENEWABLE: A resource that can be replenished if used carefully. The rate of consumption/use must be slower than the rate of replenishment. Examples include FISH STOCKS, FORESTS, LIVESTOCK, BIOMASS, WATER, CROPS NON-RENEWABLE: A resource that cannot be replaced if it is used up - in other words, it is a finite resource. As it takes millions of years for these sources to replenish, the resources we have today are all we will ever have. Examples include: FOSSIL FUELS, OIL, NATURAL GAS, COAL FLOW: Resources that are constantly produced by nature, and must be used when/where they occur or be lost. The supply of these resources cannot be damaged by human activity. Examples include: WIND, SUNLIGHT OTHER RESOURCES: Resources that cannot be classified as renewable, non-renewable, or flow. These resources can also be considered as tourist attractions. Examples include the AURORA BOREALIS QUESTIONS Q: WHAT IS A NATURAL RESOURCE A: A naturally formed substance which can be used to produce goods and services for consumer use and trade. NOT MADE BY HUMANS Q: PROVIDE EXAMPLES OF EACH TYPE OF RESOURCE A: Renewable: forests, livestock, biomass, water, fish stock, crops, Non-renewable; fossil fuels, oil, natural gas, coal, Flow; wind, sunlight, Other; Aurora Borealis INDUSTRIES KEYWORDS Primary Industries: (Extractive) Industries involved in taking/extracting raw materials from the environment. Examples include: MINING, AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, FISHING Secondary Industries: (Manufacturing) Industries involved in the assembly or production of raw materials into products through manufacturing and construction processes. Examples include: BUILDING CARS, ELECTRONICS, FLOW MILL Tertiary Industries: (Service) Industries involving providing commercial services and support to primary and secondary industries (manufacturing and extracting processes). Also allows consumers to obtain/use goods and services. Examples include: RETAIL, TRANSPORT, ENTERTAINMENT, RESTAURANTS, TRAVEL AGENTS, BANKING Quaternary Industries: (Knowledge-Based) Industries involved in creating, interpreting, organizing, and transmitting information. Based on tech and research. Can help support tertiary industry by providing knowledge and expertise. Examples include: ACADEMIC RESEARCH, SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT, FINANCE, STATISTICS, CONSULTING, DATA ANALYSIS QUESTIONS Q: WHAT ARE ALL THE TYPES OF INDUSTRIES? A: Primary (Extractive), Secondary (Manufacturing), Tertiary (Service), Quaternary (Knowledge-Based) FISHING KEYWORDS 1992 Moratorium: A policy implemented by the Canadian government that prohibited the commercial fishing of cod on the East Coast (Newfoundland and Labrador). After cod populations had faced a severe decline due to overfishing and mismanagement of fish stocks, thousands of people were losing their jobs and livelihoods. Thus, on July 2, 1992, the moratorium was put in place. This was done to help cod stocks to recover, and prevent the collapse of the fishery market. 30,000 people lost their jobs, leading to significant changes in the livelihood of the people. This moratorium also led to the economic diversification of the east coast, with more focus being placed on aquaculture and fossil fuels. The moratorium also had environmental impacts, increasing shellfish populations. Bottom Trawling: A method of fishing where large nets are dragged across the ocean floor by large ships, catching thousands of fish - however, this is not a sustainable method as it kills all species, not just the intended ones, ruins the ecosystems, and rapidly depletes ocean life populations. Bycatch: A term used to refer to species caught unintentionally when bottom trawling. Aquaculture: The breeding and farming/harvesting of fish or seafood in fresh or saltwater environments. Long-Lining: A method of fishing where a long line with dozens of baited hooks is trailed off of a boat, allowing only target fish/species to be caught, without damaging ecosystems. Groundfish: Fish that live on or near the bottom of the seafloor. Examples include: COD, HADDOCK, HALIBUT Shellfish: Invertebrate animals that have a shell. Examples include: LOBSTER, CRAB, SHRIMP, MUSSELS, OYSTERS Kelp: A type of seaweed that is commonly found in oceans, and is used in aquaculture farms. QUESTIONS: Q: WHAT TYPES OF FISH AND SEAFOOD ARE CAUGHT IN CANADA? A: Salmon, cod, haddock, halibut, mussels, oysters, lobsters, crabs, shrimp, scallops, etc. Q: WHAT ARE LONG LINING AND BOTTOM TRAWLING FISHING? A: Long-lining is a sustainable method of fishing where long lines with large amounts of baited hooks are attached to them and trailed off of a boat, allowing for only intended species to be caught, without damaging ecosystems. On the other hand, bottom trawling fishing is a method where a large net is dragged across the ocean floor, taking anything and everything with it. This method is not sustainable, as it affects ecosystems and rapidly depletes fish populations. Q: WHAT ARE SUSTAINABLE FISHING PRACTICES? A: Sustainable fishing practices refer to methods of fishing where fish populations are not harmed, and remain healthy. A main example of this is long lining. FORESTRY KEYWORDS Deciduous: Trees that have large, broad leaves that fall off during autumn. Coniferous: Trees that have cones and needles that do not fall off. These trees tend to grow in colder climates. Lumber: Wood that has been cut into boards or planks - often used for construction. Softwood lumber comes from coniferous trees, hardwood lumber comes from deciduous trees. Timber: Unprocessed wood or recently felled trees, used to make lumber (construction materials). Pulp: Wood that is ground to small fibers. Mainly used to produce paper products. Maple Syrup: Syrup produced using the sap of sugar maple trees - Quebec produces most of Canada’s maple syrup. Clear Cut: Used in even-aged forests, removing all or most trees in a certain area in just 1 operation. This is economically advantageous, but is not a good environmental decision. Shelterwood Cut: Leaving mature, individual trees or groups of older trees standing to provide shade that is needed for regeneration. This is more environmentally friendly. Strip Cut: Removal of tree crops in strips or blocks. Selective Cut: Used in uneven-aged forests, only harvesting mature or defective trees. This is more time-consuming than clear cutting, but has a lower environmental impact. QUESTIONS: Q: WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TREE HARVESTING METHODS? A: Clear Cut (removing all trees in an area in one operation), Shelterwood Cut (leaving mature trees standing to provide shade, optimal for tree regeneration), Strip Cut (removal of tree crops in strips/blocks), Selective Cut (only harvesting mature or defective trees). Q: WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOREST PRODUCTS? A: The main types of forest products in Canada include lumber (wood cut into boards or planks used for construction), timber (unprocessed wood), pulp (ground up wood), and sap (mainly used for maple syrup production). Q: HOW MANY PEOPLE WORK IN THE FORESTRY INDUSTRY IN CANADA? A: Roughly 200,000 people work in the forestry industry in Canada, with the majority of them being in Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia. Major jobs include loggers and mill workers. Q: HOW MUCH DOES THE FORESTRY INDUSTRY CONTRIBUTE TO CANADA’S GDP? A: In 2016, $33.4 billion was contributed to Canada’s GDP by the forestry industry. Q: LIST THE 2 MAIN TYPES OF TREES A: The two main types of trees are deciduous (large, broad leaves that fall off), and coniferous (cones and needles that do not fall, scaly bark). RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES KEYWORDS + PROS AND CONS Hydropower: Uses dams and/or diversion structures to flow water into turbines, spinning them and creating kinetic energy that is converted into electricity. PROS CONS - Low CO2 emissions - Damages ecosystems - Cheap maintenance costs - Displaces residents - Reliable during power outages - Methane emissions can be released - Few factors that can affect power when building reservoirs output - Provides flood support Biomass: Fuel that is derived from organic matter, such as wood, wood waste, biogas from landfills, and municipal waste. PROS CONS - It is a flexible energy source, able to - Is very expensive be used for heating and cooling - Requires a lot of space - It is renewable and reliable - The burning of the fuels can emit - The material used to create the GHGs energy is very abundant - Can reduce wastage Solar: Energy from the sun, converted to thermal or electric energy through the use of solar panels. The photons in sunlight hit solar panels, which absorb them, creating electrical charges that move through the material, creating an electric current that is captured, and converted into usable electricity. PROS CONS - Solar panels have low maintenance - Only works in daylight or in the sun costs (flow resource) - Can lower electric bills for companies - Can take up lots of space and homes - Solar panels have expensive upfront - Have very little to no emissions costs - Panels can last a long time - Panels can get weaker over time - It is a versatile energy source Wind: An energy source that harnesses wind through large turbines to generate electricity through the turbines’ movement. It is often employed in open areas or areas that are close to shore. PROS CONS - It is a renewable, clean resource - Poses threats to aviating creatures - You can never run out of wind such as birds and bats - There are low operating costs - Power output is easily affected by - It is an efficient use of land, as though weather (less wind can reduce power it takes up a lot of vertical space, the outputs) space under it and around it can be - Things like ice accumulation and used for things like agriculture precipitation buildup can cause equipment failure Geothermal: An energy source that uses heat from the Earth to heat up water, creating steam that is used to spin turbines, generating electricity. PROS CONS - Requires no fuel to operate - As facilities are underground, it can - Has relatively low land usage cause surface instability - Can be more consistent than other - Can be very expensive energy sources - Requires a large amount of water to - Is clean, and renewable effectively run SUSTAINABILITY KEYWORDS Sustainability: The practice of managing resources in a way such that they are available in the long-term, for future generations. When talking about natural resources, it refers to using them in a way such that they are not depleted or overused. Tragedy of the Commons: An economical and environmental concept/situation in which an individual attempts to reap the greatest benefit possible from a certain resource, resulting in a large impact to or the depletion of said resource, affecting the whole community/society. For example, if a farmer grazes as many of his cattle as possible at a public pasture, the pasture will likely not be suitable for grazing soon enough, which affects everybody. QUESTIONS: Q: WHAT IS SUSTAINABILITY? A: Sustainability is the practice of managing resources in such a way that it is available and maintained for the long term, helping our future generations. In terms of resources, it can be described as a way in which resources are not overused, and the speed of our consumption/use of it is lower than the speed at which it replenishes. Q: WHAT IS THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS? A: The Tragedy of the Commons is an economic/environmental situation in which an individual consumes a resource, at the expense of the society. This occurs when a common (economic good) is “rivalrous in consumption”. Q: WHAT ARE SOME SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES (FISHING, FORESTRY) A: Sustainable fishing practices include long lining, where only intended species are caught carefully, as well as practicing aquaculture, or 3D farming, in which entire sustainable ecosystems are created, that also benefit the people. Shelterwood cutting and selective cutting are the 2 main sustainable forestry practices, as they allow for further tree regeneration, and do not impact the environment as much as other practices. FRESHWATER QUESTIONS: Q: WHAT ARE SOME OF THE WATER ISSUES IN CANADA? A: Though Canada has such high amounts of freshwater, indigenous communities in reserves still suffer from clean water scarcity, with hundreds of boil water advisories still being active. Along with this, there are also arguments between people suggesting that Canada should be exporting its water in bulk, Q: WHAT ARE SOME OF THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PUTTING A PRICE ON WATER? A: Putting a price on water can be advantageous as it can further incentivize people and businesses to use it with care and not waste it, motivate the development of water-saving technologies, and can help boost Canada’s economy. However, it can affect low-income individuals, reducing their access to water, and there is also a risk of it being controlled by certain private companies if it becomes a commodity. MINING KEYWORDS Bitumen: Naturally occurring extra heavy crude oil that is highly viscous, meaning it does not flow unless heated. Fracking: A technique in which a mixture of water, chemicals, and sand is blasted into a well to break apart rock formations and release natural gas and oil deposits so that they can be taken up to the surface. In-Situ: A method of mining in which steam is pumped underground to liquify bitumen, which can then be brought up to the surface. This is called Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage. Tailing Ponds: Man-made dams built to store waste water from oil mining processes. Kimberlite: A type of igneous rock formed by volcanic activity, where most Canadian diamonds are found in. Natural Gas: A vapor obtained from shale (sedimentary rock) through fracking. TYPES OF MINERALS Metallic Minerals: Melted to produce metals for commercial uses Non-Metallic Minerals: Used in their natural states for industrial purposes Structural Minerals: Used in construction Fuels: Minerals used for energy production QUESTIONS: Q: WHAT ARE THE 3 MAIN METHODS OF MINING? A: Strip mining: a method used to extract minerals close to the surface by removing horizontal layers (cheapest method, extracts sand, gravel, coal, oil sands), Open pit mining: a method used to extract minerals both close to the surface and deep in the ground by drilling large funnel-like shapes into the ground (more expensive than strip mining, extracts diamonds, oil sands, iron), and Underground mining: a method used to mine minerals deep below the surface using vertical and horizontal shafts and drills (most expensive method, extracts potash, gold, nickel, copper) Q: PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE OF EACH OF THE 4 TYPES OF MINERALS A: Metallic minerals: gold, iron, copper, lead, Non-Metallic minerals; gypsum, potash, salt, asbestos, Structural minerals; limestone, clay, sand, gravel, Fuel; coal, oil Q: WHERE ARE MOST OF CANADA’S DIAMONDS FOUND? WHY? A: Most of Canada’s diamonds are found in the Northwest Territories. The area likely had high volcanic activity millions of years ago, resulting in the formation of several kimberlite pipes in the area. Over millions of years, erosion has also allowed for these kimberlite pipes to be more easily accessible, which is why a lot of Canada’s diamonds are found there. Q: WHAT IS FRACKING? WHY IS IT CONTROVERSIAL? A: Fracking is a method of mining where a mixture of water, chemicals, and sand is blasted at wells to break apart rock formations and release previously inaccessible oil and natural gas deposits. The reason for its controversy is that though it is a great method of extracting lots of oil and natural gas and is good for the economy, it can be a threat to freshwater as it uses a lot of water, it can also cause earth tremors, which are small seismic movements, and there are worries of water contamination, with fracking wastewater having been found to contain cancer-causing chemicals. GLOBALIZATION KEYWORDS Consumerism: The growing “need” of goods and services of customers. In other words, the idea that one’s well-being and status depends on their material goods and services. Technological development: The process of innovation and invention relating to technology, helping advance our society QUESTIONS: Q: WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? DEFINE IN YOUR OWN WORDS A: Globalization refers to the relationships created when places are connected through trade, information, ideas, and communication. Globalization in the past and present has mainly been driven by consumerism and technological development/advancement Q: PROVIDE 3 WAYS THE WORLD HAS BECOME INTERCONNECTED, WITH EXAMPLES A: Global trade and consumerism: As the ideology of consumerism continues to grow, so does the demand for goods and services. If we take the example of just a simple white cotton shirt, it goes through dozens of countries, factories, and cargo ships or planes just to get delivered to one’s door, and this whole process connects these countries. Technological advancement/development: Technological advancements such as the creation of the internet, the telephone, and also things like improved transportation (commercial flights and trains) have allowed people from all over the world to be connected to one another. Climate change and conservation: As climate change is a global issue that needs to be addressed by all countries, everyone has been connected in this way to help better our planet for our future generations, connecting us all. Global diplomacy and politics: Organizations such as the WHO and the United Nations have been established to help better interconnect the world. As well as this, things like embassies are built in all countries to better connect each other, and they all come together to help address local and global issues.