Geo Exam Review - Unit 3 PDF

Unit 3 - Resources & Industries Resource ​ Anything that can be used to produce goods and services Examples: Raw materials. workers, money, land Natural resource ​ Anything people find useful that comes from nature Examples: Air, water, crude oil, trees Renewable resources ​ Resource...

Unit 3 - Resources & Industries Resource ​ Anything that can be used to produce goods and services Examples: Raw materials. workers, money, land Natural resource ​ Anything people find useful that comes from nature Examples: Air, water, crude oil, trees Renewable resources ​ Resources that can regenerate if used carefully Examples: Trees, crops, natural fish supplies Non-renewable resources ​ Resources that are limited and can’t be replaced for a long time once they are used up Examples: Minerals (gold, iron, nickel), fossil fuels (coal, petroleum) Flow resource ​ Resources replaced by natural actions whether humans use them or not Examples: Fresh water flowing through streams and rivers due to precipitation, ocean currents Managing ​ Taking charge/care of something Examples: Forestry management, fisheries management Industry ​ A group of companies that are related in terms of their primary business activities Examples: Forestry oil, gas automotive fashion Examples: Fishing, forestry, mining, agriculture Primary industries ​ Industries that extract the raw materials from the environment Secondary industries ​ Industries involved in the processing of the raw materials. These industries make products for consumers. Examples: Automobiles, furniture, portable technology Tertiary industries ​ Industries concentrated in the service sector. These industries provide service to the end consumer. Examples: Car dealerships, Walmart, real estate agent Quaternary industries ​ A knowledge based part of the economy Examples: Information generation and sharing, IT, consultation, research and development Total stock ​ All parts of the natural environment taken together Examples: all living and non living materials Carrying Capacity ​ The environment’s ability to support a population of people without environmental damage Sustainability ​ Improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems Examples: Balancing business, environmental and public interests (economy/environmental/society) Forestry Industry ​ Old growth forest: A forest that has never been logged ​ Canada has the third largest forests in the world. The two countries after Canada are Russia and Brazil FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) - What is the FSC? It is a third party international organization that certifies the sustainability of forestry operations and products. Why look for this logo? This logo on a product indicates that it has met FSC’s standards. By purchasing products with this logo, you know that you are contributing to sustainable development. Who are the members of the FSC? Forest companies, makers of products that use lumber and paper, indigenous peoples organizations, environmental and social action groups. Fishing Industry ​ 80,000 people in Canada are employed in commercial fishing ​ 315,000 people in Canada are employed in agriculture Why is commercial fishing important to Canada? 1.​ Fishing is an important local industry in Atlantic Canada and parts of B.C. 2.​ Fishing is Canada’s oldest industry. 3.​ The collapse of Cod fishery was a very important lesson in unsustainable resource management Category Description Examples Groundfish Fish near the ocean floor Cod, pollock, haddock, halibut, redfish Pelagic fish Fish near the surface Salmon, herring, mackerel, tuna, capelin Shellfish Animals without backbones and with hard, Shrimp, lobster, oysters, protective shells scallops, mussels Fresh Water Term Definition Precipitation Water from the atmosphere that falls to Earth (e.g. rain, snow, hail, sleet) Stores Places in the world where water is stored Flows Mechanisms by which stores move from one reserve to another Groundwater Water held underground in tiny spaces in soil or some types of rocks Extraction The process of taking water from a store (e.g. groundwater or a river) to be used. The water is returned to the store after use. Consumption The process of taking water from a store to be used, but it is not returned to the store after use. (e.g. evaporation) Drainage The area of land which all of the water flows/drains to the same body of Basin water (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans) Global Water Stores Water store Available water Ocean 97% Ice/snow 2% Groundwater 1% lakes/rivers 0.007% Atmosphere Negligible Global Freshwater Stores  Water store Available water Ice/snow 68% Groundwater 32% lakes/rivers 0.03% Atmosphere Negligible Region Drainage basin Western Pacific ocean Northern Arctic ocean Eastern Atlantic ocean Souther Gulf of Mexico n Central Hudson Bay ​ The most important function of rivers is to redistribute/shift water from areas that have a surplus/excess to drier regions where it is needed ​ Agriculture use has grown the most dramatically since 1900. This is connected to a growing global population and a rise in people’s standard of living. As people get wealthier, they tend to consume more food. What is a reservoir? A reservoir is a man-made lake. They store water so it can be used at a later date by local communities. Many places around the world have times of the year when they get an excess of rain, where reservoirs hold onto that excess to be used during drier periods. Three major uses of water - 1.​ Agriculture (e.g. watering crops) 2.​ Domestic use (e.g. drinking, cooking, cleaning) 3.​ Industry (e.g. manufacturing of goods) When Water Supply Systems Fail ​ In the year 2000 in the town of Walkerton, Ontario, 7 people died and 2300 became ill due to consuming water that was not treated properly by the town’s water treatment plant. ​ In 2014 there were 127 drinking water advisories, which affected several thousand people in 86 First Nations communities. Advisory Definition Boil Water Advisory Local drinking water has to be boiled for at least one minute before consuming Do Not Consume This water cannot be consumed even with boiling, and drinking it Advisory can cause illness or death Do Not Use Advisory This water is so dangerous you mustn’t even touch it Fossil Fuels & Mining ​ The two most important fossil fuels in Canada are oil and natural gas. ​ About 29% of the world’s energy comes from coal ​ All of Canada’s oil mines are in B.C., Alberta, and Saskatchewan. ​ Oil/tar sands: Deposits of sand containing a heavy form of crude oil called bitumen Sector of the economy Energy demand in 2012 Industrial 48% Transportation 25% Residential 14% Commercial & intuitional 13% Fracking - What is Fracking? Fracking is a variety of techniques used to break up shake layers far below the surface to liberate natural gas or oil trapped there. Why is it hard to decide if tracking is good or not? It's hard because you have two important competing factors, economy and environment. On one hand, fracking creates jobs and money. It has become popular to extract natural gas since it emits less greenhouse gasses than oil or coal. On the other hand, it has environmental impacts such as using large amounts of water, contaminating drinking water, loss of agricultural land and carbon emissions.  ​ Canada ranks 2nd amongst the world’s leading mining nations, with the first being Australia. Minerals What are minerals? Minerals are a naturally occurring and inorganic substance or soil that has a particular chemical formula. The two types of minerals are metallic and non-metallic minerals. Term Definition Metallic A mineral that holds a metal when melted (e.g. iron, gold, copper, mineral uranium, zinc, silver, lead). Found in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Non-metallic A mineral that does not change form when melted (e.g. sand, gravel, mineral limestone, salt). Found in sedimentary rocks. Mineral A mineral deposit that can be mined profitably reserve Ore A rock that contains enough of a valuable metallic mineral to make mining profitable Methods of mining - Method Definition Strip mining Cheapest method, can only be used for minerals close to the surface, used to extract minerals such as sand, gravel, coal, oil sands. Has the largest environmental impact. Open-pit mining More expensive that strip mining, used for minerals relatively close to the surface yet deeper than strip mining. Underground Most expensive mining method, used for mining minerals more than mining 1000 meters below the surface. (e.g. potash, gold, nickel, copper) Province/territory Value ($ billions, most important 2013) commodity Ontario 9.8 Gold Quebec 8.2 Gold  Saskatchewan 7.2 Potash B.C. 7.0 Copper NFL & British Labrador 4.0 Nickel Alberta 2.4 Coal Northwest territories 1.7 Diamonds Manitoba 1.3 Nickel Secondary Industries NAFTA (outdated) - North America Free Trade Agreement CUSMA - Canada - United States - Mexico Agreement USMCA - United States - Mexico - Canada Agreement CETA - Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement Term Definition Example Basic A job that brings money into an economy A works in the shipping department of job from somewhere else. In other words, pulp and paper mill. A’s pay indirectly when the money comes from outside of comes from the companies that buy where the person lives. these products. Non-ba A job that circulates money within an B is a cook at a restaurant. B’s pay sic job economy. In other words, when the indirectly comes from the people who money comes from where the person eat at the restaurant. lives. ​ Multiplier effect - The increase in total wealth/income that happens when new money is injected into an economy Free trade and manufacturing Free trade - International trade without tariffs or other barriers Tariffs - A tax placed on international goods to protect Canadian manufacturing by making the imported products more expensive