Geography Textbook PDF - Standard Twelve

The Coordination Committee formed by GR No. Abhyas - 2116/(Pra.Kra.43/16) SD - 4 Dated 25.04.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on 30.01.2020 and it has been decided to implement it from academic year 2020-21. GEOGRAPHY STA...

The Coordination Committee formed by GR No. Abhyas - 2116/(Pra.Kra.43/16) SD - 4 Dated 25.04.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on 30.01.2020 and it has been decided to implement it from academic year 2020-21. GEOGRAPHY STANDARD TWELVE Download DIKSHA App on your smartphone. If you scan the Q.R. Code on this page of your textbook, you will be able to access full text and the audio-visual study material relevant to each lesson provided as teaching and learning aids. 2020 Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.  The Constitution of India Preamble WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and    of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. NATIONAL ANTHEM  - Preface - Dear Students, You are welcome to Class XII. You have studied various concepts in Geography under Environmental Studies from Class III to Class V and in Social Studies from Class VI to Class X. Like other subjects, it gives me a great pleasure to present before you a separate textbook of Geography for 100 marks. Broadly, it is accepted that Geography is the study of structure, processes and interactions between physical and human environment. You have studied Physical Geography in the preceding class. Equally important component of Geography is Human Geography. At the Higher Secondary level, Human Geography has been included in Class XII textbook. We see that human settlements are distributed in different parts on the earth. We see that this distribution is uneven and full of diversity. This happens mainly because of the impact of physical factors. This brings variety in the population, settlements and the economic activities of man. The purpose for which the land has to be used is decided accordingly. Land cover changes as per the change in the land use. All these aspects are studied in Human Geography. It is important to understand the cause –and –effect relationship when you study various components of the chapters. Changes have been made in Practical Geography too as per the contemporary time. For example, you have to use the Balbharati App for doing surveying. This will help you to get acquainted with the latest technology. Also, you will study how to apply statistical techniques to study human variables. You will understand how to use them in analysis and drawing conclusions. It is said that Geography is the science that lays stress on observation. Observation, cognition, critical thinking, analysis, etc are the skills required in this subject. Use these skills and develop them. Activities which stimulate your thinking power, imaginative power and creativity have been included in the textbook. You should do all these activities. As you read the chapters, you will realise how they are related to our day-to-day life. Various educational tools have been used in the textbook to facilitate understanding of the concepts in the textbook. Through QR code you can study more relevant information related to the components of the textbook. The scope and importance of this subject is increasing day-by-day. And so, you will surely like the textbook which associates with your daily life. Please let us know your views about it. Heartiest Wishes to all of You! Pune (Vivek Gosavi) Director Date : 21 February 2020 Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Bharatiya Saur Dinank : 2 Phalguna 1941 Production and Curriculum Research, Pune  - Standard XII Geography - Competencies Understanding factors affecting distribution of population. Understanding various components of population growth. Examining the trends of population change. Examining population growth as a problem or an opportunity. Explaining the economic and social effects of population structure. Explaining variables related to migration. Explaining positive and negative effects of migration. Explaining the factors affecting location and growth of human settlements. Understanding why settlements grow in specific patterns. Analysing the patterns of human settlements on a global scale. Understanding the nature of primary economic activities. Understanding correlation between the geographical factors and various primary economic activities. Showing the global distribution of primary economic activities. Explaining the changes in the patterns of primary economic activities. Understanding the nature of secondary economic activities. Explaining the factors affecting location of industries. Explaining the distribution of major industries in the world. Understanding different types of industries. Understanding the nature of tertiary economic activities. Understanding the relationship between geographical factors and some of the tertiary economic activities. Explaining the relationship between trade, tourism and transport. Understanding the changing trends in trade, tourism and transport. Understanding the concept of ‘region’. Understanding various types of regions. Examining various factors which affect development of a region. Examining regional imbalance and ways to reduce it. Reflecting on various geographical concepts studied till now. Relating the importance of the study of Geography in day-to-day life. Understanding the ever-increasing scope and application of Geography in various fields. Examining the nature of Geography as a field of study. Competencies - Practical Conducting household surveys through the use of Apps Data collection through the use of Mobile App Data organization on the basis of objective behind data collection Understanding the use of statistical techniques in geography Deciding which statistical technique has to be used according to the data organized Drawing suitable diagrams to show the available data Analyzing the data and drawing conclusions on the basis of the representation of data Correlating two variables in the given data and expressing their relationship numerically Interpreting the toposheet with respect to human elements considering the physical factors  - For Teachers - P To begin with, get familiar with the textbook yourself. P Please understand the characteristics of the textbook carefully for the teaching-learning process. P Follow the order of the chapters as given in the contents because the concepts have been introduced in a graded manner to facilitate knowledge-building. P Looking at the constructivism approch of the textbook, it is compulsory to carry the textbook in the class for teachers and students both. P The chapters in the present book has been prepared for constructivist and activity-based teaching. Please do not teach the lessons in the book by just reading them aloud. P The number of periods required for each chapter has been given a thought. Abstract concepts are difficult to follow and therefore you are expected to use the given number of periods fully. Do not finish the chapter in short. This will help the students to assimilate the content without feeling the ‘burden of learning’. P Please refer to textbooks of earlier classes before teaching this textbook. P Like other social sciences, geographical concepts too are not easy to understand. Major concepts of geography have a scientific base and they deal with abstractions. Encourage group work, learning through each other’s help, etc. Facilitate peer learning as much as possible by reorganizing the class structure frequently. P Please plan carefully and independently for the activities in each chapter. Please do not teach without planning. P Please use the geographical teaching aids in the laboratories as required for the appropriate understanding of the subject. It is necessary to use the globe, the maps, atlases, websites and weblinks. P All chapters should be taught by giving appropriate time. P Participation of all the students is very necessary in the teaching-learning interactions and processes.  Do not use the boxes titled ‘Do you know?’ for evaluation. P Use thought-provoking, activity-oriented, open-ended, multiple choice questions for evaluation. Some examples are given at the end of the chapters in the ‘Exercises’.They follow the question paper pattern. P It is necessary to access the supplementary material wherever specific website or use of Internet is indicated. Use QR Code given in the textbook. You as well as the students are expected to use these references. These references will surely help you to go beyond the textbook. Please bear in mind that extra reading is always helpful for understanding any subject in depth. P It is compulsory to teach one example in a practical and get another one done from the students. P Students have to carry out surveying by an App. The teachers will also have to download this App and register themselves too. P The data collected through survey has to be analysed on the basis of study of various correlations, deviation, changes and trends in statistical methods and importance in Human Geography.  - CONTENTS - Sr. Proposed Name of the Chapters Page No. No. Periods 1. Population : Part - 1 1-11 18 2. Population : Part - 2 12-20 16 3. Human Settlements and Land Use 21-31 14 4. Primary Economic Activities 32-41 15 5. Secondary Economic Activities 42-54 16 6. Tertiary Economic Activities 55-65 14 7. Region and Regional Development 66-74 14 8. Geography : Nature and Scope 75-81 13 * World Maps for Reference 82 and 83 --- 8 for each 9. Practicals 84-111 practical S.O.I. Note : The following foot notes are applicable : (1) © Government of India, Copyright : 2020. (2) The responsibility for the correctness of internal details rests with the publisher. (3) The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line. (4) The administrative headquarters of Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab are at Chandigarh. (5) The interstate boundaries amongst Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on this map are as interpreted from the “North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act. 1971,” but have yet to be verified. (6) The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record/Master Copy certified by Survey of India. (7) The state boundaries between Uttarakhand & Uttar Pradesh, Bihar & Jharkhand and Chattisgarh & Madhya Pradesh have not been verified by the Governments concerned. (8) The spellings of names in this map, have been taken from various sources. DISCLAIMER Note : All attempts have been made to contact copy righters (©) but we have not heard from them. We will be pleased to acknowledge the copy right holder (s) in our next edition if we learn from them. Front Cover and Back Cover : Natural land cover had been shown in Std. XI textbook. We had studied Physical Geography last year. We are going to study Human Geography now in Std. XII. Considering this, the development of human land use on this natural land cover has been shown. Observation of the cover pages will help you while understanding the chapters in the book. Credits : For land cover and land use maps - MAHARASHTRA REMOTE SENSING APPLICATION CENTRE (MRSAC) Nagpur.  1. Population : Part - 1 Geography studies humans and their interactions with their environments. The study of population is a part of Human Geography under a branch called Population Geography. Population Geography studies human population and its distribution and pattern on the earth’s surface. Their qualitative and quantitative composition is also studied in this subject. The way the population influences the economy and the development of a region are also the points of study in Geography. In this chapter, we will study humans as a resource. Distribution of Population : Try this. Observe the pie-charts shown in Fig 1.1 carefully and answer the following questions. Percent of total land mass (%) Population distribution (%, 2019) Africa 4.75 0.55 Africa 5.90 Antarctica 16.96 6.8 8.4 20.40 Asia 0 0 12.00 Asia 9.69 North America North America 9.20 South America South America 16.50 59.65 29.20 Europe Europe Australia Australia Source : UN data (https://data.un.org) Fig 1.1   1) Which continent has the least population? 2) Which continent has the least landmass and also the least population? 3) Which continent has the most landmass as well as most of the population? 4) Which continent is missing in one of the pie charts? Why? of the world. Antarctica occupies around 9% Geographical explanation of the landmass but has no permanent human Human population is unevenly distributed settlements. throughout the world. In the year 2019, the This distribution of land and population can world’s population stands to be around 7.7 billion. be better understood not just in terms of numbers Continent wise population distribution is as living in a region but also in terms of people follows : living in an unit area. This is called population density. Total population North and South America that account for around 28% of the landmass barely support 18% Density of population = Total area (in sq. km.) of the population. Asia occupies about 30% of the land mass and supports around 60% of the Give it a try. population. Europe has around 7% land and supports 5% of the population. Australia has Table 1.1 shows the 10 most populated around 6% of the world’s land but does not even countries in the world in 2018 with their support 1% of the population. Africa occupies areas. Calculate their population densities 20-40% land and supports 16.96 % population and complete the table. 1  Make friends with maps! 2 Fig 1.2 World : Population Distribution Table 1.1 Table 1.2 Rank Country Population Approx. Popu- Continent Physical Factors Physical Factors in Crores Area lation Responsible for Responsible for Less (2018) (in lakh Density High Population or No Population sq.km.) North Coastal areas Forests, desert, snow- America covered land 1 China 142.8 96.0 2 India 135.3 32.9 United States 3 of America 32.7 95.3 (USA) 4 Indonesia 26.8 19.1 5 Pakistan 21.2 8.9 6 Brazil 20.9 85.2 7 Nigeria 19.6 9.2 8 Bangladesh 16.1 1.5 Geographical explanation 9 Russia 14.6 171.0 When we compare the distribution of the 10 Mexico 12.6 19.7 world population with physical factors, we observe the following points : Snow-covered regions, around the North Geographical explanation and the South Poles, are sparsely populated. Patterns of Population Distribution in the Even hot deserts have low population. World : The Mountainous and hilly regions are also Looking at the pie-charts given in fig. 1.1 and less populated. table 1.1 together, we can conclude the following. Coastal regions and plains are highly We find that population and population densities populated. both are unequally distributed in the world. When In some river valleys like the Amazon, you look at the regions with large populations, population is sparsely distributed. It it is explicitly visible. Patterns of population means that there are factors other than distribution and density help us to understand physical factors, like forests, that influence the demographic characteristics of any area. population distribution. The term population distribution refers to the Can you tell ? way people are spaced over the earth’s surface. (Fig. 1.2.) Can you think of the factors besides physiography which affect the distribution Make friends with maps! of population? Make a list. Geographical Factors Affecting Population   Look at the map in Fig. 1.2. Compare Distribution : it with the physical map of the world given in the book on page 83. Try to understand Here are some physical and human factors the impact of physical factors on population affecting the distribution of population. Fill in distribution. Complete the table accordingly. suitable examples of countries or regions in the One has been done for you as an example. table 1.3. Two examples have been solved for your convenience. 3 Table : 1.3 Eskimos and Lapps, who are highly adapted Physical/ High Density Low Density to such climates, can live in these regions. Human Factors Vast equatorial areas of the Amazon 1) Relief Flat, Lowland Mountainous e.g. Ganges area e.g. lowland and Congo basin are very sparsely plains Himalayas populated due to their unfavourable climate. 2) Climate 3) Availability Find out ! of Resources 4) Economic Business and Low economic Are Eskimos still living in their financial centre. growth. e.g. e.g. Tokyo Louisiania conventional ways? 5) Social What changes can be seen in their lifestyle 6) Government now? Policies 7) Cultural 3) Availability of water : It is the most Geographical explanation important factor for life for all living beings including man. So, people prefer to live in Following factors determine population areas where fresh or potable water is easily distribution : available. You will find that easily through Physical Factors : the map in fig. 1.2. 1) Relief (Landforms) : Population is densely   It is because of this, that river valleys and distributed on flat plains and gentle slopes. coastal areas are among the most densely This is because such areas are favourable populated areas of the world. For example, for the production of crops. In these areas Nile valley and coastal plains of India are it is easier to build roads and develop one of the most densely populated areas industries. of the world. In deserts too, population is   The mountainous and hilly areas tend to found near oases. For examples, Phalodi be less populated. If means of livelihood are from Thar desert and Al-Ahsa from Saudi available, population can be concentrated Arabia have developed around oases. in few such areas. For example, Dehradun, Leh, etc. Use your brain power !   Thus, it can be concluded that plateaus or mountainous areas are less populated Can lakes be a factor for concentration of than plains. population? Find out examples. 2) Climate : Extreme climates such as very Which water bodies are surrounded by hot or cold deserts or regions with very dense population in Maharashtra? heavy rainfall are uncomfortable for human habitation. They have less population. 4) Soils : Fertile soils are important for Areas with an equable climate, where there agricultural and allied activities. Therefore, is not much seasonal variation, attract areas which have fertile loamy soils have more people. Mediterranean regions were more people living on them, as these can inhabited due to their pleasant climate. support intensive agriculture. The flood  In cold climates, only people like the plains of the river Mississippi, the Ganga, 4  the Irrawaddy, the Yangtze are examples of  If a dormant volcano erupts someday, areas having high densities of population. these settlements may face disasters. They Similarly, areas having Regur or black may face economic losses and loss of life. soils are also densely populated. The slopes For example, fig. 1.3 shows people leaving and foothills of many volcanoes have high their places after an eruption in Mt. Agung densities of population as their slopes are in Bali. covered with fertile volcanic soil. The Human Factors : slopes and foothills of volcanoes in Java, 1) Agriculture : Increase in agricultural Japan, Sicily and Central America support production due to use of fertilisers and many people. irrigation make it possible to support more population. Type of agriculture, crops grown, method of cultivation and specialisation of particular crops are other characteristics of agriculture that affect the distribution of population. Do map activity related to fig 1.4. 2) Mining : Areas with good quality mineral deposits attract industries. Mining and Fig 1.3 : Evacuation industrial activities generate employment. Make friends with maps! Refer to the map showing rice producing regions of the world in Fig. 1.4. Relate it with the population map of the world in Fig. 1.2. Write the conclusions in your own words. Fig 1.4 5  So, skilled and semi–skilled workers move to minerals are highly valuable and they are these areas and make them densely populated. extracted despite odd physical conditions. Katanga copper belt in Zambia, the Chota In such areas, population may be dense. Nagpur Plateau in India, coal and iron fields This is true for precious and rare minerals of Western Europe, the Manchurian region like gold and mineral oil. For example, gold of China and the Appalachian mountains of mines area in the Australian desert, mineral the USA are examples where population is oil in the desert regions of South-West Asian dense due to availability of minerals. Some countries. Give it a try. Look at the satellite images given in Fig. 1.5. They show the same area from two different periods. What difference do you see? What might have caused these changes? Discuss in class. A) Year 2005 B) Year 2019 Fig 1.5 : Satellite images showing Ambegaon Budruk, (Pune) 6  the government is giving incentives to people Geographical explanation to leave Tokyo, as about one third of Japan 3) Transportation : After studying the lives in Tokyo. satellite images in fig. 1.5, you may find that roads or highways may increase the Let’s recall. population here. Such regions are easy to Which policy did the Brazilian access because of roads thus increasing government promote with respect to density. On the contrary, if accessibility is decentralisation? difficult, it takes more time and is costlier to reach there, then the region is sparsely Besides these factors, other factors like, populated. Fig. 1.5 clearly shows that the distance from the sea coast, accessibility, natural population density has increased as a harbours, sources of energy, navigable rivers or highway passes through this area. canals, cultural factors, migration, economic  Sea transport led to the discovery of activities, technology, etc. affect distribution new places. Port cities got developed. The of population in the world. Adverse physical population grew there due to trade. For conditions and lack of sufficient opportunities example, the construction of the Suez Canal for means of livelihood are mainly responsible increased the exchange of raw materials and for discouraging inhabitation in certain areas. goods. Therefore, the population appears to Components of population change : be concentrated in coastal regions. Western   People of one region differ from others. and eastern coastal regions of India, the People can be distinguished by their age, sex western and eastern coastal regions of the and their place of residence. Some of the other United States are examples. distinguishing attributes of the population are 4) Urbanisation : The growth of industries occupation, education and life expectancy. Let us is responsible for the development of first understand the various aspects of population. towns and cites. Tertiary activities like Population growth : transportation, trade and other services also increase in order to cater to the needs of the Try this. growing urban population. Cities offer better employment opportunities, educational and Look at the fig. 1.6 and answer the medical facilities, better means of transport questions that follow : and communication. In many areas of the world, a continuous urban belt is found. For Death Birth example, Greater Mumbai. Birth Rate Rate Death Rate Rate 5) Political factors and government policies : Besides all the above factors, the policies of Fig. 1.6 various governments also affect population What does the image show? distribution and density. A government may What happens to the population when choose to promote population in an area or deaths are more than births? depopulate it. For example, the government What happens to the population when promoted human settlement in parts of births are more than deaths? Siberia by giving more opportunities and What happens when both are same? Is it special incentives. For example, in Japan, possible? 7  Geographical explanation the age structure of the population. It doesn't take into account that age group in the The population growth or population change population that is actually able to give birth. refers to the change in number of inhabitants of Similarly, actual birth or death rates take a territory during a specific period of time. This into account the population structure of a change may be positive (growth) or negative country. Birth rates and death rates will not (decline). It can be expressed either in terms be same for all age groups simultaneously. of absolute numbers or in terms of percentage. Total number of live births in a year Population change in an area is an important CBR= × 1000 Total population in that year indicator of economic development. It can be an indicator of social upliftment. For example, Total number of deaths in a year CDR= × 1000 poverty can be reduced if population reduces. Total population in that year There are three components of population Population Present Earlier change : births, deaths and migration. growth = population – population Crude Birth Rate : Crude birth rate (CBR) is Population Population growth expressed as number of live births in a year per = × 100 growth rate Earlier population thousand of population. For example, in 2019, there were 3,250 births in a city with population Can you tell ? of 2,23,000. Therefore : 3,250 CBR = × 1,000 = 14.57 Observe the table 1.4. Arrange data in 2,23,000 ascending order for birth rates and death So, at that time, there were 14.57 live births rates respectively.     Table 1.4 for every 1,000 people in the city. Country Crude BR (2017) Crude DR (2017) Crude Death Rate : Death rate plays an active Sweden 11.5 9.1 role in population change. Population growth India 18.1 7.2 occurs not only by increasing birth rate but also Greece 8.2 11.6 due to decreasing death rate. Like CBR, CDR China 12.4 7.1 is expressed in terms of number of deaths in a USA 11.8 8.5 Niger 46.5 8.5 particular year per thousand of population, in a particular region. Population Growth and Explosion : You know that birth rates and death rates Give it a try. determine the growth or decline in the population. Based on this notion, try to complete the table Can you calculate the death rate in the above 1.5, where different combinations of Birth Rates example, if the total number of deaths in the and Death Rates are given. Discuss in the class city was 2,986 in the same year? and complete the table. One has been done for On the basis of the Birth Rate given earlier you as an example.          and Death Rate calculated by you, what Table 1.5 change in population do you observe? Sr. Birth Death Effect on No. Rate Rate Population Growth 1 High High Stable /Low Increase Always remember 2 High Decreasing 3 High Low The crude birth rate or death rate is 4 Decreasing Low considered ‘crude’. This is because it ignores 5 Low Low 8  Give it a try. Stages 1 2 3 4 5 High stationary Early expanding Late expanding Low stationary Declining 40- Birth rate Death rate 30- Birth and death Natural rates 20- increase (per 1000 Natural people) 10- decrease Total population 0- ← Time → Fig. 1.7 Demographic Transition Theory Look at the graph in Fig 1.7 carefully. Answer the following questions : 1) What do the blue and the black lines show? 2) What does the green part in the graph show? 3) What does the blue part in the graph show? 4) In which stages is the birth rate more than the death rate? 5) In which stages is the birth rate same as the death rate? 6) In which stage is the death rate more than birth rate? tertiary activities are negligible. Educational Geographical explanation opportunities are limited. Fertility rates are high. Generally, a country experiences various Families are big. Science and technology are not stages in population growth. It never experiences developed. Low sanitation, high occurrence of the same rate of growth or decline. Along with contagious diseases, lack of medical facilities the economic development, tendencies of birth and malnutrition are responsible for high death rate and death rate are different. Hence, growth rates. At present, no country falls in this category. rate of population also varies. The theory of Stage 2 : Early expanding stage demographic transition is based on the population Technological expansion of science occurs trends of a country with time. According to this and development starts. Therefore, medical and theory, a country passes through different stages of population growth. It may take several years to health care services start expanding. Efforts are pass through a stage. They are as follows : underway to control and combat diseases. This leads to a reduction in mortality. But the birth Stage 1 : High stationary stage rate is constant. As a result, the population grows Both birth rates and death rates are high rapidly. Production in agriculture and industry during this phase, so population growth is stable. Birth rates are high because having lots of children increases. Transportation network increases. is considered to be a good idea. At this stage, the Efforts to control the population are launched. financial position of the country is not developed. The developing countries with high populations It is dependent on agriculture or similar primary are currently undergoing this phase. This stage is occupations. People engaged in secondary and also known as the 'population explosion' phase, 9 as it has the highest growth rate as shown in the death rate. Population growth is minimal the fig 1.7. For example, Countries like Congo, or in some countries, could be negative. The Bangladesh, Uganda, Niger, etc. are presently in population may be reduced because of higher this stage. mortality. In such countries the number of Stage 3 : Late expanding stage children is very low and the elderly are very high. The reduced death rate in the second stage Standard of living is very high. The economic is still decreasing in this stage too. Birth rates condition of the country and the citizens is very are also decreasing now. This reduces the rate good. Tertiary activities contribute the most of population growth. But, the population is to the economy. High quality of educational still growing because birth rates are higher and medical facilities are available. Healthy than death rates. As the progress of the country environment and pleasant life is preferred. E.g. is accelerating, the income of the people of Sweden, Finland, etc. the country is above the subsistence level. Can you tell ? Their standard of living is elevated. Poverty is decreasing. Use of technology is seen to Look at the fig. 1.7 and answer : expand. Secondary and tertiary activities expand. 1) If the crude birth rate is 7 and the crude Education level of the population also increases. death rate is 8 then which stage of People now know the importance of family demographic transition is the country in? planning. Family size reduces. Countries that are 2) If a country has crude death rate of 20 and moving towards developed stage from developing crude birth rate of 24, then which stage of are going through this stage. For example, China. demographic transition is the country in? Use your brain power ! Always remember In which stage do you think India is Population Composition : passing right now? Composition of population covers all the Stage 4 : Low stationary stage characteristics of a population that can be The birth rate in the third stage now lowers measured. For example, rural and urban further. The standard of living is very high. residence, age, marital status, sex ratio, etc. The economic condition of the country and the are the basis on which population can be economic status of the citizens improves a lot. classified to understand its characteristics. Secondary and tertiary occupations have a higher Population Structure : share than primary. The death rate is also very Structure of a population is the overall low as the best medical facilities are available. picture or the idea we get by studying the Epidemics like cholera, plague, etc. have been composition of the population. For example, eliminated. People are health conscious. The age composition of the population tells us birth rate is not less than the death rate but is about the percentage of children, young and almost the same. Therefore, population growth aged in the country. Population structure is minimal. For example, developed countries will give us an idea about the dependency like USA are going through this phase. ratio and the effects this composition will Stage 5 : Declining stage have on the economy of the country. We The birth rate is very low and almost equals will study about them in the next chapter. 10  Use your brain power ! Find out in what multiples has population increased in the following timeline and write down your findings. For example, in the initial phase, the population took 6 centuries (1000 to 1600 A.D.) to double itself. Years (A.D.) 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 254 301 360 360 350 425 550 600 813 1550 1750 1860 2070 2300 2400 3100 3700 4500 5200 6300 7000 Population of the world approx. (in millions) Exercise Q. 1) Identify the correct correlation : 3) Stage 3 of Demographic Transition theory. A : Assertion; R : Reasoning Q. 3) Give geographical reasons : 1) A : Areas which have fertile soil have dense 1) India is passing through Stage 3 of demographic population. transition. R : Fertile soils are good for agriculture. 2) Population distribution is uneven. 1) Only A is correct 3) Population increases because of transportation 2) Only R is correct facilities. 3) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct 4) Secondary and tertiary activities increase in the explanation of A. third stage of demographic transition. 4) Both A and R are correct but R is not the 5) Population may increase though birth rates correct explanation of A. are low. 2) A : Population of a region does not change. 6) Population density is a function of population R : Birth rate, death rate and migration affect and area of a region. the population of a region. Q. 4) Answer in detail : 1) Only A is correct 1) Explain the physical factors affecting 2) Only R is correct distribution of population. 3) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct 2) In the first and fifth stage of the demographic explanation of A. transition, population growth is almost nil. 4) Both A and R are correct but R is not the What is the difference between the two stages correct explanation of A. then? 3) A : In stage 2, death rate reduces but birth rate 3) Discuss the problems faced by countries in is constant. stage 4 and stage 5. R : The population increases rapidly in stage 2. Q. 5) Draw a neat labelled diagram for demographic 1) Only A is correct transition theory and its various stages. 2) Only R is correct Q. 6) On an outline map of the world, show the 3) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct following with index : explanation of A. 1) Highly populated region in Australia. 4) Both A and R are correct but R is not the 2) Sparsely populated region in India. correct explanation of A. 3) Any 2 countries in stage 5 of Demographic Q. 2) Write short notes on : Transition Theory 1) Impact of relief on population distribution. 4) Any 2 countries in stage 2 of Demographic 2) Correlation between birth rates and death rates. Transition Theory  11  2. Population : Part - 2 Population is also considered as a infants, children, teenagers, young, adults, old human resource. The physical and intellectual people. Each of the age group has a share in the characteristics of the population affect the population. Their share in the population varies development of a region. The development of from country to country. The population in each a region is dependent on how human resources group changes. Their share in the population also are used like other natural resources. The human varies. Try the following activity in fig. 2.1 to economic activities also develop with reference to understand the age structures of different countries. human resources. In fact, if human resources are not developed efficiently, the use of other resources Geographical explanation also gets adversely affected. Considering these Demographers use population pyramids issues, the population structure, sex ratio, literacy to describe age and genderwise distribution of rate, etc. are studied in Population Geography. populations. The Y-axis in the centre of this Population Composition : graph shows age groups while X-axis shows 1) Age Structure : population or percentage of population. The The age structure of a population refers to lengths of bars show the numbers or percentage of the number of people in different age groups- population. The left side of the graph represents the males while the right side represents the Try this. Male 100 Female Male 100 Female Male 100 Female 95 95 95 90 90 90 (A) 85 80 (B) 85 80 (C) 85 80 75 75 75 70 70 70 65 65 65 60 60 60 55 55 55 50 50 50 Age 45 Age 45 Age 45 group 40 group 40 group 40 35 35 35 30 30 30 25 25 25 20 20 20 15 15 15 10 10 10 5 5 5 0 0 0 4 3.2 2.4 1.6 0.8 0 0 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4 15 12 9 6 3 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 2 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 Population (in millions) Population (in millions) Population (in millions) Fig. 2.1 Three types of population pyramids In fig. 2.1, A, B, C are three population pyramids. Study their shapes and answer the following questions : 1) In which pyramid(s) the number of children will be the least? 2) In which pyramid(s) the number of old people will be the least? 3) Which pyramid(s) represent(s) a 'young country'? 4) Which pyramid(s) represent(s) a country with high medical expenditure? 5) Which pyramid(s) represent(s) a country with a large manpower? 6) Which pyramid(s) represent(s) developing and developed countries respectively? 12 females. The base of the graph represents the India 2016 100+ children population while apex represents the Male 95 - 100 90 - 95 Female old people. 85 - 90 80 - 85 75 - 80 A larger size of the population in the age 70 - 75 65 - 70 60 - 65 group of 15-59 years indicates the chances of 55 - 60 50 - 55 having a larger independent working population. Age group 45 - 50 40 - 45 35 - 40 On the other hand, if the number of children in 30 - 35 25 - 30 0-15 is high, the dependency ratio will be high. 20 - 25 15 - 20 10 - 15 Similarly, a growing population in the age 5 - 10 0-5 group of 60 plus, indicates greater expenditure 65 42 39 36 33 0 0 33 36 39 42 65 Population (in millions) Age Group Population (in millions) for medical and health facilities for the aged Fig. 2.2 population. Three main types of population pyramids : As per fig.2.1, we will see three main types Give it a try. of population pyramids : On the basis of the survey done in i) Expansive (A) : Broad base with narrowing practical 1, draw a population pyramid for apex shows that more people die at each the people in 15 households. Write your higher band. This also shows high birth rate conclusions after studying the structure of and high death rate. the population. ii) Constrictive (B) : Base gets narrower while apex is broader. This indicates lower 2) Sex composition : percentages of younger people and more of Population pyramids also tell us about elderly people. This shows low birth rate the number of women and men in various and lower death rates. age groups of the country. The gender iii) Stationary (C) : Almost all age groups have distribution in a country is an important same percentages. Very low birth rate and demographic characteristic. The ratio very low death rate. Population hardly between the number of women and men grows. in the population is called the sex ratio. In The type of age structure has a direct India, it is calculated by using the formula : influence on the future of a nation. Both extremes, Total Female population i.e., old age dependency as well as young age   Sex ratio = × 1000 Total Male population dependency, prove to be a severe burden on the   The sex ratio is an important information economy of a country. On the other hand, higher about the status of women in a country. On proportion of working population means large an average, the world population reflects number of manpower. a sex ratio of 990 females per 1000 males. The highest sex ratio in the world has been Can you tell ? recorded in countries like Latvia, Estonia, Population pyramid of India is given in Russia and Ukraine where there are 1162 fig. 2.2. Read the pyramid and answer the females per 1000 males. In contrast, in following questions : Saudi Arabia sex ratio is least and that is   Which pyramid type does India belong to? 667 females per 1000 males. Countries like China, India, Bhutan, Pakistan, Afghanistan   Comment upon the age-structure of its have a lower sex ratio. In general, Asia has population. a low sex ratio. 13  population. The ratio between working and non- Find out ! working dependent population determines how productive the country is economically. The Find out India's sex ratio as per Census 2011. higher the ratio, higher will be the contribution of working population in the economy. Demographic Dividend When the population of a country goes through demographic transition, fertility rates, Can you tell ? birth rates and death rates also change. There Read the following table and answer the is a change in the age structure of the country. As fewer births are registered, the number of questions that follow : dependents become smaller than the working Table 2.1 : India - Demographic Dividend population. With fewer people to support and Ratio of working/ Percentage more people working, economy’s resources are Decade non-working of working population population invested in other areas to accelerate a country’s 2001-10 1.33 : 1 57.1 economic development. As a result of this, per capita income increases over with time. This 2011-20 1.53 : 1 60.5 economic benefit is in the form of dividend 2021-30 which benefits everyone in the economy. 1.81 : 1 64.4 (projected) The benefits are not achieved automatically. 2031-40 Demographic dividend depends on whether the 1.72 : 1 63.2 government implements the right policies in (projected) Source : Economic Survey, 2016-17, Pg. 33 areas such as education, health, research, etc. It 1) What does the table show? depends on the level of schooling, employment, frequency of childbearing, economic policies 2) What is the relationship between second on tax incentives, health programs, pension and and third column? retirement policies. 3) How will this relationship affect the Demographic dividend in a country is economy of India? visible in the following ways : 4) What will happen if the ratio decreases 1) Personal savings can grow and can be used over the years? to stimulate the economy. 2) As number of children are less, parents can Geographical explanation invest more in their education. Thus, human Demographic dividend refers to the growth capital is built. in an economy, which is the result of a change in 3) As more women join the labour force the age structure of a country’s population. The and become economically strong, they change comes because of a decline in birth rates contribute in the country's economic growth. and death rates. As fewer births are registered, 4) Per capita GDP increases because the number of young dependents grow smaller, dependency ratio is decreased. relative to the working independent population. In simple words, dividend is a type of reward Try this. that is distributed among the shareholders. It is the Answer the questions after studying table division of profit or surplus received. In a country, 2.2 carefully : there is working population and dependent 14  Table 2.2 7) Write a concluding statement about the Country Retirement Age reforms relationship between age structure, life being implemented or under expectancy and economy of a country. consideration (in years) Germany Retirement age to increase Geographical explanation gradually to 66 by 2023 and to 67 by 2029 The table 2.2 shows that many countries United Retirement age to rise have considered or are considering an increase States of gradually to reach 67 for those in the retirement age. This is happening because America born in 1960 or later increase in ageing populations puts increasing United Retirement age to increase for pressure on pension funding, retirement provisions Kingdom both men and women to 66 by and medical facilities. Therefore, many countries October 2020 and further to 67 have begun raising the pensionable retirement between 2026-28 age. Increase in ageing population occurs because Australia Retirement age scheduled to life expectancy of the population is generally increase gradually to 67 by increasing. Thus, people can now work up to 2023 higher ages. For example, the life expectancy in China By 2045, to increase retirement Japan is around 84 years. Therefore, they are now age for both men and women considering increasing the retirement age to 70 to 65 which is at present 60 years. Japan Under consideration to raise the Another aspect which needs to be seen retirement age to 70 in these countries is their age structures. The India On an average, 60 years. May proportion of children and young adults in these vary from 55 years to 65 years countries is less or decreasing and hence these according to services countries have increased the retirement age. In   Source: Economic Survey 2018-19 Vol 1, Pg 145 China, the retirement age will be changed only 1) What does the table show? in 2045 because it is only then that the proportion 2) Classify these countries into developed of children and young adults is going to reduce and developing. in the age structure. Given that life expectancy 3) What could be the reasons behind is likely to continue rising in India, the growing increasing the retirement age in these proportion of young and children population countries? should also be considered. 4) What will be the impact of increase in 3) Literacy and education : the retirement age on the economy of the Proportion of literate population of a respective countries? country is an indicator of its socio-economic 5) Why is China considering increasing the development. It reveals the standard of age later in 2045? living, social status of females, availability of educational facilities and policies of the 6) Considering these examples from government. The level of economic development developed countries, will it be good for is both, a cause and consequence of literacy rate. India to increase its retirement age? Every country has its own definition of Express your views about this. literacy. In India – literacy rate denotes the 15 percentage of population above 7 years of age, higher, whereas they are lower in Northern Africa, which is able to read, write and has the ability to Western Asia, South Asia and Sub-Saharan do arithmetic calculations with understanding. Africa. In any continent or sub-continent, the literacy rate of females is not more than men, Find out ! except where there is full literacy as in Central Asia. It is same in Europe and North America. Find out the minimum age taken into According to the graph, the lowest literacy rate consideration for calculating literacy. is in Sub-Saharan Africa. 1) Brazil 2) USA 3) Germany 4) Occupational Structure : The working population (i.e. women and Can you tell ? men of the age group – 15 to 59) take part in various primary, secondary, tertiary and Read the following graph in fig. 2.3 and quaternary occupations. The proportion of answer the following questions : working population engaged in these sectors Adult literacy rate by region and sex, 2016 is a good indicator of the levels of economic Central Asia 100 100 development of a nation. This is because only 100 Europe and Northern America 99 99 a developed economy with industries and 99 Eastern and South-Eastern Asia 96 97 infrastructure can accommodate more workers in the secondary, tertiary and quaternary sector. If 94 94 Latin America and the Caribbean 94 the economy is still agrarian then the proportion 90 81 Northern Africa and Western Asia 85 74 72 of people engaged in primary activities is high. Southern Asia 80 63 65 Sub-Saharan Africa 72 57 World 86 90 Give it a try. 83 0 20 40 60 80 100% Total Male Female Study the table 2.3 carefully and answer Fig. 2.3 the following questions : 1) Which region has the highest literacy 1) What does the table show? rate? 2) Which sector has the highest occupation? 2) Which region has the lowest literacy rate? In which year? 3) In which region does women fare better 3) Which sector has the lowest occupation? than men in literacy rate? In which year? 4) Write a concluding paragraph about the 4) In which sector is the working population graph. increasing? 5) In which sector is the working population Geographical explanation occupation decreasing? 6) Draw a suitable diagram for statistical The graph in fig. 2.3 clearly tells us that we information showing A, B and C columns find differences in the literacy rate in the same from 1901-2011. continent. Compared to the global average, the 7) Compare the data. Write a concluding literacy rates in Europe, North America and paragraph on the graph. Eastern and South-East Asian countries are 16  Table 2.3 : Occupational Structure of India (1901-2011) Year 1901 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 A. Primary Sector (1+2+3+4) 71.9 72.7 72.3 72.6 69.4 67.4 57.4 48.96 1. Cultivator 50.6 50.0 52.8 43.4 41.6 38.5 29.6 26.4 2. Agricultural Labourers 16.9 19.7 16.7 26.3 24.9 26.4 25.4 20.3 3. Livestock, forestry, fishing etc. 4.3 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.3 1.9 1.7 1.5 4. Mining and quarrying 0.1 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 B. Secondary Sector (5+6) 12.5 10.0 11.7 10.7 12.9 12.1 16.8 23.52 5. Manufacturing 11.7 9.0 10.6 9.5 11.3 10.2 12.4 16.92 6. Construction 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.9 4.4 6.6 C. Tertiary Sector (7+8+9) 15.6 17.3 16.0 16.7 17.7 20.5 25.8 27.52 7. Trade and Commerce 6.0 5.3 4.0 5.6 6.2 7.5 11.1 12.1 8. Transport, Storage and Communications 1.1 1.5 1.6 2.4 2.7 2.8 4.1 4.8 9. Other Services 8.5 10.5 10.4 8.7 8.8 10.2 10.6 10.7 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5) Rural-Urban Composition : 2) Ritika has completed her post-graduation The division of population into rural and from a famous college in Pune. She landed urban is based on the residence. This division a job in a big company in the USA. It's been is necessary because rural and urban life styles 5 years and now she has settled there. differ from each other in terms of their livelihood 3) Sahmat’s country is undergoing a war and social conditions. The age-sex-occupational situation. For security reasons, the people structure, density of population and level of had to leave their country and go somewhere development vary between rural and urban else compulsorily. Sahmat and her family areas. The criteria for differentiating rural and have taken refuge in the neighbouring urban population varies from country to country. country. In general terms, rural areas are those where 4) Babanrao is a small farmer from the people are mainly engaged in primary activities Marathwada region. He faced losses in and urban areas are those where majority of the agriculture due to drought. Some other working population is engaged in non-primary family problems also forced him to sell his activities. land and he shifted to the nearby city. Now Can you tell ? he is working and earning livelihood for himself and his family. On the basis of which other characteristics 5) Ritesh from Pimpalwadi completed his can you explain the composition of school education in his village. He has gone population? Make a list. to Nashik for further education. 6) Latika, daughter of Surekha and Sandeep Migration - from Satara, went to Solapur after marriage. Read the following events and answer the questions that follow : Questions : 1) Ramprasad has grown up in a village 1) What similarities do you find in these in Northern India. His uncle who lives in events? Mumbai has called him to Mumbai and 2) Is there a change in the location in these offered him a job. events? Why? 17  3) Arrange these 6 events according to the 2) Classification by duration : difference in the relative distance between 1) Short-term : This type of migration can be, the new and the old locations? for limited time or seasonal. Some tribes 4) Make a list of reasons for leaving the travel seasonally in search of fodder, this is original location. called seasonal migration. In some places in 5) Classify the reasons into willing and Maharashtra, more labor is needed during reluctant. sugarcane harvesting. Then, these labours 6) Make a list of reasons behind migration work in sugar cane fields. When there is no besides the ones given here. work on the farm, they go to the city and work as labourers. This is an example of Geographical explanation seasonal migration. 2) Long-term : People leave their place of When an individual or group of individuals residence and move to a new place. It is not moves from one place to another, from one decided whether they will return soon or not. political boundary to another, for lesser or They may come on holidays for a few days longer duration or permanently; this movement and go back. For example, 1) People from is called migration. This may happen in a pre- India have migrated to the United States planned manner or may happen suddenly. Also of America, Great Britain etc. 2) Some it can be either voluntary or involuntary. villagers have come to the city in search of In general, migration brings changes in the employment and have settled here. population. If people migrate to a region, the  In both the examples, if the migrated population of the region will increase. If people person returns to the original place after leave a region and migrate to another region, a very long time, it is called a long term its population will decrease. Population density, migration. But if the person never returns patterns and structure of the population of both to his original place, it is called permanent the original region (donor region) and the region migration. where migration has taken place (recipient    In addition, migration can be voluntary region) will be affected. or involuntary. Migration can be classified into various Reasons for migration : types on the basis of their region, duration, There are different reasons for human intention or purpose, distance, etc. migration from one region to another. It can 1) On the basis of region : be economic reasons in some places and social In this classification, migration can be causes in some places. divided into two types : 1) Physical : Natural events like earthquakes, A) Internal migration : People migrate within volcanic eruptions, droughts and flooding the boundaries of their country. They do not may be responsible for population to migrate. leave the country. This is done from one 2) Economic : Migration in which people state to another or from one city to another. migrate in search of jobs, businesses, e.g. moving to Mumbai from other states of improve their standard of living, etc. India. 3) Social : Often people have to migrate B) External Migration : In this type of forcefully. People decide to leave the place migration, people leave their country and rather than face social problems. It may move to another country. e.g. moving involve forcing people of a certain group abroad for higher education from India. to migrate. Discrimination, education, 18  health, medical facilities, marriage, etc. Impact of migration on population : can be reasons behind migration. We have studied various aspects of 4) Political : Sometimes war or political population. Migration affects these two factors: problems may arise in a country. In that distribution and density of population. Migration case, people from that country migrate and takes place between two regions. One of them is seek refuge in another country. the donor region while the other is the recipient region. Try this. Population of a region requires housing, water supply, transportation, health facilities, You have already made a list of the reasons education, recreation, etc. to settle down. In a why migration occurs. Add more reasons donor region, migration cause less or no utilisation to it. Discuss it in the classroom. Classify of these facilities. As a result, expenditure these reasons into pull and push factors and incurred on them becomes unnecessary because complete the figure. Use the given space or population has there reduced. complete it in your notebook. In such regions, sex ratio and age-structure Donor Recipient also change tremendously. For example, Push Pull region region majority of men in the working age group of 1)   1) the state of Kerala, go to foreign countries for 2)   2) employment. As a result, Kerala has a higher 3)   3) sex ratio than other states. (1084, Census 2011). When we consider the age structure of the state, we find that the number of children and older Geographical explanation people exceeds young age group. As long as the financial, physical, and On the contrary, the recipient region psychological needs of a human being are may face a pressure on provision of facilities. fulfilled in a region, he remains in that region. Housing, water supply, transportation may But when these needs become difficult to be prove insufficient as compared to the population. fulfilled, he leaves the place. The factors that One of the most badly affected sectors could cause people to move away from their original be agriculture in the peripheral regions. A large chunk of agricultural land is used for non- places are called push factors. For example, agricultural purposes like housing. Also, prices reduced employment opportunities, wars, of land increase tremendously. Lack of housing drought, water or air pollution etc. leads to increase in slums. Public facilities get On the contrary, when people are attracted affected very badly. Economic inequality also to a region due to some factors, they are rises in such cities. Crime rates may also increase. called pull factors. For example, education and The recipient regions may also have an availability of employment opportunities are unfavourable sex ratio. For example, Mumbai the pull factors. (832), Pune (948) Also working population may be higher than other age groups. There is a great deal of exchange of new ideas and concepts in Use your brain power ! such regions. These become centres of creation If you travel to a place for a few days and new researches. Development and use with your family, will it be considered of new technologies is seen. Consequently, development, especially economic development, migration? also takes place on a large scale. 19  Try this. Complete the table 2.4, which shows the impact of migration on the population. One is solved as example.     Table 2.4 Sr. No. Type of migration Positive effects Negative effects 1 International migration Employment is available Resources are affected. Sometimes, to migrants. Improves they might be sent back to their their financial status. original country. 2 Internal migration a Rural to urban migration b Urban to rural migration c Rural to rural migration d Urban to urban migration 3 Seasonal /temporary migration Exercise Q. 1) Identify the correct co-relation : 2) Population pyramid and sex ratio. A : Assertion; R : Reasoning 3) Occupational structure of a population. 1) A : Increase in dependency ratio will affect the 4) Literacy rate. economy. Q. 3) Give geographical reasons : R : Medical costs are high when there are more 1) In developed countries, percentage of population elderly in the population. engaged in agriculture is low. 1) Only A is correct 2) Only R is correct 2) Literacy rate of a country is an indicator of its 3) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct socio-economic development. explanation of A. 3) Demographic dividend increases when 4) Both A and R are correct but R is not the proportion of working population increases. correct explanation of A. 4) Migration is not always permanent. 2) A : In population pyramid, a broad base Q. 4) Differentiate between : indicates high number of children in a country. 1) Donor region and Recipient region. R : Broad apex is an indicator of high number 2) Expansive pyramid and Constrictive pyramid. of elderly in a country. 1) Only A is correct Q. 5) Answer in detail : 2) Only R is correct 1) Outline the importance of population pyramids 3) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct in the study of populations. explanation of A. 2) Explain the rural and urban population 4) Both A and R are correct but R is not the structure. correct explanation of A. 3) Examine the impact of migration on the Q. 2) Write short notes on : population structure of a country. 1) Population growth and migration.  20  3. Human Settlements and Land Use A E B C D Fig. 3.1 Observe Fig. 3.1 and answer the following Geographical explanation questions : 1) Where are human settlements likely to Man being a social animal, likes to live in develop : A, B, C, D or E? Why? groups. Further, social bonding and social needs are developed. Due to the social needs, many 2) In the above figure in which place human people come together at a particular place and settlement is not likely to develop and why? construct houses in a particular way, which is 3) Looking at figure above, what factors do you known as settlement. think could contribute to the development Human habitat is in the form of settlements. of human settlements? This may range from one house to a city. It shows 4) Can economic factors be important along that a group of people are using some territory with physical factors for the development to build houses as well as for their economic of human settlements? support. Man stays here, lives and carries out 5) Do physical factors affect the economic economic activities. activities of human settlements? Physical, cultural and economic factors 6) Make a list of factors which affect affect the human settlements. Settlements are developed due to the co-relation between man development of settlements in an area. and environment. Physical Factors like relief, 21 altitude, soils, climate, drainage, groundwater range from a hamlet to metropolitan cities. With level, etc. influence the type and spacing of size, the economic character and social structure settlements. For example, in dry regions, water of settlements change and so do its ecology and is a crucial factor and therefore, houses are technology. Settlements could be small and situated along the water source. sparsely spaced; they may also be large and Sometimes, social factors can also lead closely spaced. On the basis of spacing between to fragmentation of settlements. In the past, the houses, settlements can be divided into the areas were conquered or attacked frequently by following four types : outsiders. For a long time, therefore, security 1) Compact or clustered or nucleated concerns favoured the evolution of nucleated settlement. settlements. 2) Semi-clustered or fragmented settlement. Types of Settlement : 3) Dispersed settlement. Settlements vary in size and type. They 4) Isolated settlement. Try this. Observe different images in Fig. 3.2 A to F. They show various patterns of settlements. Try to understand the difference between them. Carefully read their characteristics in second column. According to the applicable characteristics, write the alphabet of the image settlement in the place provided below the characteristics. Satellite images of the settlements Characteristics of settlements Linear pattern : A a) Settlements occur along a road, railway, canal or river. b) They are in a straight line or take the shape of the road or the river. Rectangular pattern : B