Geography Summary-Easy to Learn Grade 10 PDF 2024-25

Grade 10 Geography Summary : Easy to Learn Syllabus: Boar Exam 2024-25 1. Chapter 1. Resources and Development(Theory and Map) 2. Chapter 2. Forest and Wildlife Resources(Theory) 3. Chapter 3. Water Resources(Theory and Map) 4. Chapter 4. Agriculture(Theory and Map) 5. Chapter 5. Min...

Grade 10 Geography Summary : Easy to Learn Syllabus: Boar Exam 2024-25 1. Chapter 1. Resources and Development(Theory and Map) 2. Chapter 2. Forest and Wildlife Resources(Theory) 3. Chapter 3. Water Resources(Theory and Map) 4. Chapter 4. Agriculture(Theory and Map) 5. Chapter 5. Minerals and Energy Resources(Theory and Map) 6. Chapter 6. Manufacturing Industries(Theory and Map) 7. Chapter 7. Lifelines of National Economy(Only Map) LESSON 1. RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT Resource(Definition): “Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource.” Classification of Resources (a) On the basis of origin Biotic and Abiotic (b) On the basis of exhaustibility Renewable and Non-renewable (c) On the basis of ownership Individual, Community, National and International (d) On the basis of status of development Potential, Developed stock and Reserves. Development of Resources Resources have been used by human beings indiscriminately this has led to the following major problems. Depletion of resources to satisfy the greed of a few individuals. Accumulation of resources in a few hands, the society into two segments-rich and poor. It has led to global ecological crises (global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation) Sustainable Economic Development Sustainable Economic Development means “Development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of future generations.” Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit Rio de Janeiro(Brazil)Earth Summit-June 1992 1  First- International Earth Summit. Address : Urgent problems of environmental protection and socio- economic development at the global level. Signed the Declaration on Global Climatic Change and Biological Diversity. Endorsed the global Forest Principles and adopted Agenda 21 For achieving Sustainable Development in the 21st century. Agenda 21 It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the UNCED at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Aims at achieving global sustainable development. Agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities. Major objective: Every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21. …………………………………………………………………………………………… Resource Planning in India Strategy : judicious use of resources Resource planning is a complex process. Why? (i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources. (ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set-up for implementing resource development plans. (iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans. …………………………………………………………………………………………… Conservation of Resources: Resources are vital for any developmental activity. But Irrational consumption and over-utilisation of resources Result: Socio-economic and environmental problems. To overcome these problems - Resource conservation Resources Conservation - Main concern of the leaders and thinkers in the past. Gandhiji - “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed.” He placed the greedy and selfish individuals. and exploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause for resource depletion at the global level. He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses. Conservation of Resources - The international level 1968- The Club of Rome advocated resource conservation for the first time in a more systematic way. 1974 – Schumacher’s book- Small is Beautiful (Gandhian philosophy was once again presented) 1987- The Brundtland Commission Report- The seminal contribution with was made. respect to resource conservation at the global level Our Common Future (The Brundtland Commission Report) – Book Published- Advocated it as a means for resource conservation 1992 - Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. …………………………………………………………………………………………… Land Resources Land is a natural resource of utmost importance. It supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, economic activities, transport and communication systems. 2  India has land under a variety of relief features, namely; mountains, plateaus, plains and islands Land Utilisation Land resources are used for the following purposes: 1. Forests 2. Land not available for cultivation a) Barren and waste land b) Land put to non-agricultural uses (Eg:buildings, roads, factories, etc.) 3. Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land) (a) Permanent pastures and grazing land (b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in net sown area) (c) Culturable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years) 4. Fallow lands (a) Current fallow (left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year), (b) Other than current fallow(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years). 5. Net sown area(NSA): The physical extent of land on which crops are sown harvested is known as net sown area. …………………………………………………………………………………………… Land Use Pattern in India The use of land is determined 1. Physical factors: Topography, Climate, Soil types 2. Human factors: Population density Technological capability Culture and traditions India-Land use data is available only for 93% Reason: 1. The north-east states except Assam has not been done fully. 2. Some areas of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China have also not been surveyed. …………………………… 3 Land degradation Continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate measures to conserve and manage it, has resulted in land degradation. Reason of Land Degradation 1) Human activities 2) Natural forces Human activities Deforestation Overgrazing Mining Quarrying In recent years, Industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution Ways to solve the problems of land degradation OR Reduce land and water degradation 1. Arid Areas: Afforestation Proper management of grazing Planting of shelter belts of plants, Control on over grazing, Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes 2. Industrial and Suburban areas Proper management of waste lands Control of mining activities Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment …………………………………………………………………………………………… Soil as a Resource Soil is the most important renewable natural resource. It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms on the earth. It takes millions of years to form soil up to a few cms in depth. Factors of the Formation of Soil Relief Parent rock or bed rock Climate Vegetation and other forms of life Time Various forces of nature also contribute to the formation of soil. Changes in temperature Actions of running water Wind and glaciers Activities of decomposers …………………………………………………………………………………………… Classification of Soils (India: Major Soil Types) 1. Alluvial Soils 2. Black Soil 3. Red and Yellow Soils 4. Laterite Soil 4  5. Arid Soils 6. Forest Soils Alluvial Soils The entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil. The Alluvial Soil is deposited by 3 important Himalayan River systems – the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. It is also found in Rajasthan, Gujarat and eastern coastal plains, particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers. The alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. Alluvial soils are very fertile. Contain an adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime Alluvial soil-Ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops. Based on age, Alluvial soils can be classified as: Old Alluvial (Bangar): The Bangar soil has a higher concentration of kanker nodules than the Khadar. New Alluvial (Khadar): It has more fine particles and is more fertile than the Bangar. Black Soil o This soil is black in colour and is also known as regur soil. o Climatic conditions, along with the parent rock material are the important factors for the formation of black soil. o The soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil. o The Deccan trap (Basalt) region spread over the northwest Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows. o The soil covers the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh o Extends in the southeast direction along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys. o The black soils are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material and are well-known for their capacity to hold moisture. o Black soil is nutrients rich o Contains calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. o The soil is sticky when wet o Difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after the first shower or during the pre- monsoon period. Red and Yellow Soils Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau. This Soils develop a reddish colour due to the diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form. Found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the Piedmont zone of the Western Ghats. Laterite Soil The laterite soil develops under tropical and subtropical climates with the alternate wet and dry season. This soil is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rain. Lateritic soils are acidic (pH Alumina => Aluminium ) Reason: Aluminium is an important metal It combines the strength of metals such as iron, Extreme lightness Good conductivity Great malleability. Bauxite deposits: Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni. Odisha was the largest bauxite producing state in India Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district are the most important bauxite deposits in the state. -------------------- Mica (Non-Metallic Minerals) Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. It splits easily into thin sheets. Mica can be clear, black, green, red yellow or brown. Reason: Mica is one of the most indispensable minerals used in electric and electronic industries. Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage Jharkhand is the leading producer.(Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt) Rajasthan(Ajmer) and Andhra Pradesh(Nellore) is also an important producer -------------- Limestone (Rock Mineral) Limestone is found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates. It is found in sedimentary rocks of most geological formations. 22  Basic raw material for the cement industry and essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace. -------------------- Why does the mining industry is called a killer industry? Mining is a hazardous industry. I It is known as a killer industry due to the following reasons : This industry effects the health of the miners and the environment. They have to breath in dust and noxious fumes. Miners inhales this regularly which make vulnerable to pulmonary diseases. The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires The water sources in the region get contaminated due to mining. Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land, soil and increase in stream and river pollution Reasons: ‘Need to conserve the minerals’ Minerals are the base of our agriculture and Industries. Are finite and non-renewable. The stock is very limited. The total deposits is an insignificant fraction i.e. one percent of the earth’s crust. Takes millions of years to be created and concentrated. We are rapidly consuming mineral resources. Methods of conservation of Mineral Resources :- Low wastage during mining and excavation. As far as possible use wood or plastic (Certified). Reuse the junk waste and old things. Recycle metals, use scrap metals and search other substitute. Use in a planned and sustainable manner. ------------------ Energy Resources Resources which are used as power to run industries are called energy resources. Fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and electricity can generate energy. I. Conventional Sources of Energy 1. Coal 2. Petroleum 3. Natural Gas 4. Electricity II. Non-Conventional Sources of Energy 1. Nuclear or Atomic Energy 2. Solar Energy 3. Wind power 4. Biogas 5. Tidal Energy 6. Geo Thermal Energy ------------------ Coal: (Conventional Sources of Energy) Most abundantly available fossil fuel in India. It fulfils a greater amount of energy needs of the country. India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy needs. Uses of Coal : Power generation, to supply energy to industry and for domestic needs. Formation of Coal : Coal is formed by the compression of plant materials over millions of years. The degree of compression formed due to pressure of upper layers of the Earth and the depth at which compression takes place results in the formation of different types of coal. Heavy industries and thermal power stations are located on or near the coalfields. Why? 23  Coal is a bulky material, which loses weight on use as it is reduced to ash. Types of Coal: 1. Peat: It is formed by decaying of plants in swamps. It has a low carbon content and low heating capacity and high moisture content. 2. Lignite: It low grade brown coal. It is soft and has high moisture content. It is used for electricity generation. The important lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu. 3. Bituminous: It is the most popular coal in commercial use. High grade bituminous coal is ideal for use in metallurgy. It has special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces. It is found in greater depths. 4. Anthracite: This is the highest quality hard coal. In India coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages: 1. Gondwana Coal : Formed over 200 million years ago. Used in metallurgy. Located in the Damodar valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand). In this belt, Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro are important coal fields. Coal deposits are also present in the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys. 2. Tertiary Coal : Formed 55 million years ago. Found in the North-Eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. ---------------------- Petroleum (Conventional Sources of Energy) Petroleum is called mineral oil. Second major energy source in India(first coal) Uses of Petroleum: It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries. Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry”: Petroleum refineries provide raw materials for synthetic textile, fertiliser, chemical industries, lubricants and fuel due to which it is called ‘Nodal Industry’. Petroleum production Mumbai High, Gujarat and Assam are major petroleum production areas in India. Ankeleshwar is the most important field of Gujarat. Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India. Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan are the important oil fields in the state. ------------------------- Natural Gas (Conventional Sources of Energy) Natural Gas is found with petroleum deposits Natural Gas is released when crude oil is brought to the surface. Uses of Natural Gas It can be used as a domestic and industrial fuel. It is used as fuel in power sector to generate electricity, for heating purpose in industries, as raw material in chemical, petrochemical and fertilizer industries, as transport fuel cooking fuel. Natural Gas production 24  India’s major gas reserves are found in the Mumbai High and allied fields along the west coast(Cambay basin.) East Coast, new reserves have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari basin. Natural GAS Pipe Lines The first 1,700 km long Hazira-Vijaipur- Jagdishpur (HVJ) cross country gas pipeline, constructed by GAIL (India). From 1,700 km to 18,500 km of cross-country pipelines It is expected to soon reach over 34, 000 km ------------------------- Electricity Electricity is generated mainly in two ways: 1. Hydroelectricity: Hydroelectricity is generated by flowing water. This energy is pollution free Commonly used all over India by constructing multi-purpose projects. 2. Thermal power: Thermal electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels, (coal, petroleum, natural gas etc) that supplies energy to drive turbines. The thermal power stations use non-renewable resources i.e. fossil fuels for generating electricity. -------------------------- Importance of Non-Conventional Source of Energy Increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. Rising prices of oil and gas Their potential shortages have raised Serious consequences on the growth of the national economy. Increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems. India is blessed with an abundance of sunlight, water, wind and biomass. Need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material.(Non-conventional energy sources) Nuclear or Atomic Energy (Non-Conventional Source of Energy) It is obtained by altering the structure of atoms(Uranium and Thorium). Energy is released in the form of heat and this is used to generate electric power. Uranium and Thorium are available in Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan Uranium and Thorium are used for generating atomic or nuclear power. The Monazite sands of Kerala is also rich in Thorium. Nuclear Power Stations in India Rawatbhata in Rajasthan. Tarapur in Maharashtra. Kaiga in Karnataka. Kalpakkam in Tamil Nadu. Kakrapar in Gujarat. Narora in Uttar Pradesh. 25 Solar Energy (Non-Conventional Source of Energy) India is a tropical country. It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity. Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. Wind power (Non-Conventional Source of Energy) India has great potential of wind power. The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind farms. Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy. Biogas (Non-Conventional Source of Energy) Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas Biogas plants are set up at municipal, cooperative and individual levels. ‘Gobar gas plants’ The plants using cattle dung are known as ‘Gobar gas plants’ in rural India. These provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form of energy and improved quality of manure. Biogas is by far the most efficient use of cattle dung. Prevents the loss of trees -------------------- Tidal Energy (Non-Conventional Source of Energy) Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity. Floodgate dams are built across inlets. The water retained by the floodgate flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power- generating turbine. The Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of Kuchchh in Gujarat on the western coast and Gangetic delta in Sunderban regions of West Bengal provide tidal energy. ------------------ Geo Thermal Energy (Non-Conventional Source of Energy) Heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the Earth. High temperatures are found at shallow depths. Groundwater in such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot. It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it turns into steam. This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity. Two experimental projects have been set up in India to harness geothermal energy. 1. Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh 2. Puga Valley, Ladakh. Conservation of Energy Resources: Energy is a basic requirement for economic development, we need to conserve it. “Energy Saved is Energy Produced” So, we should conserve energy resources by 26 Lesson 6. Manufacturing Industries Manufacturing: Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. o People employed in the secondary activities manufacture the primary materials into finished goods. o The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries. Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development Reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income, providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors Eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country Aimed at bringing down regional disparities, establishing industries in tribal and backward areas Expands trade and commerce, Exports-Brings in much needed foreign exchange. Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous. Globalisation – Indian Industries need to improve Needs to be more efficient and competitive. Self-sufficiency alone is not enough. Products must be at par in quality with those in the international market. Only then, will we be able to compete in the international market. 27 Classification of Manufacturing Industries: Textile Industry (Agro based Industries) The first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854. Development of Textile Industries in India: The two world wars were fought in Europe India was a British colony. A demand for cloth in U.K. Cotton Textiles: (Agro based Industries) Our traditional industries suffered a setback during the colonial period In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques. After the 18th century, power -looms came into use. They could not compete with the mill-made cloth from England. In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Why? Availability of raw cotton, Availability of market Availability of transport Accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate, etc. contributed towards its localisation. 28 Cotton industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to people: It provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing. The industry by creating demands supports many other industries, such as, chemicals and dyes, packaging materials and engineering works. Problems faced by the cotton textile industry: Power supply is erratic in our country. Machinery needs to be upgraded, especially in weaving and processing sectors. Low output of labour. We still need to import cotton in spite of the fact that the production of cotton in the country has increased. Stiff competition from the synthetic fiber industry. -------------------- Jute Textiles (Agro based Industries) India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods Second place as an exporter after Bangladesh. The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855 at Rishra. Partition affected Jute Textile Industries in India. After Partition in 1947, the jute mills remained in India. but three-fourth of the jute producing area went to Bangladesh. What are the factors responsible for the location of jute industry in the Hugli basin? Proximity of the jute producing areas to the Hugli Basin. Inexpensive water transport Supported by a good network of railways Roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills Abundant water for processing raw jute Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh. Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods. ---------------- Sugar Industry (Agro based Industries) India-Second largest producer First place in the production of gur and khandsari. The mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Sixty per cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Sugar industry is seasonal in nature so, it is ideally suited to the cooperative sector. Why? Sugarcane industry is seasonal in nature. It employs people for only few months in a year. It is suited to co-operative sector as sometimes both the farmers and the owners of the sugarcane mill may work together with each other to benefit one another. In recent years, there is a tendency for the Sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra. Why? The sugarcane produced here has a higher sucrose content. The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season. The cooperatives are more successful in these states. ---------------- Mineral-based Industries Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral-based industries. Iron and Steel Industry (Mineral-based Industries) 29 The iron and steel industry is the basic industry since all the other industries. Why? Heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods. The iron and Steel industry is a heavy industry: Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs. Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1. Some quantities of manganese, are also required to harden the steel. Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries. Low cost of iron ore, high grade raw materials in proximity, cheap labour and vast growth potential in the home market. ---------------- Aluminium Smelting (Mineral-based Industries) Second most important metallurgical industry in India. Bauxite, the raw material used in the smelters is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock. Uses/Advantages of Aluminium It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals. It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires. It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries. The two prime factors for location of the industry. Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material at minimum cost are the two prime factors for location of the industry. ---------------- Chemical Industries The Chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying. It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units. Chemical Industries-Inorganic and organic sectors. Inorganic chemicals 30  Sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic soda. Organic chemicals Petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye- stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals. Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants. ---------------- Fertilizer Industry Centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers which have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K). Potash is entirely imported India does not have any reserves of potash or potassium After the Green Revolution the industry expanded to several other parts of the country. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute towards half of the fertilizer production. Other significant producers are Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. ---------------- Cement Industry Cement is essential for construction activity such as building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments. This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials limestone, silica and gypsum. Coal and electric power are needed apart from rail transportation. First cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904. Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries. ---------------- Automobile Industry Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of good services and passengers. Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are manufactured in India at various centres. The healthy growth of the industry including passenger cars, two and three-wheelers. The industry is located around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru. ---------------- Information Technology and Electronics Industry The electronics industry covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipment required by the telecommunication industry. Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India. Other important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore. A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation. The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in India. ---------------- Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation Industries are responsible for four types of pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise. 31  Air pollution: Caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases (sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide) Solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke. Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects. Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole. Water pollution: Caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes discharged into rivers. Paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and Heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies. Fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India. Thermal pollution(Water pollution): Hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. Soil Pollution Soil and water pollution are closely related. Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and garbage renders the soil useless. Rain water carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also gets contaminated. Noise pollution Increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects. Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress. Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills also make a lot of noise. ---------------- Control of Environmental Degradation (i) minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling (ii) harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements (iii) treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. iv. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories. v. Machinery and equipment can be fitted with silencers to prevent noise pollution. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases (a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation. (b) Secondary treatment by biological process (c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater. --------------- NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation) NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for EMS (Environment Management System) 14001. Pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural environment and resources. 1) Optimum utilization and up-gradation of equipment by adopting latest techniques. 2) Minimizing waste generation by maximizing ash utilization. 3) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance. 4) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management. 5) Ecological monitoring, reviews and online data base management for all its power stations. 32 Lesson 7. Lifelines of National Economy (Only Map pointing) Prepared by Shyam Mohan 33