Geography Study Guide PDF

Geography study Guide Human Geography: -World and its: people, community, cultures, economies -relations with and across space over time -human relationships + interactions with natural world -land-people-cultural-landscape-land-people -how we react with spheres -how our interactions with land + pe...

Geography study Guide Human Geography: -World and its: people, community, cultures, economies -relations with and across space over time -human relationships + interactions with natural world -land-people-cultural-landscape-land-people -how we react with spheres -how our interactions with land + people change over space and time People→land Indigenous perspective: Take only what is needed, give back, think abt future generations Western perspective: “we are most important point of existence”, take take take, relationship w land disconnected, ownership of resources focused. Geography of place: -Locale: Human and physical (hills, flat etc). Setting where our interactions occur -Sense: Feelings, emotions, connections to land -Socio-economic: Employment, income, education -Culture: Religion, values, beliefs, traditions -Built: Buildings, density, materials -Political: Local, regional, local interest groups Cultural landscape: Interaction w land + people -Historical: Who was where, when + what did they do? -Architectural: Materials for building + living (sacred spaces) -People: Ethnicity, religion, lang, place, names -Food: Agri practices (subsistence, spiritual, industrial) -Socio-economic: Activities, trade Population: Group of individuals of same species living in area and sharing genetic material. Key properties: -Size -Birth rate: (BR) -Death rate: (DR) -Growth rate -Age + gender structure -Natural increase rate (NIR) Population density: Way to measure populations (distributions, concentrations) Demography: Study of populations + population dynamics Ways of studying population -By region (global north vs global south) - “North South” divide, or “Brandt line” →More developed countries (economic + social) ie. Canada (MDCs) →Less developed countries (economic + social) ie. Kenya, Ethiopia (LDCs) →Transitioning (economic + social) ie. India, China-Newly industrialising countries (NICs) Population growth + population paradox - major interaction w natural world -Too many people, too much pressure on resources with current way of doing things since we consume when have enough $$ Population paradox: -To limit pay growth, need to reduce amount of ppl in poverty → In doing so, slows down pop/BR naturally, however, creates wealthier ppl + consumers who impact resources more than poor ppl → Increased consumers = increased demand IPAT: Impact = pop *affluence* tech - Nation becomes wealthier→tech use advances→impact they have on earth's resources is greater Ecological footprint: Amount of land area used for lifestyle choices (diet, transportation, living,) Arithmetic density: Total # of ppl divided by total land area →measures for total # Components of growth + change: -pop change in country measured by: →Crude birth rate (CBR) → Crude death rate (CDR) →Natural increase rate (NIR) →CBR - CDR/10 = NIR Migration effects pop by country Other demographic indicators: - (TFR) Total fertility rate = # of children per woman - (RFR) Replacement fertility rate = point at which woman has enough kids to replace parents (2) - (LE) Life expectancy = average time sm lives (years) - (IMR) Infant mortality rate = infant deaths per 100 births (under 1 yr old) Population structure: influenced by fertility + mortality Age groups: - Younger than 15→young dependants - 16-64→working group, (paying taxes to support young + old) - Older than 64→elderly dependants Dependency ratio: patterns of birth and death resulting in significant ratio of young + old ppl Demographics Demographic transition:Study of pop growth + structure, relationship between economic growth + pop 1) High equilibrium (high BR, high DR) 2) High expanding (high BR, low DR) 3) Low expanding (falling BR, low DR) 4) Low equilibrium (low/equal BR and DR) 5) Continued (declining BR) →Stabilizes pops naturally over time, as nation economically develops Development: Economic + social transformation process from low development to high →Related to innovation “tech advancements” →Related to human capital - skills, edu → Modernization, industrialization, urbanization Global human picture 1) Advances in tech allow development 2) Societies transform with advancement of tech →Agri, industrial, IT, Digital, AI 3) Human capital is key to development → Natural resources (climate, soils, animals, plants) → Gov stability (autocratic vs democratic) → Distinct development differences between countries: North vs South Geography of underdevelopment Modernization theory:-Rostow 1971 →Linear path of development exists, from the “take off” to high mass consumption →based of efficient prod through industrialization - priv investment is key - everyone must industrialize to develop Phase 1: Traditional society Phase 2: Pre-conditions to take-off Phase 3: Take-off Phase 4: Drive to maturity Phase 5: High mass consumption Phase 6: ? Dependency theory: -Dos Santos 1970 →Nations are kept in underdevelopment state due to legacy of colonialism, provision of labour + resources →Elite group of nations emerged creating the dependency core + periphery → Dominant countries expand and self-sustain, less dominant countries can’t keep up →Still a north-south dependency relationship today →Periphery nations have shared post colonial status; some have managed to emerge from this dependency, some have not Industrialization + urbanisation Driver for “take-off” →Industrialization is catalyst in dev pathway “tech is key” → Industrialization = change from agri based to production based →Nations who haven’t dev yet, haven't yet revolutionized their agri tech 3 outcomes of industrialization 1) Urbanization 2) Exploitation (ppl + land) 3) Changes in fam Industrialization: Economic + social change that transforms human Society from agri based (primary) to manufacturing (secondary) → Involves: Wages starting + increasing, markets start + expand, investment is stimulated, creates economic growth → Change from informal to formal sector activities Informal: Informal activities Poverty -$$ services ↓ human capital MDCs:1st wave→(more developed nations) →urbanized as they industrialised (200 yrs ago) →Suburbanised →Global north (city/suburbs) LDCs/NICs: 2nd wave→(less developed)(newly industrialised) →Urbanized before industrialising (50-60 yrs ago) →Slums →Global south (city/slums) Dev has decreased inequalities between nations, but increased inequalities within nations + within urban areas