GEOGRAPHY-REVIEWER-1-3-1 (1).pdf

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY REVIEWER#1 The word GEOGRAPHY came from the Greek word "GEO" which means (EARTH) and "GRAPHOS" means (TO WRITE). Geography literally means description about earth. TWO MAJOR BRANCHES: 1. Physical Geography- Studies the structure of the environment incl...

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY REVIEWER#1 The word GEOGRAPHY came from the Greek word "GEO" which means (EARTH) and "GRAPHOS" means (TO WRITE). Geography literally means description about earth. TWO MAJOR BRANCHES: 1. Physical Geography- Studies the structure of the environment including climate, landforms, and other natural patterns. -Concerned with the study of natural elements, which already exists on the earth surface. 2. Human Geography- Studies the effect of human behavior on the environment. it also includes looking at cultural, economic, and political impacts. -Interrelationship between the physical environment and socio-cultural environment created by human beings through mutual interaction with each other. SCOPE OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY The close relationship between man and physical environment was recognized and emphasized in geography from the very beginning by greek and roman scholars such as hecataeus, herodotus, aristotle, erotosthenes and strabo. The classical period of modern geography, german geographers humboldt and ritter focused on the relationship between social groups and their physical environment. FRENCH GEOGRAPHERS VIDAL DE LA BLACHE * Is regarded as one of the founding fathers of modern human geography. *Human geography in different kind of understanding FRIEDRICH RATZEL (1882-GERMANY) * Father of Human Geography * Wrote the book "Anthropogeography" * Human Geography 18 the synthetic study of relationships between human societies and the earth's surface ELLEN CHURCHILL SEMPLE (1926-FRENCH) * Human Geography is the study of changing relationship between the unresting man and the unstable earth. PAUL VIDAL DE LA BLACHE (1911-AMERICAN GEOGRAPHER) * Human geography offers a new conception of the inter relationships between earth andman... a more synthetic knowledge of physical laws governing our earth and of the relationship between the living beings which inhabit it. GEORGE F. CARTER (1974-AMERICAN SCHOLAR) * HUMAN GEOGRAPHY IS PRIMARILY CONCERNED WITH THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MAN, WAYS OF LIFE AND THE PLACES IN WHICH THEY LIVE. JAMES M. RUBENSTEIN (1983-AMERICAN SCHOLAR) * Human Geography is the study of where and why people nad human activities gre located where they are. In conclusions, we can say that human geography is the study of man and his adjustment to the natural environment.  ELEMENT OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL POPULATION CULTURAL -Relief -Grown -Agriculture -Climate -Distribution -Settlement -Soil -Density -Transportation -Drainage -Migration -Trade Commerce -Flora and Fauna -Industries BRANCHES OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 1. AGRICULTURAL GEOGRAPHY- A sub-discipline of human geography concerned with the spatial relationships found between agriculture and humans. 2. POPULATION GEOGRAPHY- The study of the spatial distribution of human population, and of the population characteristics of individual regions and places. 3. URBAN GEOGRAPHY- The study of the history and development of cities and towns and the people in them. 4. RURAL GEOGRAPHY / RURAL DEVELOPMENT- The study of people, places, and landscapes in rural areas, and of the social and economic processes thot shape these geographies. 5. SETTLEMENT GEOGRAPHY- Is a branch of human geography that investigates the earth's surface's part settled by humans. 6. POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY- The study of how humans have divided up the earth's surface for management and control purpose. 7. CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY- The study of how the physical environment interacts with ways of life and traditions of people. 8. SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY/ WELFARE GEOGRAPHY- The study of people and their environment with particular emphasis on social factors. 9. MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY- Studies the effects of locale and climate upon health. 10. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY- Geographic study of a place or region at a specific time or period in the past. 11. ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY- The study of the geography of economic activities, developed from a focus on commercial activities and the exploitation of resources for economic gain. 12. INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY- The study of the spaces, places, and geographical circulation of industry. 13. RESOURCE GEOGRAPHY- The study of the distribution and characteristics of resources, which distinguish one region from another, with interest focused on utilization, evaluation, conservation and management of resource in relation to environment. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY in today's world focused on the scientific study of location of people and activities over the earth surface and the reasons for their distribution including density, concentration and pattern analysis.  POPULATION GEOGRAPHY #2 Population geography- is the study of the spatial distribution of human population, and of the population characteristics of individual regions and places. It includes studies of population growth and decline, as well as the migration of people from one place to another. The current world population is approximately 7.8 billion, and that population is very unevenly distributed among the the world's 193 independent countries that are members of the United Nations. The world's two most populous countries, China and India, collectively account for over a third of the world's population. The world's seven most populous countries, China and India along with the United States, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, and Nigeria, collectively account for more than half the world's population. The Republic of Ireland, for example, has a population of just under five million, or about half that of the Chicago metropolitan area. Manila's 2024 population is now estimated at 14,941,953. In 1950, the population of Manila was 1,543,666. Manila has grown by 274,864 in the last year, which represents a 1.87% annual change. These population estimates and projections come from the latest revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects. A useful statistic when examining population distribution is population density, which is the population of a country divided by its land area. Population density -is the concentration of individuals within a species in a specific geographic locale. Population density data can be used to quantify demographic information and to assess relationships among ecosystems, human health and infrastructure. The population density of Philippines in 2022 was 385.20 people per square kilometer, a 1.47% increase from 2021. The population density of Philippines in 2021 was 379.60 people per square kilometer, a 1.51% increase from 2020. Manila is the world's most densely populated city with 42,857 people per square kilometer, or 111,002 people per square mile. This is all contained within an area of 42.88 square kilometers (16.56 square miles). A primary tool geographers use when analyzing population change is the population pyramid. A population pyramid is a graph depicting the distribution of a population across various age brackets. Rate of natural increase- is a statistic that examines population change through births and deaths. It is calculated by subtracting a country's death rate from its birth rate. A birth rate indicates the number of children born every year per thousand people in a country's population. The United States' birth rate is 12/1000, meaning that, for every thousand people in the country, twelve are added through births each year. A death rate indicates the number of people who die each year per thousand people in a country's population. The United States' death rate is 8/1000, meaning that, for every thousand people in the country, eight die each year. Natural increase is the comparison of the birth rate to the death rate. Births are added, while deaths are subtracted to the base population. So, the United States' rate of natural increase is 4.2/1000 (or 0.42% increase). Total Fertility Rate or TFR A country's TFR is similar to its birth rate and is based on the same data. Countries with high birth rates have high TFRs and countries with low birth rates have low TFRs TFR reflects the number of children that an average female in a country will have during her lifetime. TFRs vary widely from country to country. Niger has a TFR of about 6.35. Taiwan has TFR of about 1.13. To maintain zero population growth, or long-term population stability, a country generally must have a TFR of about 2.1. If a country's TFR is higher than 2.1, it is likely to experience population growth. If it is lower than 2.1, a country is likely to experience population decline. A country's population can also be affected by immigration and emigration. Immigration refers to the entrance of migrants While emigration refers to the exit of migrants. The net migration rate refers to the difference between annual immigrants and emigrants per one thousand people in a country's population. The United States has a net migration rate of 2.9/1000, meaning that the U.S. gains about three net migrants per thousand people each year. El Salvador, by contrast, has net migration rate of about -8/1000, meaning that the country loses about eight net migrants per thousand people each year. Population Explosion The graph of historic human population growth is often referred to as the "J- curve." It reflects that fact that human population has not grown at a consistent rate over the last several thousand years. Instead, human population grew very slowly for centuries and then exploded upward. This population explosion began in the 1700s, and accelerated dramatically in the 20th century. Human population is estimated to have been approximately 300 million in the first century CE. By 1650, it had grown to just 500 million. By 1900, it was more than a 1.5 billion. In 1950, it was 2.5 billion. By the year 2000, it was over 6 billion, and is projected to reach nearly 9 billion by the year 2050. Thomas Malthus, an 18th-century English priest and scholar, was among the first to address overpopulation. Malthus noted that earth's capacity to sustain human population was finite, and warned that unchecked human population growth would lead to a demographic collapse - that is, the deaths of millions of people. In this Malthusian scenario, human population exceeds the earth's capacity to sustain it, and famine, war, or disease lead to increased death rates. Malthus argued for a positive alternative to this population catastrophe - that humans voluntarily reduce their birth rates, leading to stable and sustainable global population. DID YOU KNOW? Japan's TFR is about 1.4, well below the 2.1 required to maintain population stability. Japan's current population of 126 million is projected to decline to less than 100 million by the year 2053. This fact may force Japan to reconsider its long-standing stance against immigration.  POPULATION MIGRATION #3 The common definition of human migration limits the term to permanent change of residence (conventionally, for at least one year), so as to distinguish it from commuting and other more frequent but temporary movements. Early Human Migrations Early human migrations were almost surely hunters and gatherers who moved continually in search of food supplies. Humans have thought to have occupied all the continents except Antartica within a span about 50,000 years. About 10,000 years ago a new and more productive way of life, involving sedentary agriculture, became predominant. This allowed greater investment of labor and technology in crop production, resulting in a more substantial and securer food source but sporadic migrations persisted. The next pulse of migration, beginning around 4000-3000 BCE was stimulated by the development of seagoing sailing vessels and of pastoral nomadry. The Mediterranean Basin was the center of the maritime culture, which involved the settlement of offshore islands and led to the development of deep-sea fishing and long-distance trade. Both seafarers and pastoralists were intrinsically migratory. The former were able to colonize previously uninhabited lands or to impose their rule by force over less mobile populations. The pastoralists were able to populate the extensive grassland of the Eurasian Steppe and the African and Middle Eastern savannas, and their superior nutrition and mobility gave them clear military advantages over the sedentary agriculturalists with whom they came into contact. Even as agriculture continued to improve with innovations such as the plow, these mobile elements persisted and provided important networks by which technological innovations could be spread widely and rapidly. Around 4000 BCE seafaring migrants from the south overwhelmed the local inhabitants of the Tigris- Euphrates floodplain and began to develop a social organization based upon the division of labour into highly skilled occupations, technologies such as irrigation, bronze metallurgy, and wheeled vehicles, and the growth of cities of 20,000-50,000 persons. By about 2000 BCE such specialized human civilizations occupied much of the then-known world- the Middle East, the eastern Mediterranean, South Asia, and the Far East. Under these circumstances human migration was transformed from unstructured movements across unoccupied territories by nomads and seafarers into quite new forms of interaction among the settled civilizations These new forms of human migration produced disorder, suffering, and much mortality. As one population conquered or infiltrated another, the vanquished were usually destroyed, enslaved, or forcibly absorbed. Modern Mass Migration Mass migrations over long distances were among the new phenomena produced by the population increase and improved transportation that accompanied the Industrial Revolution. The largest of these was the so-called Great Atlantic Migration from Europe to North America, the first major wave of which began in the late 1840s with mass movements from Ireland and Germany. These were caused by the failure of the potato crop in Ireland and in the lower Rhineland, where millions had become dependent upon this single source of nutrition. These flows eventually subsided, but in the 1880s a second and even larger wave of mass migration developed from eastern and southern Europe, again stimulated in part by agriculture crises and facilitated by improvements in transportation and communication. Between 1880 and 1910 some 17,000,000 Europeans entered the United States; overall, the total amounted to 37,000,000 between 1820 and 1980. Since World War II equally large long-distance migrations have occurred. Forced Migrations The largest slave migrations were probably those compelled by European slave traders operating in Africa from the 16th to the 19th century. During that period perhaps 20,000,000 slaves were consigned to American markets, though substantial numbers died in the appalling conditions of the Atlantic passage. The largest mass expulsion is probably that imposed by the Nazi government of Germany, which deported 7,000,000- 8,000,000 persons, including some 5,000,000 Jews later exterminated in concentration camps. After World War II, 9,000,000-10,000,000 ethnic Germans were more or less forcibly transported into Germany, and perhaps 1,000,000 members of minority groups deemed politically unreliable by the Soviet government were forcibly exiled to Central Asia. INTERNAL MIGRATION The largest human migrations today are internal to nation- states; these can be sizable in rapidly increasing populations with large rural-to-urban migratory flows. INTERNATIONAL IMMIGRATION This type of migration occurs when people cross state boundaries and stay in a host state for a certain amount of time. People migrate (move) across the globe, either voluntarily or involuntarily (forced). With the latter, the movement is not of the person's own will, where people may be forced to migrate from conflict or natural disaster. Migrants This type of migration occurs when people cross state boundaries and stay in a host state for a certain amount of time. People migrate (move) across the globe, either voluntarily or involuntarily (forced). With the latter, the movement is not of the person's own will, where people may be forced to migrate from conflict or natural disaster Types of Migrants Asylum seeker A migrant is a person who is moving from one place to another. Someone may be considered a migrant regardless of a person's legal status, the cause of migration (voluntary or involuntary), or how long they intend to stay. *Seeking asylum is a human right. Refugee A refugee describes someone who is leaving a country (or fleeing), due to things like conflict or natural disaster, or other forms of persecution. Legally speaking, a refugee is an asylum seeker whose claim for asylum has been successful, meaning they are granted refugee status in a new country to live there permanently. Economic Migrant a person who has voluntarily left their country of origin to seek, by legal or illegal means, employment in another country.