Geography Notes PDF

‭What is China’s one child policy?‬ ‭China's One-Child Policy, introduced in 1980, limited most families to one‬ ‭child to control population growth. It helped slow down population increases‬ ‭but led to problems like gender imbalances, an ageing population, and a‬ ‭shrinking workforce. The policy e...

‭What is China’s one child policy?‬ ‭China's One-Child Policy, introduced in 1980, limited most families to one‬ ‭child to control population growth. It helped slow down population increases‬ ‭but led to problems like gender imbalances, an ageing population, and a‬ ‭shrinking workforce. The policy ended in 2015, allowing families to have two,‬ ‭and later three, children.‬ ‭Question:‬ ‭Population density is influenced by a number of factors. Try to explain why the‬ ‭following factors are important in determining whether people can survive in‬ ‭an area or not.‬ ‭Availability of Freshwater:‬ ‭‬ ‭Freshwater is essential for drinking, sanitation, and farming.‬ ‭‬ ‭Clean water is vital for maintaining health and supporting food‬ ‭production.‬ ‭‬ ‭Areas with abundant freshwater can sustain larger populations and‬ ‭create stable communities.‬ ‭Communications (Roads, Railways, Airports):‬ ‭‬ ‭Good communication and transportation systems are vital for moving‬ ‭people and goods.‬ ‭‬ ‭Efficient transportation helps access resources, markets, and job‬ ‭opportunities.‬ ‭‬ ‭Areas with poor transportation often struggle to maintain their‬ ‭populations due to limited economic options.‬ ‭Proximity to the Coastline:‬ ‭‬ ‭Coastal areas provide access to marine resources and trade routes.‬  ‭‬ ‭Economic activities like fishing and tourism thrive in coastal regions.‬ ‭‬ ‭Areas far from the coast may lack these resources and opportunities.‬ ‭Cities and Their Opportunities:‬ ‭‬ ‭Urban areas offer better access to jobs, education, and healthcare.‬ ‭‬ ‭Cities typically have more resources and amenities for residents.‬ ‭‬ ‭Urban environments attract people seeking improved living standards.‬ ‭The Shape (Relief) of the Land:‬ ‭‬ ‭Flat or gently sloping land is easier to farm and build on.‬ ‭‬ ‭The terrain affects infrastructure development and industry types.‬ ‭‬ ‭Climate can vary with elevation, influencing agricultural productivity‬ ‭and crop types.‬ ‭What is population density?‬ ‭The amount of people living in an area of land per km².‬ ‭Population = Total population / Total land area‬ ‭What factors affect population density?‬ ‭Physical factors that affect population density include water supply, climate,‬ ‭relief (shape of the land), vegetation, soils and availability of natural resources‬ ‭and energy.‬ ‭Human factors that affect population density include social, political and‬ ‭economic factors.‬ ‭What is population distribution?‬ ‭Population distribution is where people are living and how spread out or close‬ ‭together they are.‬ ‭Many‬‭people in a small area =‬‭densely‬‭populated‬ ‭Few‬‭people in a large area =‬‭sparsely‬‭populated‬ ‭Living in sparsely inhabited areas can be challenging. There are typically‬ ‭hostile areas, such as Antarctica. With its cold temperatures, lack of‬ ‭vegetation, and geographical isolation, the climate in Antarctica makes it a‬ ‭difficult place to live.‬ ‭Habitable environments include heavily inhabited areas such as Western‬ ‭Europe and the United States’ East Coast. Flat relief, a favourable climate, and‬ ‭the abundance of natural resources and fresh water can all contribute to this.‬ ‭What are push factors and pull factors?‬ ‭A push factor is a reason or condition that drives people to leave their home‬ ‭country.‬ ‭A pull factor is a factor that attracts individuals to migrate to a certain place.‬ ‭When people move to a country, it is called‬‭immigration‬‭.‬ ‭When people move out of a country, it is called‬‭emigration‬‭.‬ ‭What are urban and rural areas?‬ ‭Urban areas are cities or towns with high population density and vast human‬ ‭features.‬ ‭Rural areas are countryside with low population density and more open space.‬ ‭What are antenatal and pronatal policies?‬ ‭Antenatal policies : Programs to support pregnant women before birth,‬ ‭focusing on health and well-being.‬ ‭Pronatal policies: Strategies to encourage more births by the government.‬ ‭Population pyramid‬ ‭A population pyramid is a chart that shows the age and gender distribution of‬ ‭a population. A broad base with many younger people indicates a growing‬ ‭population. A narrow base with more older people typically reflects an ageing‬ ‭population.‬ ‭Low-Income Countries: GNI per capita of $1,145 or less.‬ ‭Lower-Middle-Income Countries: GNI per capita between $1,146 and $4,515.‬ ‭Upper-Middle-Income Countries: GNI per capita between $4,516 and $14,005.‬ ‭High-Income Countries: GNI per capita of $14,006 or more‬