Geo Notes PDF

everything you need: highlight - important years/dates highlight - important people highlight - important _______ use this link to generate test questions: https://www.revisely.com/quiz-generator Unit 1: Continental Drift Theory & Plate Tectonics Theory Summary: Continental Drift Theory, Plate Tec...

everything you need: highlight - important years/dates highlight - important people highlight - important _______ use this link to generate test questions: https://www.revisely.com/quiz-generator Unit 1: Continental Drift Theory & Plate Tectonics Theory Summary: Continental Drift Theory, Plate Tectonics Theory chapter 1: theory of continental drift Theory of Continental Drift: Explains how the continents are in their current place. Created by Alfred Wegener in 1912. 300 MYA: All masses were in constant motion  Collided to form Pangaea -> A supercontinent 200 MYA Pangaea started to break up Pieces drifted to their current position Wegener had 4 evidences to support his claim Jigsaw fit - continents can be rearranged to fit together, e.g. east coast of south america fits into west coast of africa. Fossils - Found the exact same replicas of fossils on different continents.  Mountains: when put together, the mountains on different continents lined up. Ice sheets: evidences of glaciers were seen on places like africa and india. This theory was discredited at the time because Wegener did not know what force was strong enough to move the continents. chapter 2: plate tectonics theory Created in 1968 by J. Tuzo Wilson (Canadian Scientist) Built on theory of continental drift. Plate Tectonics Theory: Earth's outer shell is made up of individual plates that move (7 major plates (continents), 8 secondary plates and 60 minor plates). The plates float on a layer of rock known as the aesthenosphere. Convection Currents: caused by the unequal distribution of heat eithin the earth's core that causes the plates to move. convection currents are the force that Wegener did not know of. chapter 3: compare and contrast compare: Both are theories Created by male scientists Both theories are related to the earth & continents They both have evidences/proofs Created in 1900's contrast: Continental Drift Theory doesn't explain how the contines moved Continental Drift Theory was only about the continents/landmass. Plate Tectonics Theory is built on continental Drift Theory Continental Drift Theory states that the continents were just one large landmass Plate Tectonics Theory states that the earth is made up of plates (7 major plates (continents), 8 secondary plates and 60 minor plates). Plate Tectonics Theory explains why the continents move (convection currents) Unit 2: Plate Movement Summary: different types of plate movement chapter 1: divergent boundaries move away from each other () when this happens, magma sprouts up and creates new crust this landform creates rift valleys and mid-oceanic ridges examples:  mid-atlantic ridge: iceland: chapter 2: convergent boundaries definition: A tectonic boundary where two plates are moving toward each other. If the two plates are of equal density, they usually push up against each other, forming a mountain chain. If they are of unequal density, one plate usually sinks beneath the other in a subduction zone. three types:  oceanic-oceanic boundaries ○ When oceanic plates are subducted, they often bend, resulting in the formation of oceanic trenches. ○ creates trenches ○ oceanic-continental boundaries ○ When oceanic and continental plates collide, the oceanic plate undergoes subduction and volcanic arcs arise on land. ○ creates volcanoes ○ continental-continental boundaries: ○ Continental-continental convergent boundaries pit large slabs of crust against each other. This results in very little subduction, as most of the rock is too light to be carried very far down into the dense mantle. Instead, the continental crust at these convergent boundaries gets folded, faulted, and thickened, forming great mountain chains of uplifted rock. ○ creates mountains  ○ chapter 3: transforming boundaries: definition: Transform boundaries are places where plates slide sideways past each other. At transform boundaries lithosphere is neither created nor destroyed. ○ creates earthquakes chapter 4: random info and links Info: plates move 3 cm/year on average Plates are made up of rigid lithosphere Lithosphere is made up of crust & upper mantle Beneath lithosphere is the aesthenosphere https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/plate-boundaries.html  https://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-boundaries-divergent-convergent-and -transform Unit 3: Rocks Summary: The 3 types of rocks, examples, and the rock cycle. chapter 1: introduction rock: the material that makes up the earth's crust. -> may consist of a single mineral or many geologists: identify and know rocks. -> give advice to companies on where to find oil & gas. Magma - melted rock below the surface Lava - magma above surface chapter 2: igneous rocks formed when magma or lava cools & hardens ○ Intrusive rocks: cools below earth's surface (has large crystals) remember as large -> intrusive ○ Extrusive rocks: cools above earth's surface (has small crystals) remember as opposite of intrusive contains metallic minerals ○ e.g. copper, silver & gold Canadian Shield is made of igneous rock examples of intrusive: granite, diorite examples of extrusive: basalt, obsidian, pumice chapter 3: sedimentary rocks  millions of years of compaction and cementation of loose sediments type of rock depends on type of sediment ○ Shale: clay & silt ○ Sandstone: sand ○ Limestone: shells of marine animals Contains deposits of fossil fuels Found in Interior Plains, Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands, Hudson Bay & Arctic Lowlands, Western Cordillera, Appalachian mountains & Innuitian mountains (Canadian Shield is igneous) examples: sandstone, limestone, and shale chapter 4: metamorphic rocks when igneous & sedimentary rocks are subject to heat & pressure Limestone -> marble Shale -> slate Granite -> gneiss chapter 5: diagrams chapter 6: economic importance of minerals Mineral Economic Importance Feldspar Production of Ceramics Nepheline Production of Ceramics  Quartz Glass Production Talc Cosmetics, Baby Powder, Filter Graphite Pencil Lead, Dry Lubricant Flourite Steel making, toothpaste, water treatment Barite Flares, drilling mud Apatite Fertilizers Garnet Grinding Iron, Steel & Glass Corundum Grinding Iron, Steel & Glass Molybdenum Steel Alloy Soladite Jewelry Marble Used in Buildings Unit 4: Glaciation Summary: Glaciation & its effects chapter 1: glaciation Glaciation: the process of ice advancing and covering large areas of land and then retreating.  Glaciers advanced over Canada 4 times in the Cenozoic era. Glaciers take thousands of years to form. Glaciers advance (get larger( and retreat (et smaller) Glacial ice is thousands of meters thick. Glaciers move & change the landscape. pressure underneath glacier + gravity = moving glacier If melting happens faster than accumulation of snow, glacier appears to be retreating. chapter 2: effects of glaciation Moraine: ridges of till left either at the front or sides of a glacier as it retreats  ○ Terminal moraines: occur at the front end of the glacier & show how far it advanced Kettle lakes: blocks of ice get seperated from glaciers, they are buried by outwash (meltwater from glacier and sediment), and melt to form kettle lakes Till Plain: when the ice melts and leaves a large layre of till behind. ○ can be featureless, flat, or gently rolling ○ are very useful as farmland, due to rich soil left behind. chapter 3: compare and contrast compare: both shaped Canada both created landforms took lots of time to occur both natural and caused by heat still happening today contrast: glaciers eroded the land plate tectonics built on land (i.e. volcanoes, mountains) glaciers move above ground plate tectonics happens below the crust plate tectonics started in the paleozoic era glaciation occured 4 times during the cenozoic era. Unit 5: Canadian Geologic Time Periods Summary: Geologic time periods and main events that occurred in each period. chapter 1: Precambrian era 4.6 billion - 570 MYA (million years ago) Canadian shield (12000 m) formed during this period. chapter 2: Paleozoic era 570 - 245 MYA Basis of Interior Plains, Western Cordillera and Appalachians were formed with sediments that eroded from Canadian Shield. Eroded sedimentary rock formed the bedrock that underlies part of every province. Layers of sedimentary rock contains deposits of oil, gas and coal.  Appalachian mountains were formed. Pangaea formed. chapter 3: Mesozoic era 245 - 66 MYA Pangaea started to break up NAP (North American Plate) moved northwards Innuitian mountains formed NAP moved west, colliding w/ the Pacific Plate forming the Western Corsillera Interior Plains were underwater chapter 4: Cenozoic era 66 MYA - today 4 large scale glacial activities have occured. The Appalachian mountains and the Candian shied were rounded by glaciers, Unit 6: Canadian Landforms Summary: Landform Regions of Canada chapter 1: western cordillera Range after range of high, sharp-peaked mountains, seperated by plateaus and valleys, running North to South Created recently by the collision of the NAP and Pacific Plates. Lightly populated ○ travel is difficult Rich on minerals, timber and sources of hydro electricity Agriculture in the valleys  chapter 2: interior plains Very flat, with deep, fertile soils Created when sediments from the Shield and Rocky mountains were deposited in shallow inland seas and compressed layers of sedimentary rock Southern part is mostly treeless with grasses and herbs Extensively used for farming wheat and cattle Known as Canada's 'Bread Basket' Sedimentary rock contains rich mineral ○ ex. potash, coal, oil, gas chapter 3: canadian shield Relatively Flat with rounded hills of igneous and metamorphic rock Some of the world's oldest rocks can be found here In the last ice age, glaciers scraped soil away and formed small lakes Sparsely populated ○ thin soil makes for poor farming ○ exposed bare rocks make it hard to build roads Rock contains larfe quantities of valuable metallic materials Ideal for recreation due to scenic waterfalls, lakes, rock outcrops, and vast forests. chapter 4: great lakes-st lawrence lowlands Glaciers deposited a huge amount of soil, sand, and gravel, creating flat plains with small hills and deep river valleys. The Great Lakes are located in basins gouged out by the glaciers. Before farming and urban sprawl, this area was home to large mixed forests. Canada’s manufacturing industries are located here. Well suited to farming because of excellent soils and a warm climate. chapter 5: appalachian mountains Oldest highland region in Canada, created when the NAP collided with Europe and Africa about 300 million years ago Erosion has rounded the mountains over time Landscape of rolling mountains and hills Long ocean bays provide deep harbors for ocean freighters Sedimentary rock is rich in non-metallic minerals such as coal There is some igneous and metamorphic rock containing materials such as iron and zinc. chapter 6: hudson bay & arctic lowlands This is a layer of sedimentary rock resting on thr shield Flat low area, covered by bogs and dotted with ponds, lakes, streams and wetlands Northern section cinsists of barren islands hudson bay: arctic lowlands:  chapter 7: innuitian mountains Shaped when NAP moved northward These mountains are younger than the Appalachians They are not significantly rounded Harsh climate prevents vegetation growth Largely unexplored, due to the hostile climate Mountains are named after the northern Indigenous people who live in the region chapter 8: canadian shield info Canadian shield is sparsely populated bc... ○ Thin soil ○ Lots of lakes ○ Hard to farm/grow food ○ Near minerals & forest resources ○ Hard to build road  Sudbury and Thunderbay are highly populated cities on Candian Shield. Unit 7: Weather and Climate Summary: weather and climate chapter 1: weather and climate weather: day-to-day condition of the atmosphere ○ short time 5-7 days ○ small areas - cities ○ difficult to predict past day 5 ○ includes temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed, cloud cover, air pressure climate: patterns of weather which have occurred over a long period of time ○ long term - years ○ large years - countries, continents, earth ○ easy to predict - winnter, summer, etc ○ ex. continental climate, maritime climate, arid climate chapter 2: climate graphs climate graphs: give a short and accurate description of the climate for a given area ○ describe the basic climate characteristics of temeperature and precipitation. Two measurements are used to construct a climate graph ○ monthly precipitation ○ avg monthly temp  ○ ex: continental climate ○ large temp range (>25 C) ○ total precipitation less than 1000 mm of rain maritime climate ○ small temp range ( cools the surrounding air ○ Warm ocean current -> warms the surrounding air ○ The cold Labrador current cools the air in Coastal Newfoundland and Labrador while the warm Gulf Stream warms the air. ○ As a result, the weather is often foggy and the climate on the east coast is warmer than the west coast. ○ The west coast is warmed by the North Pacific Current (warm), resulting in a mild climate. Wind ○ The heating of the earth to different temperatures causes differences in air pressure. Air pressure is the weight of air. ○ Warm air rising above heated ground creates the pressure. ○ When air is cooled, it falls towards the earth and creates an area of high pressure ○ Air moves (wind) on the earth's surface from high pressure areas to low pressure areas This is how wind belts are created (TB, page 59) ○ Most important wind belt for most of Canada is Westerlies Elevation ○ Higher elevation = cooler temp ○ At a higher elevation, there is less air sitting on top and less air pressure. ○ As air rises, the pressure decreases. As a result, the air expands and cools. ○ As air rises, it cools at a rate of 1° C for every 100 m. It will continue to cool at this rate till condensation occurs. ○ Condensation: the process in which water is cooled and changes from a gas to a liquid. rate of cooling above condensation level is 0.6°C every 100 m.  T = Temperature at top (figure this out) T_w = Temperature at waterfront Solve: Change in temp - 1/100 = x/1000 1000 = 100x x = 10 20°C - 10°C =10°C Temp above condensation level - 0.6/100 = x/200 200 x 0.6 = 100 x 120 = 100 x x = 12 Temp at top of mountain = temp at condensation level - temp above condensation level = 10 - 12 = -2 °C  Relief ○ The shape of the surface of the land ○ Mountain ranges act as barriers for air masses and cause precipitation to occur ○ Flat plains allow cold dry air to move from the North, deep into North America ○ Places on the windward side of a height of land (side lacing wind) get more rain and/or snow than places on the leeward side. ○ Near Water: ○ Large bodies of water (e.g. Great lakes) heat and cool slower than the surrounding land masses. This climate is called modified continental. ○ In the summer, the water is cooled. Winds blowing over the water keep surrounding areas cool. ○ In winter, the water is warmer. Wind blowing over the water warms the surrounding land. Unit 8: Oak Ridges Moraine chapter 1: Oak Ridges Moraine Moraine: a mass of debris, deposited by a glacier. ORM is a long ridge off rolling hills, wetlands, lakes and streams ○ Composed of sand and gravel ○ Stretched 10 km from the Niagara Escarpment (west) to Rice Lake (east) ○ Created 12000 YA by retreating glacier Functions of ORM ○ provides fresh water to rivers & wells that supply water to GTA  ○ protects GTA from flooding by holding storm water. Wetlands help with this. ○ Provides Habitat for 100's of animals and plant species ○ Provides fresh farm produce ○ Numerous walking & biking trails across the moraine. Urban Sprawl: low density development surrounding a city.