Geology and Glaciation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is responsible for the movement of glaciers?

  • Wind and precipitation
  • Solar flares and cosmic rays
  • Earthquakes and volcanoes
  • Pressure underneath and gravity (correct)

Glaciers are formed very quickly, sometimes within a few months.

False (B)

What are the ridges of till left behind by a retreating glacier known as?

moraines

When blocks of ice separate from glaciers, get buried, and melt, they form ______.

<p>kettle lakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the geologic era with a significant event that occurred in that era:

<p>Precambrian = Canadian Shield formed Paleozoic = Pangaea formed Mesozoic = Innuitian Mountains formed Cenozoic = Large scale glacial activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of till plains that make them very useful?

<p>The rich soil left behind (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plate tectonics and glaciation both started in the Paleozoic era.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which era did the Canadian Shield form?

<p>Precambrian</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which geological feature is commonly formed at divergent plate boundaries?

<p>Rift valleys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transform plate boundaries are characterized by the creation of new lithosphere.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average speed at which tectonic plates move?

<p>3 cm/year</p> Signup and view all the answers

The layer beneath the lithosphere is called the ________.

<p>asthenosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the plate boundary type with the geological feature it commonly forms:

<p>Convergent (Oceanic-Continental) = Volcanoes Convergent (Continental-Continental) = Mountains Convergent (Oceanic-Oceanic) = Trenches Transform = Earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when two continental plates converge?

<p>They crumple and form mountain ranges. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Magma does not come up at divergent boundaries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two components make up the lithosphere?

<p>crust and upper mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the theory of continental drift?

<p>Alfred Wegener (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The theory of continental drift explains the force behind the movement of continents.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the supercontinent that existed about 300 million years ago?

<p>Pangaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

The plates of the Earth float on a layer of rock known as the ______.

<p>aesthenosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theories with their descriptions:

<p>Continental Drift Theory = Explains the movement of continents and their past positions. Plate Tectonics Theory = Explains the movement of Earth's outer shell, which is divided into plates. Convection Currents = The force that moves tectonic plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT an evidence used by Wegener to support his theory of continental drift?

<p>Ocean currents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plate Tectonics Theory was created before the Continental Drift Theory.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What force, identified by the Plate Tectonics Theory, causes the movement of the plates?

<p>Convection Currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which landform region is known as Canada's 'Bread Basket'?

<p>Interior Plains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Western Cordillera was formed by the collision of the North American Plate and the African Plate.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of rock is primarily found in the Canadian Shield?

<p>igneous and metamorphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Great Lakes are located in basins gouged out by the ________.

<p>glaciers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the landform region with its description:

<p>Appalachian Mountains = Rolling mountains and hills with long ocean bays Western Cordillera = High, sharp-peaked mountains Interior Plains = Flat terrain with fertile soils Canadian Shield = Rounded hills of igneous and metamorphic rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT created/shaped by glaciers?

<p>The rounded Appalachian mountains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sedimentary rock in the Appalachian mountains is rich in metallic minerals such as iron and zinc.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands well-suited for farming?

<p>excellent soils and a warm climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Hudson Bay and Arctic Lowlands?

<p>Flat, low area covered by bogs and wetlands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Innuitian Mountains are older than the Appalachian Mountains.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Canadian Shield sparsely populated?

<p>thin soil, many lakes, difficulty farming, and hard to build roads</p> Signup and view all the answers

A climate graph describes the basic climate characteristics of __________ and __________.

<p>temperature, precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with the correct term:

<p>Day-to-day condition of the atmosphere = Weather Long-term patterns of weather = Climate Large temperature range and less than 1000mm of rain per year = Continental Climate Small temperature range due to proximity to a large body of water = Maritime Climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors is NOT mentioned as a reason why the Canadian Shield is sparsely populated?

<p>Abundance of minerals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Weather is easy to predict more than 5 days in advance.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two measurements are used to create climate graphs?

<p>monthly precipitation, average monthly temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary direction of air movement that constitutes wind?

<p>From high pressure areas to low pressure areas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Higher elevations generally experience warmer temperatures compared to lower elevations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rate at which air cools as it rises before condensation occurs?

<p>1°C per 100 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of water changing from a gas to a liquid is known as ________.

<p>condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following locations with their climate characteristics:

<p>West Coast = Mild Climate High Elevation = Cooler Temperature Windward side of a mountain = More Rain or Snow Leeward side of a mountain = Less Rain or Snow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a 'modified continental' climate?

<p>A climate influenced by a combination of land and large bodies of water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mountain ranges generally do not cause any significant changes in weather patterns.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a mass of debris deposited by a glacier?

<p>moraine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Continental Drift Theory

Proposed in 1912 by Alfred Wegener, the theory explains how continents moved to their current positions. It states that all landmasses were once joined together as a supercontinent called Pangaea, which broke up and drifted apart over millions of years.

Pangaea

The supercontinent that existed around 300 million years ago, formed by the collision of all the continents.

Continental Drift

The process by which the continents moved apart from Pangaea, starting around 200 million years ago.

Aesthenosphere

A layer of hot, partially molten rock beneath the Earth's crust. It allows the lithospheric plates to move.

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Convection Currents

Circulating currents of molten rock within the Earth's mantle, driven by heat from the core. They are the forces that move the tectonic plates.

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Plate Tectonics Theory

Developed in 1968 by J. Tuzo Wilson, this theory builds on the Continental Drift Theory. It proposes that Earth's outer shell is made up of large, rigid plates that interact with each other causing earthquakes and volcanic activity.

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Tectonic Plates

Large, rigid slabs of rock that make up the Earth's outer shell, including the continents and ocean floor.

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Plate Boundaries

The location where tectonic plates meet and interact. Different types of plate boundaries can create mountains, volcanoes, earthquakes, and ocean trenches.

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Divergent Boundaries

Two tectonic plates move away from each other, allowing magma to rise and create new crust. This process forms features like rift valleys and mid-oceanic ridges.

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Convergent Boundaries

Two tectonic plates collide, resulting in either the formation of mountain chains (equal density) or one plate sliding beneath the other (subduction) in a subduction zone.

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Oceanic Trench

A deep, narrow depression in the ocean floor formed when one tectonic plate is pushed beneath another in a subduction zone.

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Volcanic Arcs

Volcanoes formed when an oceanic plate is subducted beneath a continental plate, causing magma to rise and erupt.

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Mountain Chains

Large mountain ranges formed when two continental plates collide, leading to folding, faulting, and thickening of the crust.

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Transform Boundaries

Tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally without creating or destroying crust. These boundaries are often associated with earthquakes.

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Lithosphere

The rigid outermost layer of the Earth, composed of the crust and the upper mantle.

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Moraine

Ridges of rock and sediment deposited by a retreating glacier.

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Terminal Moraine

A type of moraine that marks the furthest point a glacier advanced.

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Kettle Lake

A lake formed by melting ice blocks buried under glacial sediment.

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Till Plain

A flat or gently rolling plain formed by glacial deposits.

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Glacial Activity

The process of glaciers advancing and retreating over time.

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Glacial Erosion

The gradual erosion of land by glaciers over thousands of years.

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Paleozoic Era

A period of geologic time lasting from 570 to 245 million years ago.

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Cenozoic Era

A period of geologic time lasting from 66 million years ago to today.

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Western Cordillera

A landform region in western Canada characterized by high, sharp-peaked mountains, plateaus, and valleys running north to south, formed by the collision of the North American and Pacific Plates.

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Interior Plains

A vast, flat region in central Canada created by sediments from the Canadian Shield and Rocky Mountains deposited in ancient seas, forming layers of sedimentary rock.

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Canadian Shield

A vast, ancient plateau in eastern Canada with rounded hills made of igneous and metamorphic rock. It was formed by volcanic activity billions of years ago.

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Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands

A region in southeastern Canada with flat plains, small hills, and deep river valleys, created by glaciers depositing sediment.

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Appalachian Mountains

The oldest highland region in Canada, formed millions of years ago when the North American Plate collided with Europe and Africa. Erosion has rounded its mountains over time.

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Sedimentary Rock Formation

The process of forming sedimentary rock through the deposition of sediment in ancient seas, followed by compression and hardening over time.

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Tectonic Plate Collision

The process of colliding tectonic plates creating new mountains and altering landscapes. Often accompanied by volcanic activity.

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Hudson Bay & Arctic Lowlands

A flat, low area characterized by bogs, ponds, lakes, streams, and wetlands. The northern section consists of barren islands.

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Innuitian Mountains

Mountains formed when the North American Plate moved northward. These mountains are younger than the Appalachians and have a harsh climate that prevents vegetation growth.

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Why is the Canadian Shield sparsely populated?

The Canadian Shield is sparsely populated due to thin soil, numerous lakes, difficulty farming, and challenging road construction. However, it is rich in minerals and forest resources.

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Weather

The day-to-day condition of the atmosphere, including temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed, cloud cover, and air pressure. It is often difficult to predict past 5 days.

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Climate

Long-term patterns of weather that have occurred over a long period (years) in large areas like countries, continents, or the entire Earth. It is relatively easier to predict.

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Climate Graph

A visual representation of the average monthly temperatures and precipitation for a specific location. It helps to understand the basic climate characteristics of an area.

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Continental Climate

A type of climate characterized by a large temperature range (over 25°C) and less than 1000 mm of annual rainfall.

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Maritime Climate

A type of climate characterized by a small temperature range due to the influence of oceans. It often receives abundant rainfall.

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High Pressure Areas

High pressure areas are created when cool air sinks towards the Earth's surface. This air is heavier due to its density.

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Low Pressure Areas

Low pressure areas are created when warm air rises from the Earth's surface. This air is lighter due to its density.

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What causes wind?

Wind is the movement of air from high pressure to low pressure areas, driven by the uneven heating of the Earth's surface.

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Why is it cold at high elevations?

Higher elevations have lower air pressure due to less air mass above. This results in air expanding and cooling.

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Rate of Air Cooling

The rate at which air cools as it rises is 1°C per 100 meters.

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What is Condensation?

Water changes from a gas (water vapor) to a liquid (water droplets) when the air cools below its dew point. This forms clouds.

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How do Mountains Affect Precipitation?

Mountain ranges act as barriers, forcing air masses to rise and cool, leading to precipitation (rain or snow) on the windward side and drier conditions on the leeward side.

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How do Large Bodies of Water Affect Climate?

Large bodies of water, such as lakes and oceans, moderate nearby temperatures, making them cooler in summer and warmer in winter compared to inland areas.

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Study Notes

Continental Drift Theory

  • Explains how continents are in their current positions
  • Created by Alfred Wegener in 1912
  • 300 million years ago (mya): all landmasses were in constant motion

Plate Tectonics Theory

  • Built on continental drift theory
  • Earth's outer shell is made up of individual plates that move
  • 7 major plates, 8 secondary plates and 60 minor plates
  • Plates float on a layer of rock called the asthenosphere
  • Convection currents in the Earth's core cause the plates to move

Divergent Boundaries

  • Plates move away from each other
  • Magma rises, creating new crust
  • Landforms formed include rift valleys and mid-ocean ridges
  • Example: mid-Atlantic ridge, Iceland

Convergent Boundaries

  • Plates move toward each other
  • If plates have equal density: mountains form
  • If plates have unequal density: subduction occurs (one plate slides under another)
  • Types: oceanic-oceanic, oceanic-continental, continental-continental
  • Features: volcanic island arcs, trenches, volcanoes, mountains

Transform Boundaries

  • Plates slide past each other
  • Creates earthquakes

Igneous Rocks

  • Formed when magma or lava cools and hardens
  • Intrusive rocks cool below the surface (large crystals)
  • Extrusive rocks cool above the surface (small crystals)
  • Examples: granite, basalt, obsidian, pumice

Sedimentary Rocks

  • Formed from compaction and cementation of sediments (like sand, clay and silt)
  • Found in various locations across Canada (Interior Plains, Great Lakes etc.)
  • Contain deposits of fossil fuels
  • Examples: sandstone, limestone, shale

Metamorphic Rocks

  • Formed when igneous or sedimentary rocks are subjected to heat and pressure
  • Examples: slate, marble, gneiss

Economic Importance of Minerals

  • Minerals have various uses/applications (ex. Glass production, fertilizers, steel making etc.)
  • Example Minerals: Quartz, Talc, Graphite, Fluorite, Barite, Apatite, etc.

Glaciation

  • The process of ice advancing and retreating over land
  • Glaciers advance = get larger
  • Glaciers retreat = get smaller
  • Effects: landforms like moraines, kettle lakes, and till plains
  • Formation of moraines: ridges of till left as a glacier retreats (medials and terminal moraines)
  • Formation of Kettle lakes: Ice blocks are left behind from retreating glaciers creating cavities which fill up with water.

Canadian Geologic Time Periods

  • Precambrian Era (4.6 billion - 570 million years ago): Canadian shield formation
  • Paleozoic Era (570 - 245 million years ago): Formation of Interior plains, Western Cordilleras and Appalachians
  • Mesozoic Era (245 - 66 million years ago): Continents moved / breakup of Pangaea etc.
  • Cenozoic Era (66 million years ago - present): Glaciation shaping Appalachian and Canadian Shield

Weather and Climate

  • Weather: short-term atmospheric conditions
  • Climate: long-term weather patterns (years).
  • Factors that determine climate: Latitude, Ocean Currents, Wind, Elevation
  • Climate regions in Canada: Arctic, Taiga, Maritime, Pacific Coastal etc.

Canadian Landforms

  • Western Cordillera: high, sharp-peaked mountains (separated by plateaus and valleys)
  • Interior Plains: flatlands, fertile soil, rich in mineral deposits
  • Canadian Shield: relatively flat, rounded hills of igneous and metamorphic rock
  • Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands: large deposits, flat plains, good for farming
  • Appalachian Mountains: rounded hills, wetlands, lakes, slopes
  • Hudson Bay & Arctic Lowlands: low-lying areas, sedimentary rock

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Description

Test your knowledge on the fascinating processes of glaciation and plate tectonics. This quiz covers key concepts about glacier movement, geological features, and significant events in various geological eras. Perfect for geology students and enthusiasts alike!

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